Show r + t 0 Tf EMERTON R YOUNG Tf1TtIf l a N TIIES1 days when the reforest r tag of the waste lands of our J tA count ry Is becoming such berlne II question at r t > t M i national V Importance e the Study of the Mho value of dlf roront species of trees Is naturally t very etsentlal ij Scientific parties lire ° 7 scouring too earth In search for now < plants fruits t add to our and vegetables to y eujoynment ment and degree of hallplnesl A good success A forts and has already attlIIII 1 their cr v doubtless COlllpllshed e much I more will yet be ne d s hy them js timber Owing and to lumber I the rapidly I Increased price at ° i w 1 the matter of forestgrow K j lag Is oC vital Y r interest to the great r t + j a p corpora Ions like the railroads 3 L building lUanlllncturlug and t companies that must have fOl their very existence lumber Tehnce timber vast qJ1IIt1t1E at timber and it x for the one Item required by the railroads w n v em of a railroad ties not taking Into consideration ratlon the quantity USllln or0 the st uctlon con t c of cars Und r Carf buildings consumes tho S output 0 M timber of many lands hundreds over of thousands of acres t r every year I While undoubtedly the valuable trees in n JI genous to Nt it planted I America will be most largely re gj r P a ed and TM1111 many others that are not < t natives g es of this continent when found by ex 3 perlment to be easily grown and of value will i r r t3 also be Imported and largely cultivated v + rC t 01 In the case of the eucalyptus this has already been done and 4 so extensive extensively is the tree now F grown In California e and 80 many and valued ire its uses that It will w be news to multitudes l + ° 1fJ f l to Hear that there still live many who remem her when It was first brought Into that state WraS t t A tv fa ARR t t AR l It i I t USA t 15 s ° tLOBULUS THE BLUEst BLUE-st a1 t CDM CRUfO NIf at s r 1 fit a r l v l r ltt i Y a > i m iijApt + i s m 4t S S r f r Nf xi 1br f r S t o y Z r 1r 4 f S S 14 t S f ht CGI a EUCAZYPTUS 76 FEET N > > 4W 4LYPTIS YMINALIS CALIFORNIA by the late Bishop Taylor from distant Aus ralla Its original home It was a surprise as well as a revelation to find on our recent visit to Australia that In that faraway land under the Southern Cross were growing trees that towered in the air 150 feet higher than the great Sequoia the famous red wood of our American west and yet such Is tho fact as some specimens of the Eucalyptus Eucalyp-tus amjgdaliua reach to the great height of from 120 ISO feet Specimens abound that are to 200 feet In circumference They are prac for commercial purposes as tically of no use tho expense of cutting down such enormous trees and then getting their logs split up into pieces that can be handled Is so great that these monsters are passed by the thrifty lumbermen lum-bermen lor tho smaller ones that are more easily handled The Eucalyptus amjgdallna is the tallest If not perhaps the largest tree that groWS Spec mens over 400 feet high are frequently found while some have been measured lowering up to 170 and ISO feet The timber of these great bpocinions Is easily worked and as it does not warp readily Is much used In carpentry The eucalyptus tree Is a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order of l1rtllcea embracing All but tuur at bracing about 150 81Jec1e3 Tasmania natives or Australia and them are trees are 60 abundant only Ihe eucalyptus thatrover gans of Australia that over vast areas In IIInny parts the only trees visible The they are practicallY developed trees are destl that the fully fact and beady robs the great symmetry Lute of attractive wooded regions or tliat Australian such pleasure und cbnrm wblch gives and floss forests of America to the primeval delight or several varie Ono striking characteristic Is that while they never ties of the eucalyptus they cast or slough their leaves > > to shed lg Tine seem every ear < strips In long Tinen hark n off their Jjrip appearance con a leather have loaves which JJJr volatile all The considerable quantity tale a bit them has a oil extracted from tincture or extensively used as taste and Is aromatlo frem various diseases 11 remedy for the shoots of many species On the young each other as are opposlto to achilother loaves in pairs ordinary plants while on tho they appear on Jn arranged alter the leaves are older branches such a wrY thlt they pre In and groW be natcly t rhl eel1s to sent their edgestheme from the natures I11O1810n Intense hent of the apical sun of those lands where they most flourish The Eucalyptus globulus generally called the blue gum from Its bluishgreen leaves lathe la-the variety most successfully grown in Callfor nit It has also been Introduced and flourishes in India Natal Egypt Algeria and In various parts of southern Europe and In some other warm countries It cannot stand the frost and so must be classed among tropical trees Perhaps Per-haps only In the slate of Florida and California Califor-nia can wo expect to see It In perfection In this country yet although Its Introduction Into California has been of but recent date already Its value to that state has been very considerable consider-able Some of the species of eucalyptus are much more valuable than others There Is also a great diversity both In their appearance and worth One of the most valuable is tho Eucalyptus Euca-lyptus marglnata popularly called the Jarrah wood It grows to a great size and Its timber tim-ber is EO hard that It Is found to be especially especial-ly I valuable In the construction of wharves as It resists tho attack of tho ship worms and borers that are so destructive to ordinary wood Because of this quality It also enters largely into the construction of ships and Is ultlllzed In other marine uses Some varieties of the eucalyptus yield a kind of astringent gum or resin called Vino while from other a species of mannaa hard little sweet substance Is obtained in considerable consid-erable quantities As an antidote against malaria ma-laria and as being valuable In warding off or dissipating malaria In regions where malaria abounds the eucalyptus has obtained a considerable con-siderable reputation Expert opinions seem to be divided as to the way in which Its beneficent benefi-cent results come about Some think It Is thy result of the volatile oils which these trees give off through their leaves acting as a neutralizing neu-tralizing and even destructive power against tho malarial matter In the atmosphere others maintain that Its beneficent results are caused by the fact of the trees being such rapid growers grow-ers and the great quantity of water they thus absorb and then give off purifies tho atmosphere atmo-sphere Whatever may be tho cause the fact Is evident that their presence in goodly numbers num-bers planted in malarial regions has produced most beneficent results The Roman Campagna especially has been greatly benefited so much so that largo portions por-tions once considered almost fatal to human life and shunned and feared are now tho abodes of numbers of people who find since the Introduction of tho eucalyptus trees but little traces of the dreaded malailn that forages for-ages once caused thoso regions to bo so shunned and deserted In tho low malarial regions around tho Capo of Good Hope and In Rome similar unhealthful regions around Algiers and elsewhere tho caino bcnlflrcnt results have followed the introduction intro-duction of the eucalyptus trees As yet no variety has been discovered that is able to withstand oven u moderate frost but tho fact that millions of these trees can bo raised so easily and quickly in California and Florida and perhaps in thc warm places on the Gulf of Mexico and that Its timber can bo so widely utilized Is a matter for congratulation to all who are Interested In tho conservation of our forests and also In tho Introduction of new varieties of trees that will add to the timber wealth of the country la general eucalyptus may be successfully planted in the sections of the United States suitable for the culture of citrus fruits They are grown In nearly all the agricultural sections sec-tions of California along the coast at southern Oregon and to a limited extent In Arizona New Mexico and western Texas Several species spe-cies have also been planted In Florida and along tho Gulf coast Here however occasional occa-sional frosts have killed or severely damaged the trees and for this reason planting has been discouraged The blue gum Eucalyptus globulus has a phenomenally rapid rate of growth Seedlings stands will average a height growth of ISO feet In C years and 100 feet In 10 years Under very favorable conditions Individual trees have reached a height of 125 feet and a diameter of 30 Inches In 9 years In sprout suinds growth Is oven more rapid trees frequently reach 3 inches in diameter and 35 feet in height In 8 months while In 3 years a diameter of 7 Inches and a height of 70 feet are often attained In California under favorable conditions trees have attained a height of 175 feet and a diameter di-ameter of 5 feet In 25 years Although sometimes some-times Irregular in form the tree tends to develop de-velop a straight gradually tapering unforkcd stem In plantations the trunks become rapIdly rap-Idly cleared of branches to a considerable height but In the open trees branch more widely and gradually develop a short crown of massive spreading branches Blue gum Is practically Immune from disease dis-ease Where trees are reproduced by sprouts the old stumps frequently decay slowly at tho heart while tho sprouts remained unaffected Growing trees are not attacked by insect enemies ene-mies but felled timber lying unbarkcd upon tho ground is subject to Injury by a wood mining mi-ning Insect Blue gum rarely suffers any breakage of the limbs by winds and the spreading root system sys-tem renders the trees very windfirm Fire is tho greatest source of injury to ell 1 calyptua plantations Both tho unturul drama torlstlcs of the trees and the conditions wlthlo planted groves render them peculiarly nnscoj tlblo to lire injury The Ihigo quantity of lit terdry leaves branches and shredded bark which accumulates beneath a stand Is octrctno ly Inflammable Tho bark of eucalyptus Is I < i thin that tho trees are Injured even toy Hsu surface fires The wood of blue gum Is very heavy bard strong and tough hut Is not durable In contact with the soil It is closegrained and Is split with difficulty after it has dried II la less else tic than hickory but it has been demonstrated by mechanical tests that Reasoned Mae gum timber Is a little Inferior In strength and oUtS ness to the best second growth hickory In ap 4 r pearanco It closely resemble tho wood of tilde I A ory and ash t i Illucgum timber Is utilized for a great vart I ety of purposes In California Tho wood IB to as cellcnt for fuel and In the treeless valleys has been tho chief fuel supply for many years Is southern California the steady demand render commercial planting for fuel very profitable A t Eucalyptus timber has been extensively used in California for wharf piling Bluegum pUns arc < In use In nearly every port on the CUHfornffl i coast and extended trial has shown that they resist the attacks of marino borers which do stray timber In sea water longer than other species commonly used for piling Bliiocum timber haH also been used to some extent Cot fence posts and telephone poles Tho wood it not suitable for this purpose however on no count of Its short life In the ground Seasoned j posts last a little longer than green posta and timber cut from tho heart Is more durable than t sapwood Bluegum timber has been used to a limited extent to determine Its value for allroal kit i Time results thus far obtained Indicate that II a compares favorably with second grade pnotle timber The lumber has been extensively used for ys hide stock and for wooden parts of agricultural Implements It Is also made Into Insulator pint l for electric wiring and Is used lor furniture and cabinet worlt hardwood flooring trlp4ian mer beams the levers of windlasses and tbcr blocking for oil and wino presses wood paving pulley blocks and belt wheels I Tho extensive utilization of gum lumber has hitherto been prevented by the scanty supply ol timber of merchantable size and by tho dUn culty experienced seasoning tho lumber without with-out warping and checking It Is believed however w how-ever that In the seasoning of gum no create difficulties will be encountered than fii fouuoo ing of any other hardwood of similar density and strength A product of considerable Importance derived from blue gum is tho oil distilled from the leaves Eucalyptus oft IB recognized as u valor able drug and Is extensively used by pharmacists pharma-cists and physicians In many valleys of California eacalyptuj windbreaks are considered absolutely necessary to Insure the successful production of crops They have been most extensively used to safeguard safe-guard citrus orchards from strong and do structlvo winds In southern California but they are now being established also for tho pro e j tcctlon of vineyards and orchards of decfrfaeue fruits olives and walnuts The blue VIm CJV eels other species for windbreak purposes oo account of Its height and tho rapidity of iu growth The tall shafts of the trees bend bo fore tho wind and act as a cushion deflect U upward over tho orchard wheroA Ordinary windbreak trees form a more solid wall an < 3 i tho wind draws downward forming eddies near tho leeward side Eucalyptus reproduce readily by both seeds and sprouts Tho trees boar need In duuu j dance annually and under favorable conditions natural reproduction Is freely establbicd 1 Trees also sprout vigorously from both the stump and tho roots either after cutting or la response to Injury In California comniordaV groves are almost Invariably reproduced hf sprouts Plantations should bo started with young trees and not by direct sowing The oJwf n Is generally held that eucalyptus seedlings ir so difficult to raise that their pro a lttlon Is Impracticable except for expert iiurBcryuca In point of fact blue gum Is one of the most easily propagated species va tr7 1 |