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Show Page 12B Lakeside Review, October 16, 1980 Presidential Campaign Style Changes; Is It Good? By GLEN E. THUROW Chairman of the Department of Politics at the University the relationship of the campaign to the Presidents powers and duties. In the front porch elections, parties, not individual candidates, carried the burden of of Dallas. Todays campaigns are lengthy affairs. Months before the first crucial caucuses and primaries the candidates are out on the trail, sizing up the mood of the people and wooing their votes. It is often said that the campaign is too long too tiring for the candidates and too boring for the voters (as though the main criteria for judging campaigns should be the ease of the candidates and the entertainment of the voters). But it is too little noted that the practice of long, public campaigns by the candidates both reflects and helps create a Presidency strikingly different from (and, in some respects, inferior to) the Presidency of the 19th century. In the 19th century presidential candidates did not publicly campaign at all. Elections were often hotly contested, but the candidates themselves were expected to stay home and, campaigning. These campaigns were designed to protect the presidential office (and the future president) from dangers that were thought to arise from direct appeals to the voters by ambitious and contending sonally campaigned. t William Jennings Bryan broke a century of tradition in 1896 by stumping the country in his own behalf. Bryan, of course, did not win. Woodrow Wilson, in 1912, became the first successful candidate for President to have 2 gone on a full scale speaking tour during the .' candidates. In particular, there were three features of the Presidency that were thought to be . threatened by direct campaigning: its Constitutional authority, its receptivity to genuine statesmanship, and its accountability to the people. The Presidency was designed to be an office whose authority stemmed from powers granted by the Constitution and from the ConPresidents place in the stitutional design. But the Constitution itself rested upon the authority of We, the people. By directly campaigning before the voters, a President might plausibly claim to embody the will of the people since their vote could be taken to be an endorsement of his personal appeal. Neither the justices of the Supreme Court nor members of Congress could make a similar claim. Hence a President might attach the authority of we, the people to himself at the expense of the other branches of government and, indeed, of the Constitution itself. His power would rest on his relationship with the people, not his Constitutional position, and he might use that authority to usurp powers properly beloning elsewhere or nowhere. Nixons claim to have received a man- campaign. This change from the front porch campaigns of the 19th century to the whistle - .stop and airplane hop campaigns of the t 20th is not the result of transportation im- provements so much as a change in the un- derstanding of the presidential office and in date in the 1972 election to which Congress ought to bow is illustrative of the danger feared. Front porch campaigns would help to make victories party as well as personal victories, thus diminishing the Presidents claim while increasing the claim of the party in Congress. with rare exceptions, did. Although the development of railroads had made campaign tours easily possible by the time of the Civil War, it was not until the rise of the Progressives that candidates per- I - -1 -- I 4 ' T Secondly, the Presidency ought to attract and give scope to genuine statesmen. But direct campaigning would give the advantage to candidates who were preeminently orators and rhetoricians men who could appear to understand politics without really doing so. These orators might easily become the slaves as well as the manipulators of peoples passions and moods. Instability would be introduced into Presidential programs as Presidents scurried to play to the changing moods of the people, and the discretion and flexibility essential to the conduct of the Presidency would be diminished. The front porch campaign sought to insert a party organization between the candidate and the people which would shield the future President from excessive dependence on transient moods. ' The enthusiasm and diligence with which he was supported would depend to a large extent on his serving the stable principles and interests of an organized party rather than the shifting sentiments of an inchoate mass. Finally, it was thought that the President should be accountable to the people. But this did not mean accountable to people's whims, for the people themselves would be likely to repent of their whims within a short time. Rather it meant accountability to the more stable and better considered opinions of the to what the Federalist called the voters cool and deliberate sense of the community. But in a campaign of direct personal appeals, free of the discipline of having to govern, candidates would be likely to compete with each other to exploit the latest mood passing through the public. The cool and deliberate sense of the community would not rule in such an election, but victory would go to those who most skillfully gave expression Woodrow Wilson articulated a new view of the Presidency that has made stumping the country for votes a respectable activity ever since. This new Presidency, in Wilsons view, would derive its authority, not primarily from the Constitution, but from its expression of the will of the people. True statesmanship would come not from a President using his Constitutional prerogatives wisely, but from a President who could articulate the deep-fe- lt desires of the people and marshall them to compel Congress and party to accede to his program. The President would be the voice of the people. Thus all the power that could be generated by a modern democracy would be focused in the hands of the President for the good of all. Wilsons Presidency (which is now ours) requires an election in which the personal campaign of the candidate is central in order . to transient . . opinion. When William Jennings Bryan campaigned in 1896, he was widely condemned as a demagogue for his courting of the people. But to establish the Presidents personal authority, arouse the force of the people, and concentrate this force in one man. Whatever the merits of Wilsons view, more striking today are its failings. Presidents who rely on the power of their oratory alone rather than their Constitutional authority and their strategic position within the Constitutional structure seem weak, not strong. Leadership seems too often to have transformed itself into followership of shallow moods and sentiments. And the peoples opinions seem inchoate and unable to direct the government or to call a President to account even as Presidents disregard Constitutional boundaries. We have the personal campaigns favored by Wilson without the fruits he thought would come from them. We need to reconsider not merely the campaign practices but the view of the Presidency of which they are part and parcel. Public Researched, Syndicated, 1980. - 4 k rvicemen Clearfield Man, Son Given Awards A Clearfield man and his son have both received awards for superior performance at Hill Air Force Base. - Richard D. Weeks of 820 S. State, Clearfield, was given a $250 award after 26 years of employment at the base. His son, Jeffrey Weeks of 2667 N. Hill Field IRoad, No. 30, Layton, has worked at Hill for three years. 1 The older Weeks works as production 1 manager in the directorate of material management. He and his wife are the parents of four children. ; Jeffrey Weeks is a scheduler in the "air freight area at the base. He and his wife are the parents of a son. . -- ,Mv,Tiri5ini Engineers Survey Sergeant Arrives Student Attending For Duty in Florida Fort Knox Training Air Force Reserve Airman Douglas Sergeant Darrell R. Goodfellow, son of retired Air Force Master Sergeant W. Stump, son of Florence E. Stump of and Mrs. Reed W. Goodfellow of 994 Snow Creek Drive, Layton, has been Layton, has arrived for duty at Patrick assigned to Chanute Air Force Base, Air Force Base, Fla. 111., after completing Air Force basic Sergeant Goodfellow, a telecom- training. munications specialist, was previously During the six weeks at Lackland Air assigned at Bitburg Air Base, West Force Base, Texas, the airman studied the Air Force mission, organization and Germany. His wife, Audrey, is the daughter of customs and received special training Mr. and Mrs. Alton L. Whiteaker of in human relations. In addition, airmen who complete Sandy, Utah. basic training earn credits toward an associate degree in applied science through the Community College of the Squardon Members Gain Recognition Hill AFB The Aircraft Generation Squadron of the 388th Tactical Fighter Fighter Squadron Force. The airman will now receive specialized instruction in the aircraft Air maintenance field. Squadron recently recognized the superior efforts of several of its squadron members. Named as Crew Chief of the Month for August was SSgt Toi Faalogo; as To Maintenance Person of the Month, SSgt Private Douglas M. Dunn, son of Mr. Kent Pirie; Airman of the Month, SRA and Mrs. Mark M. Dunn of Roy, is Robert Baucan; NCO of the Month, attending basic training at Fort Knox, TSgt Melvin Brown Jr. ; and in a special Ky. During the training, students receive presentation receiving Air Force Commendation Medals were TSgt instruction in drill and ceremonies, Robert Kirkpatrick, SSgt Melvin weapons, map reading, military Griffy, AlC Ricky Flintoff and AlC courtesy, military justice, first aid, and Richard Walls. Army history and traditions. Assignment Given Gets 7 Graduates Chanute Base Hill AFB The 421 Tactical Fighter Squadron has recently received seven graduates from 6 training. They were the first pilots to graduate from the 6 long course. In attendance at graduation ceremonies was former 388TFW commander Brig. Gen. Troy Tolbert, now commander of the 1st TFW, Langley AFB, VA. 421st graduates included: Capt. Andy Denny, Capt. Patrick Corrigan, Capt. George Cansler, Capt. Thomas Ward, . Capt. Gary Jones, 1st Lt. George Weller and 1st Lt. Ron Rosepink. F-1- F-1- HILL AIR FORCE BASE Although the Air Force last week observed Handicapped Awareness Week, the Ogden Air Logistics Center works on improving con- ditions for this segment of its work- force year round. Under the Affirmative Action Program, Airman Assigned To Kesler Air Base Airman First Class Randy S. Davis, son of Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Davis of 1265 Marilyn Drive, Syracuse, has been assigned to Keesler Air Force Base, Miss., after completing Air Force basic training. During the six weeks at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, the airman studied the Air Force mission; organization and customs and received special training in human relations. In addition, airmen who complete basic training earn credits toward an associate degree in applied science through the Community College of the Air Force. The airman will now receive specialized instruction the ad-- I Civil architectural barriers that hinder handicapped workers. "We in Air Force Logistics Command are committed to the goal of equal opportunity for the han- dicapped, and to the fullest extent possible we will make every effort to ensure that it exists, says AFLCs selective placement coordinator Connie L. Jones. systematically eliminating chitectural barriers. According to Jones, historically, architectural barriers have hindered employment of the handicapped more than any other single factor. : Installations throughout AFLC have begun to identify those barriers d on base, and plans for their removal have been developed, Hills civilian personnel handicap monitor Carol Smith said that the Ogden base is now only awaiting approval for the funds to make the necessary modifications, All federal agencies, by law, must develop and implement affirmative action plans for employment of handicapped individuals. time-phase- For Best Results Read The Classified MR. INDOORCOMFORT HUHIWHCAIION, atritONK CUMING, MUTING, GW CONDITIONING ministration field. The Case Of The Missing Housewife Exercise Practices Tactics of Warfare by Don Rentmeister Its purpose is related incident is completely in an exharmful that take effects to the place exaggerate merely cessively dry home during winter. No names have been changed. The parties involved were completely guilty. His wife had left him. Apparently she couldnt stand it any longer. The note said that she could be found at her cousin's home. It was safe there. The following Navy Operations Specialist 3rd Class Joe C. Bodily, Ival O. and Joan J. Bodily of 529 N. 725 W. Clearfield, recently participated in exercise 80 off the southwest Australian coast. He is a crewmember aboard the destroyer USS Oldendorf , homeported in San Diego and operating as a unit of the U.S. 7th Fleet. k His ship participated in the exercise with Australian and New Zealand naval and air forces after visiting Bunbury, Australia. During the exeranti-aiand anticise, the units practiced anti-shisubmarine warfare tactics. Following the exercise, the Oldendorf made port visits in Adelaide, Australia and Hobartr, Tasmania before resuming its cruise in the Western Pacific. The Oldendorf is a 563 foot long, Spruance class destroyer with a crew of more than 300. A 1977 graduate of Clearfield High School, Bodily joined the Navy in August 1977. son of San-dgrop- er un-tru- He knew why she had left him. It wasnt safe in the house any more. It had started when the weather turned colder eariler in the winter. Everything started to dry up. Furniture, fixtures, paint and even the plaster on walls and ceilings were affected. His wife developed a skin problem. Everything rubbed or brushed produced static electricity. one-wee- p, bases Engineering Division has conducted a cost survey for modifications of buildings to eliminate some of the RANDY S. DAVIS ; the This year, and next, AFLC along with all other federal agencies, is concentrating on identifying and r, wasnt too hard to live with fora while, but then strange things began to happen. The knots fell out of the knotty pine paneling in the den. The cat was electrocuted running across the living room carpet. His wife began buying skin creams by the case. books began cracking up. The cactus plant died. The painting of the Mona Lisa developed a frown. The canary wouldnt come out of his It HAVE YOU BEEN INJURED BASEMENTS FINISHED ON-THE-JO- B? AND ROOM ADDITIONS Back injuries can result in torn muscles, disc damage, or nerve pressure. Serious back problems have been traced to back injuries. When you are injured on the job, call the Chiropractic Care Center for an immediate - appointment. bath. The last event, evidently was the one that made her leave. The mortar had fallen apart between the bricks and the whole fireplace had collapsed. Donning his old air raid warden helmet to avoid the falling plaster, he put the phone back together and called his wife. He explained that it was not too late. He had just purchased a Payne Humidifier and the men from Rentmeisters were going to install it in the morning. He asked her to come home, and apologized for the house being in a "mess. We do not have a record of this case in our files. It hasnt happened yet to anyone weve encountered. Your home can become exceedingly dry during winter, though, if you want your wife to stay home, give us a call at Rentmeisters and ask about the proper type of humidification for your home. For a free estimate call: 773-690- 0 RENTMEISTER HEATING-AI- TEMPLE WEST CONSTRUCTION 2173 ORA NT 393-338- 4, 393-576- SC fS 1 Qmpp R CONDITIONING 1950 West 2250 South - Syracuse, Utah |