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Show I THE PRESIDENT'S I ANNUAL MESSAGE I TO LAWMAKERS Recommends Legislation on I New and Important I Subjects. ' I INCOME - INHERITANCE TAX He Belioves Such Laws Would Curb Growth, of Fortunes to Dan- gerous Proportions. :HI View's on Negro Question Asks I for Currency Reform, and Shipping I Bill Would Make Citizens of Japs I Many Other Important Subjects I Discussed. H Washington, Dec. 3. President lloosc- veil's messugo to tlie second session of the Fltty-nlnth congress deals with a number of new and Important subjects, chief of 'which Is the government prose- cutlon of tho trusts, the abuse bf Injunc tions in miior iroumcs, 1110 negro question, ques-tion, the preaching of class hatred Between capital and labor, additional legislation legis-lation for the control of largo corporations, corpora-tions, it federal Inheritance anil lucomo ijx law and currency reform. - The message opens with a, statement of what the last congress left unfinished, and of this he says: J "I again recommend a law prohibiting til corporations from contributing to the campaign expenses of any party. Such a bill has already past one house of con-cress. con-cress. Let Individuals contribute ns they desire; but let us prohibit In effective fashion all corporations from making contributions for any political purpose, directly or Indirectly. "Another bill which has Just past ono house of 'the congress and which Is ur- fiently necessary should be enacted Into aw fs that conferring upon tho government govern-ment tho right of appeal In criminal cases on questions of law. This right exists In many of the states; It exists In the District of .Qolumblu by act of tho congress. It Is of course, not proposed that In any case a verdict for the defendant de-fendant on tho merits should be set aside. Recently In one district where the government had Indicted certain persons per-sons for conspiracy In connection with rebates, the court sustained the defend-I defend-I ant's demurrer; while In another Juris- I diction an Indictment for conspiracy to obtain rebates has been sustained by '. the court, convictions obtained under It, and two defendants sentenced to Imprisonment. Impris-onment. The two cases referred to may not be In real conflict with each other, but It Is unfortunate, that there should even bo an apparent conflict. At present pres-ent there Is no way by which the government gov-ernment can cause such a conflict, when It occurs, to bo solved by an appeal to a higher court; and the wheels of Justice are blocked without any real decision of the question. I can not too strongly Urge the passage of the bill In question, A fullure to puss will result In seriously hampering tho government. In Its effort to obtain Justice, especially against ..raltriy Individuals or corporations who flu wrongs and may also prevent the government from obtaining Justice for wngewarkers who are not themselves able effectively to contest n enso whero the Judgment of an Inferior court has been ngulnst them. 1 have speclllcally In view u recent decision by a district Judge leaving railway employees without with-out remedy for violation of a certain so-called so-called labor statute. It seems an absurdity absurd-ity to permit a single district Judge, against what may bo tho Judgment of the Immense majority of his colleagues an the bench, to declare u lal W.xin'ly. enacted b tho congress to be "unconstitutional," "uncon-stitutional," and then to deny to tho government the right to have the supremo su-premo court definitely decide thq question." ques-tion." Evasion by Technicalities. "In connection. with this matter, I would llko to call attention to th very unsatisfactory unsat-isfactory state of our criminal law, resulting re-sulting In large part from the habit of I setting aside, the Judgments of Inferior II courts on technicalities absolutely unit un-it connected with tho merits of tho cuse, and whero thcro Is no attempt to show that there hus been any failure of sub- stantlal Justice It would be well to en- act a law providing something to tho effect that: ' ' "No Judgment shall be sot aside or new trial granted In any cause, civil or crlm- Inal, on the ground of misdirection of tho Jury or the Impropor admission or re- jecllon of evldonco, or for error as to any matter of pleading or procedure unless, In the opinion of tho court to which the application Is made, after an exnmlnu- tlon of the entire cause, It shall nftlrmn- tlvely appear that tho error complulned oi has resulted It) a miscarriage of Justice " "i Injunctions. H f On the subject of tho abolition of In- ' Junctions In labdr disputes, he says; "In my last message I suggested the cn-H cn-H actment of a law In connection with tho H Issuance of Injunctions, attention hav- lug been sharply drawn to tho matter H by tho demand that tho right of apply- H Ing Injunctions In labor cases should be f wholly abolished, It Is at least doubtful H whether a law abolishing altogether the use of Injunctions In such cases would H stand the test of tho courts: In which H case of course tho legislation would bo 1 Ineffective. Moreover, I bellevo It would bo wrong altogether to prohibit the use I of Injunctions, It Is criminal to permit H( sympathy with criminals to weaken our j hands In upholding the luw: und If nion H seek to destroy life or property by mob IfM vlnlenco there should be no impairment of the power of tho courts to ileal with I them In tho most summary ami elTectlvo way possible, Hut so far as possible the abuse of the power should bo provided Hi against by some such law us I advocated HI last year ... "In this matter of Injunctions thcro Is lodged In the hands of tho Judiciary a necessary power which Is nevertheless IK subject to tho possibility of grave abuse, K It Is a power that should bo exercised 1 with extreme cure and should bo sub- K Jecl to the Jealous scrutiny of till men, and condemnation should bo meted out KJ as much to tho Judge who falls to use K) It boldly when necessary iib to tho Judgu K who uses It wantonly or oppressively. I Of course, a Judge strong enough to be IH fit for his olllro will enjoin any resort H to violence or Intimidation, especially by H conspiracy, no matter what his opinion IH may be of the rights of tho orlglnnl quar- rel. There must bo no hesitation In dealing with disorder. Hut there must IK likewise bo no such abuso of tho in- Bj Junctlve power as Is Implied In forbidding Bj laboring men to strive for their own but- H ferment In poncoful and lawful wuyH; J Jior must the Injunction be Used merely IH to aid some big corporation In rnrrylng Kj out schemes for Its own aggrandizement. Hj It must bn remembered that n prelim- I Inary Injunction In labor case, If H granted without ndequate proof (even H when authority can be found to support the conclusions of law an which It Is founded), may often settlo tho illsputo K between tho parties; niul therefore If Improperly grunted may do Irreparable H wrong, Yet thero nro many Judges who assume a mattor-of-fnet courso granting of u preliminary Injunction to ha tho ordinary and propeV Judicial disposition Kt of such cuses; mid theru have imdouLit-Kj imdouLit-Kj edly been llugrant wrongs committed I by Judges In connection with labor ills-K ills-K putes even within the last x yearn, Bt altho I think much less o i than In l former years. Such JudgeH their un-KJ un-KJ wise action Immonsely lr Rthen the Kj bunds of those who are striving entirely j 6 Col. Message Plates and Sheets. to do away with the power of Injunction; and therefore such careless use of tho Injunctive process tends to threaten Its very existence, for If tho American people peo-ple ever become convinced that this process Is habitually abused, whether In matters affecting labor or In matters affecting af-fecting corporations, It will bo well-nigh Impossible to prevent Its abolition." The Negro Problem. Tho negro problem Is given considerable considera-ble attention, ufter calling attention to tho fact that no section of tho country Is free from faults, nnd thnt no section has occasion to Jeer nt the shortcomings of any other section, he turns to the subject sub-ject of lynchlngs, und especially as applied ap-plied to the negro of the south, lie says the greatest existing cause for mob law Is tho perpetration by the blacks of the crime of rape, a crime which he terms even worso than murder. He quotes the admonitions to the white people spoken by Oov. Candler, of fleorgla. some years ngo, nnd by (lov. Jelks, of Alabama, recently, re-cently, nnd then says: "Kvery colored man should realize that tho worst enemy of his race Is the negro criminal, and nbovu nil tho no-gro no-gro criminal who commits the dreadful dread-ful crime of rape; anil It should be felt ns In the highest ilegreo an offense against the whole country, ntul against the colored race' In particular, for a colored man to fall to help the officers of the law In hunting down with all possible earnestness nnd zeal every such Infamous offender. Moreover, In my Judgment, tho crime of rape should nlwnys be punished with death, ns Is tho cose with murder; assault with Intent In-tent to commit rape should bo made n vnpltal crime, at least In the discretion of the court; and provision should bo mnde by which the punishment may follow Immediately upon tho heels .of tho offense; whllo tho trial should bo so conducted that the victim need not be wantonly shnmed while giving tea-tlmnny, tea-tlmnny, nnd thnt the least possible publicity shall bo given to the details. The members or the whllo race on tho other hand should understand thnt every lynching represents by Just so much n loosening of the bands of civilization: civ-ilization: that the spirit of lynching Inevitably throws Into prominence In tho community nil the foul nnd evil creatures who dwell therein, No mnn can tnke part In the torture of it human hu-man being without having his own moral nature nertnnnpntt v Inivftrml. Hvery lynching means Just so much moral deterioration In nil the children who have any knowledge of It. nnd therefore Just so much additional trouble for tho next generation of Americans. "Let Justice be both sure and swift; but let it bo Justice under tho law, and not the wild and crooked savagery of a mob. Need for Negro Education. "Thero Is another matter which has a direct bearing upon this matter of lynching nnd of the brutal crlmo which sometimes calls It forth and nt other times merely furnishes the excuse for Its existence. It Is out of tho question for our people ns a whole permanently to rise by treading down nny of their own number. Kven thoso who themselves them-selves fur tho moment profit by such maltreatment of their fellows will In tho long run also suffer. No more shortsighted policy can bo Imagined than. In the fancied. Interest of ono class, to prevent the education of another an-other class. Tho freo public school, the chance for each boy or girl to get n good elementary education, lies nt the foundation of our whole political situation. situ-ation. In every community tho poorest poor-est citizens, those who need tho schools most, would bo deprived of them If they only received school facilities proportionately to the taxes they paid. This la as true of one portion of our country us. of another. It Is us true for the negro as for the white man. The white man, If he Is wise, will de-cllno de-cllno to allow the negroes In n mass to grow to manhood and womanhood without education. Unquestionably education ed-ucation such as Is obtained In our public pub-lic schools does not do everything towards to-wards making a man a good citizen; but It docs much. The lowest und most brutnl criminals, those for Instance who commit the crime of rape, ure In the great majority men who have had either no education or very lltle; Just ns they are almost Invariably men who own no property; for the man who puts money by out of his earnings, llko tho man who acquires education. Is usually lifted nbovo mere brutnl criminality. Of courso the best type of education for tho colored man. taken ta-ken as a whole, Is such education as Ih conferred In schools like Humpton and Tuskegee; whero the boys nnd girls, the .young men nnd young women, wo-men, are trained Industrially ns well as In the ordinary publlo school branches. The graduates of these schools turn out well In the great ma-JifrLT-of-uiues. and hardly any of them become criminals, while what little criminality thero Is never takes the form of that brutal violence which Invites In-vites lynch law. Every grnduato of these schools and for the matter of that every oher colored man or 'woman 'wo-man who leads n llfo so useful and honorable as to win the good will and respect of thoso whites whose neighbor neigh-bor ho or she is, thereby helps the whole colored race ns It can be helped In no othor way; for next to tho negro himself, the man who can do most to help tho negro Is his whlto neighbor who lives near him; nnd our steady effort should be to better the relations between the two. Or eat tho the benefit bene-fit of these schools has been to their colored pupils and to the colored people. peo-ple. It may well bo questioned whether the benefit has not been at least as great to tho white pcoplo among whom these colored pupils live after they graduate." Capital and Labor. On tho subject of cnpltal and labor the president takes tho agitators of class hatred to task and says "to preach hatred to tho rich man, us such, . , , to seek to mislead and Inflame to madness mad-ness honest men whoso lives are hard and who havo not tho kind of mental training which will permit them to appreciate ap-preciate the danger In the doctrines preached Is to commit a crlmo against tho body politic and to be falso to every worthy principle and tradition of American Amer-ican national life." Continuing on this subject ho says: "Tho plain penplo who think the mcchnnlcs. farmers, merchants, workers work-ers with head or hand, tho men to whom American traditions are dear, who lovo their country and try to act decently by tholr neighbors, owo It to themselves to remember that the most damaging blow that can bo given popular pop-ular government is to elect un unworthy un-worthy und sinister agitator on a platform of violence nnd hypocrisy Whenever such nti Issue Is raised In this country nothing can be gained by lllnchlng from It, for In. such case democracy dem-ocracy Is Itself on trial, popular self-government self-government under republican forms Is Itself on trial. The triumph of the mob Ih Just as evil u thing as the triumph tri-umph of tho plutocracy, and to have escaped one danger avails nothing whatever If wo sucuumb to tho other. In the end tho honest man, whether rich or poor, who enrns his own living and tries to deal Justly by his fellows, has ns much to fear from the Insincere and unworthy demagog, promising much und performing nothing, or else performing nothing but ovll, who would set on the mob to plunder the rich, na from the crufty corruptlonlst. who, for IiIh own ends, would permit tho common peoplu to bo exploited by tho very wealthy. If wo ever let this government fall Into tho hands of men of either of these two classes, wo Khali show ourselves falso to America's past. Moreover, tho deinugog and corruptlonlst corrup-tlonlst often worlt hand In hand, There oro at this moment wealthy reactionaries reaction-aries of such obtuse morality that they regard the public servunt who prosecutes prose-cutes them when they violate tho law, or who seeks to make them bear their proper sharp of tho public burdens, as being oven morn objectionable than tho violent agitator who hounds on the mob to plunder tho rich. There Is nothing to choose between such n ro-actlnnnry ro-actlnnnry nnd such nit agitator; fundamentally funda-mentally they arc alike In their selllsh dlsrogard of tho rights nf others; and It Is natural that they should Join In opposition to nny movement of which the nlm Is fearlessly to do exact and ovon Justice to nil," Railroad Employees Hours, He asks for tho passing of the bill limiting lim-iting the number of hours of employment of railroad employes, and classes tho mensuia ns u very moderute one. Ho says tho alii) of all should bn to steadily reduce the number of hours of labor, with as a goal tho general Introduction In-troduction of an eight-hour day, but Insists In-sists that on the Isthmus of , Panama tho conditions are so different from what they nre here that the Introduction of an elgnt-hour day on the canal would be Absurd, anil contluuos, "Just about as absurd ab-surd as It Is, so far as tho Isthmus Is concerned, whero whlto labor cannot be employed, to bother as to whether tho work Is done by alien black men or llcn yellow men." Investigation of Disputes. tie urges the enactment or a drastic child labor law for tho District of Columbia Co-lumbia and tho territories, and n fedoral Investigation of the subject of child und remnle labor throughout the country. Ho reviews the work of the commission nppolnted to Investigate labor conditions In tho coal fields of Pennsylvania In 1902, and refers to the wish of the commission "that the stato nnd federnl governments should provldo the machinery for what may bo called the compulsory Investigation Investiga-tion of controversies between oinployers and employes when they nrlso." After referring to the fact that u bill has already al-ready been Introduced to this end he says: "Many ot those strikes and lockouts would not havo occurred had tho parties to tho dispute been required to appear before nn unprejudiced body representing the nation and, face to face, stato the reasons for their contention. In most Instances tho dispute would doubtless be found to bo duo to a misunderstanding by each of tho othor's rights, aggravated by an unwillingness of either party to accept ac-cept as true the statements of tho other as to tho Justice or injustice of tho matters mat-ters In dispute. Tho oxcrclso of a Judicial Ju-dicial spirit by a disinterested body representing tho federnl government, such ns would be provided by a commission commis-sion on Conciliation nnd arbitration would tend to crente an atmosphere of friendliness and conciliation between contending con-tending parties; and tho giving each sldo an equnl opportunity to present fully Its case In the presence of tho other would prevent tunny disputes from developing Into serious strikes or lockouts, nnd In other cases, would enable the commission commis-sion to persundo the opposing parties to como to terms. "In this ago of great corporate nnd labor la-bor combinations, neither employers nor employees should be loft completely nt tho mercy of the stronger party to n dispute, dis-pute, regardless of tho righteousness of their respective claims. The proposed measure would bo In the line of securing recognition of the fact thnt In mnny strlkes tho public has Itself un Interest which ennnot wisely La disregarded; nn Interest not merely of general convenience, conven-ience, for the question of a Just nnd proper public policy must nlso be considered. con-sidered. In all legislation of this kind It Is well to ndvanco cautiously, testing each step by tho actual results; tho step proposed can surely bo safely taken, for the decisions of the commission would not bind the parties In legal fashion, and yet would give a chance for public opinion opin-ion to exert Its full force for the right." Control of Corporations. A considerable portion of tho messngo Is devoted to tho subject of federal control con-trol of corporations In what he refers to the passage nt tho last session of the rate, meat Inspection nnd food laws, and says that all of these havo already Justified Justi-fied their enactment, but recommends the amendment of tho meat Inspection law so as to put dates on the labels of meat products, nnd also to plnco tho cost of Inspection on tho packers rather than on the government. Continuing on this subject of tho control ot corporations by tho fcdornl government he says: "It cannot too often bo repented that experience ex-perience has conclusively Bhown tho Impossibility Im-possibility of securing by the actions of nearly half a hundred different state legislatures anything but Ineffective chaos In the way of dealing with the great corporations which do not operate exclusively within tho limits of nny one stnte. In some method, whether by a national license law or In other fashion, we must exercise, nnd thnt at an early date, a far more complete control thnn nt present over these . great corpora-! tlons a control that will among other things prevent the evils of oxccsslvo overcapitalization, nnd that will compel tho disclosures by each big corporation of Its stockholders und of Its properties and business, whether owned directly or thru subsidiary or nlllllatod corporations. This will tend to put a stop to the securing secur-ing or Inordinate prollts by favored Individuals nt the expense whether of the general public, tho stockholders, or tho wngoworkers. Our effort should be not so much to prevent consolidation as such, but so to supervise and control It ns to see that It results In no barm to tho people. The reactionary or ultracon-sorvatlve ultracon-sorvatlve apologists for the misuse or wealth assail the effort to secure such control ns a step toward soclnllsm. As u matter of fact It Is theso reactionaries and ultrnconsorvatlves who are them-solves them-solves most potent In Increasing socialistic socialis-tic feeling. Ono of the most eHlclcnt mothods of averting the consequences of a dangerous agitation, which Is to per cent, wrong, Is to remedy the 20 per cent, of evil as to which the agitation Is well founded. Tho best way to avert the very undesirable move for the governmental ownership of railways Is to secure by the government on behalf of the people as a whole such adequate control nnd regulation of the great Interstate common com-mon carriers as will do uwny with the evils which give rise to the agitation against them. So the proper nntldotb to tho dangerous and wicked agitation against tho men of wealth as such Is to secure by proper legislation and executive execu-tive action the abolition of the grave abuses which actually do obtain In connection con-nection with the business use of wealth under our present system or rather no system of failure to exercise any adequate ade-quate control at nil. Some persons speak ns If tho exercise of such governmental control would do away with tho freedom of Individual initiative and dwarf Individual Indi-vidual ofTort. This Is not a fact, It would bo a veritable calamity to tall to put a premium upon Individual Initiative Individual capacity and effort; upon the energy, charncter and roreslght which It Is so Important to encouruge n the Individual. Hut ns a mutter ot fact the deadening nnd degrading effect ot pure socialism, and especially or Its extreme rorm communism, and the destruction or Individual charncter which they would bring about, are In part achieved by tho wholly unregulated competition which results In a slnglo Individual or corporation corpor-ation rising at the expense or all others until his or Its rise effectually checks all competition and reduces former competitors competi-tors to a position or utter Inferiority und subordination, "In ennctlng nnd enforcing such legislation legis-lation as this congress already has to Its credit, wo uro working on u cohorent plan, with tho steady endeavor to secure the needed reform by the Joint action of tho moderate men, the plain men who do not wish anything hysterical or dangerous, but who do Intend to deal In resolute commnusenso fashion with tho real and groat evils or tho present system. Tho reactionaries and tho violent vio-lent extremists show symptoms or Joining Join-ing hands against us. Iloth assert, for Instance, that If logical, we should go to government ownership or railroads nnd the llko; tho reactionaries, becauso on such un Issue they think the pcoplo would stand with them, while the extremists ex-tremists care rather to preach discontent nnd agitation than to achieve solid results. re-sults. As a matter of fact, our position Is as remote from thnt nt the bourbon reactionary us from that of the Impracticable Imprac-ticable or sinister visionary. We hold that the government should not conduct tho business of tho nation, but that It should oxerclso such supervision as will Insure Its being conducted In the Interest Inter-est or the nation, Our aim Is, so fur as may bo, to secure, for all decent, hardworking hard-working men, equality of opportunity and equality of burden. Combinations Are Necessary. "The actual working of our laws has shown that tho effort to prohibit all combination, com-bination, good or bnd, Is noxious whero It Is not Ineffective. Combination of capital llko combination of labor Is u necossary clement or our present Industrial Indus-trial system. It Is not possible completely to prevent It; und It It were possible, such completo prevention would do damage dam-age to tho body politic. What we netd Is not vainly to prevent all combination, but to socuro such rigorous nnd adequate control and supervision ot tho combinations combina-tions as to prevent their Injuring the public, or existing In such form as Inevitably Inev-itably to threaten Injury for the mere fact that a combination has- secured practically complete control or a necessary neces-sary of lire would under any circumstances circum-stances show that such combination wus to be presumed to bn udvorse to the public pub-lic Interest. It is unfortunate that our present laws should forbid ull combinations. combina-tions. Instead or sharply discriminating botween those combinations which do ovll, Hebates, for Instance, ure ns often due to tho pressure of big shippers (as was shown In the Investigation of tho Standard Oil company nnd as has been shown slnCr by the Investigation or the tobacco and sugar trusts) as to tho Initiative Initi-ative or big rnllroads. orten rnltroads would llko to combine tor the purpose of preventing' a big shipper from maintaining maintain-ing Improper advantages nt the expense of small shippers and of the gencrnl public. pub-lic. Such u combination, Instead of being forbidden by law, should bo favored. In other words, It should be permitted to railroads to muke agreements, provided those agreements were sanctioned by tho Interstate commerce commission nnd were published, With these two conditions condi-tions complied with It Is Impossible to see wlint harm such a combination could do to the public at large. It Is a public evil to have on the statute books a law Incapable or full enforcement because both Judges and Juries realize that Its full enforcement would destroy the business busi-ness of the country: for tho result Is to make decent railroad men violators ot tho law against tholr will, and to put a premium on tho behovlor or the wIlMI wrongdoers. Buch n result In turn tends to throw the decent man and the wlltul wrongdoer Into close association, nnd In the end to drag down the former to tho initnr'n level! for tho man who becomes ii lawbreaker In one way unhappily tends to lose all respect for law and to bo willing to break It In many ways. No moro scathing condemnation could be visited upon a law than Is contained In tho words of the Interstate commerce commission when, In commenting upon tho fact that the numerous Joint trnlllc associations do technically violate tho law, thev sny: "The decision ot tho United Stntea supremo court In the Trnnsmlsslssippl case and the Joint Trnlllc ossoclntlon caso has produced no practical effect upon the railway operations opera-tions ot tho country. Such associations, In fact, exist now as thev did before these decisions, nnd with the same gencrnl gen-crnl effect. In Justice to all parties, wo ought probably to add that It is dilllcult to see how our lnterslnto railways could bo operated with duo regard to the Interest Inter-est of tho shipper and the rnllway without concerted action of the kind afforded af-forded thru these nssoclatlons." This means that tho law as construed by tho supreme court Is such thnt the business of tho country ennnot bo conducted con-ducted without breaking It. I recommend that you give careful nnd early consideration consider-ation to this subject, nnd If you find the opinion or tho Interstate commerce commission com-mission Justified, thnt you amend the law so as to obviate the evil disclosed. Inheritance and Income Tax. It was expected that the president would refer In some way to his belief In tho necessity for the curbing of enormous enor-mous fortunes, nnd he hus ilono so by recommending legislation for both Income In-come and an Inheritance, tax. He behoves be-hoves tho government should Impose a graduated Inheritance lax, and." If possible, possi-ble, a graduated Income tax. Ho says: "I am well aware thnt such a subject ns this needs lung and careful study In order that tho people may become familiar famil-iar with what Is proposed to bo done, may clearly seo tho noccsslty of proceeding proceed-ing with wisdom and self-restraint, nnd may make up their minds Just how far they nro willing to go In tho mntter; whllo only trained legislators con work out the project In necessary detail. Hut I feel that In the near future our national nation-al legislators should enact a law providing provid-ing for u graduated Inheritance tax by which a steadily Increasing rate of duty should be put upon all moneys or other vnluables coming by gift, bequest, or devise to nny Individual or corporation. It may be well to make tho tax heavy In proportion as tho Individual boneflted Is remote or kin. In nny event. In my Judgment the pro rnta of the tax should Increase very heavily with the Increase of the amount left to any one Individual atter a certain point hus been reached. It Is most desirable to encourage thrift and ambition, and a. potent sourco of thrift and ambition Is the desire on the yart of the breadwinner to leave his chll-ren chll-ren well off. This object can be attained by making the tax very small on moderate moder-ate amounts of property left; because the prime object should bo to put a constantly con-stantly Increasing burden on the Inheritance Inher-itance ot those swollen fortunes which It Is certainly of no benefit to this country coun-try tp perpetuate. Thero can be no question of the ethical eth-ical propriety of the government thus determining de-termining the conditions upon which any gift or Inheritance should bo received. Exactly how far tho Inheritance tax would, us un Incident, havo the effect or limiting the transmission by devise or girt of tho enormous fortunes In question It Is not necessary nt present to discuss. It Is wise that progress In this direction should be gradual, At first a permanent national Inheritance tax, while It might be more substantial than any such tax has hitherto been, need not approximate, either In amount or In tho extont of the Increase by graduation, to what such a tax should ultimately be. Inheritance Tax Constitutional. "This species of tax has again und again been Imposed, altho only temporarily, by tho national government. It was first Imposed by tho uct or July 6. 1797, when the makers ot the Constitution were nllve and nt the head or affairs. It was a graduated tax; tho small In amount, the rate was Increased with the amount left to uny Individual, exceptions being made In the case of certain close kin. A similar tax was again Impostd by...the act of July 1, 18C2; a minimum sum of 11.000 In personal property being excepted from taxation, the tax then becoming nroirresslve according to the remoteness of kin. Tho war-revenue act of Juno 13, 1898, provided for un Inheritance tax on uny sum exceeding tho value ot 110,000, tho rate of tax Increasing both In accordance accord-ance with tho amounts left and In accordance ac-cordance with the legatee's remoteness of kin. Tho supremo court has held that the succession tax Imposed at the time of tho civil war was not a direct tax but an Impose of excise which wan both constitutional con-stitutional and valid. More recently the court, In an opinion delivered by Mr. Justice White, which contained an exceedingly ex-ceedingly ablo nnd elaborate discussion, of tho powers of the congress to impose death duties, sustained the constitutionality constitution-ality ot tho Inheritance tax feature of the war-rovenuo uct of U98. Is Income Tax Constitutional? "In Its Incidents, und npart from the main purpose of raising revenue, an income tax stands on nn entirely different differ-ent footing from nn Inheritance tux, because be-cause It involves no question ot the perpetuation per-petuation or fortunes swollen to un unhealthy un-healthy size. The question Is In its essence a question ot tho proper adjustment adjust-ment of burdens to benefits. As the law now stunds It Is undoubtedly dlfll-cult dlfll-cult to devise a national Income tax which shall be constitutional. Hut whether it Is absolutely Impossible Is another an-other question; and If possible It Is most certainly desirable. Tho first purely Income In-come tax law was past by tho congress In 1801, but tho most Important law dealing deal-ing with the subject was that ot 1K94. This the court held to be unconstitutional. unconstitu-tional. "Tho question Is undoubtedly very Intricate, In-tricate, delicate, and troublesome, The doclBlon ot the court was only reached by one majority. It Is the law or the land, and, or courso. Is excepted us such and loyally obeyed by all good citizens. Nevertheless, the hesitation evidently felt by the court as u whole In coming to a conclusion, when considered together to-gether with the previous decisions on the subject, may perhaps Indicate the possibility of devising u constitutional Income-tax lnw which shall substantially substan-tially acccompllsh tho results aimed at. Tho dltUculty of umendlug the constitution con-stitution Is so great that only real necessity ne-cessity can JiiBtlfy a resort thereto, Kvery effort should bo made In dealing with this subject, as with the subject ot tho proper control by the national government over the uso ot corporate wealth In Interstate business, to devise legislation which without such action shall attain tho desired end; but If this fallB, thero will ultimately bo no nl-ternattvo nl-ternattvo to a constitutional amendment," amend-ment," Ho makes a strong ploa for technical and Industrial education for the masses, and whllo tho federal government cun do hut little In this line, he asks that schools of tills character ho established In tho District of Columblu us un example ex-ample to the various states. Agricultural Interests. He appeals for every encouragement that tho congress can give to tho agricultural agri-cultural Interests of tho country. He points to the good that Is being done by tho various forms ot grange organizations, organiza-tions, and says; "Several factors must cooperate In tho Improvement of tho farmer's condition. Ho must have the chnnco to bo educated In the widest possible, sense In tho sense which keeps ever In view the intimate relationship between the theory of education edu-cation and the facts of Ufa. In nil education we should widen our alms. It Is n good thing to produce a certain number num-ber of trained scholars and students; but the education superintended by tho stnte must seek rather to produce a hundred hun-dred good citizens than merely one scholar, nnd It must bo turned now nnd then from the clnss bonk to the study of the great book of nature Itself. This Is especially true of the fanner, ns has been pointed out ngaln and ngaln by all observers most competent to pass practical prac-tical Judgment on the problems of our country life. All students now renllza that education must seek to train the executive powers of young peopla nnd to confer more real slgnltlcnnce upon tho Phrase "dignity of labor," and to prepare pre-pare the pupils so that In addition to each developing In the highest degree his Individual capacity for worK, they may together help creato a right public opinion, nnd show In many ways social nnd cooperative spirit. Organization has become necessary In the business world: nnd It has accomplished much for good In tho world of labor. It Is no less necessary neces-sary for farmers. Buch n movement ns the grange movement Is good In Itself nnd is capable of a well-nigh Inllnltfl further fur-ther extension for Bood so lone ns It Is kept to Its own legitimate business. Tho benefits to bo dorlved by tho association of farmers for mutual ndvantngo nre partly economic and partly soclologlcnl. "Moreover, while In the long run voluntary volun-tary effort will provo moro efflcnclous thnn government assistance, whllo tho fnrmers must primarily do most for themselves, yet tho government can also do much. The department of agriculture has broken new ground In many directions, direc-tions, nnd year by year It finds how It enn Improve Its methods nnd develop fresh usefulness. Its constant effort Is to give the governmental assistance In tho most efTeetlvo way: that Is, thru as-sorlatlons as-sorlatlons nf runners rnthcr than to or thru Individual farmers. It Is alio striving striv-ing to coordlnnto Its work with tho agricultural agri-cultural departments, of the several stntes, nnd so far us Its own work Is educational, to coordlnnto It with tho work or other educational authorities. Agricultural education Is necessarily based upon gcnernl education, but our agricultural educational Institutions nro wisely specializing themsolves, making their course relate to tho actual teaching of tho agricultural und kindred sciences to young country people or young city peoplo who wish to live In tho country. "Ureat progress has nlrendy been mnde among farmers by tho creation of farmers' Institutes, of dairy associations, associa-tions, of breeders' associations, horticultural horti-cultural associations, nnd the like. A striking exnmple of how tho government govern-ment and tho farmers cnu cooperate Is shown In connection with tho menace offered to tho cotton growers of the southern states by the advance' ot the boll weevil. The department In doing nil It enn to organize tho farmers In tho threatened districts. Just ns It linn been doing all It can to organlzo them In nld of .Its work to eradicate tho cattle cat-tle fever tick In the south. The department depart-ment can nnd will cooperate1 with nil such associations, nnd It must havo their help If Its own work Is to bo done In tho most efficient style," He urges the extension of tho Irrigation Irriga-tion and forest preservation system, and asks for un appropriation for building a memorial theater at Arlington. Marriage and Divorce', As a means of bringing about national regulation ot marriage and divorce he suggests a constitutional amendment, and snys It Is not safe to leave theso questions ques-tions to bo dealt with by tho various states. Continuing on this subject he says: When homo ties are loosened; when men and women cease to regard a worthy family life, with alt Its duties fully performed, and nil Its responsibilities responsi-bilities lived up to, as the life best worth living; then ovll days for the commonwealth nre nt hand. There nro regions In our Und, and classes of our population, whero the birth rate has sunk below the death rate. Surely It should need no demonstration to' Bhow that wilful sterility Is, from tho standpoint or the nation, trnm me standpoint ot the human race, the ono sin tor which the penalty Is national denth, race death; n sin for which there Is no ntonement; a sin which Is the more dreadful exactly In proportion propor-tion ns the men and women guilty thereof are In other respects, In character, char-acter, nnd bodily nnd mental powers, those whom for the sake of the state It would be well to nee the1 fathers and mothers of many healthy children, well brought up In homes made happy by their presence. No man. no woman, can shirk the primary duties of life, whether for love' of ease nnd pleasure, or for any other cause, and retain his or her selt-respcct. The president asks for the enactment Into law of a shipping bill that will place American Interests on the sens on n par with those of other countries, nnd urges especially that something be done thnt will establish direct 'Steamship communication commu-nication with South Amerlcun ports. Currency Reform, Amendments to the present .currency laws are asked for, and nftor showing that present laws are Inadequate because of the wldo fluctuation of Interest charges, he says; "The mere statement of these facts shows that our present system Is seriously seri-ously defective. There In need of'n Change. Unfortunately, however, many of tho proposed changes must be ruled from consideration because they nro complicated, nro not easy of comprehension, compre-hension, nnd tend to disturb existing rights nnd Interests, AVe must also rule out any plart tvhlch would materially ma-terially Impair the value of the United .Stales two per cent, bonds now pledged to socure circulation, the Issue of which was made under conditions peculiarly pe-culiarly creditable to tho treasury. I do not press uny special plan. Vurlous plans havo recently been proposed by expert committees of bankers. Among tho plans which are possibly feasible and which certainly should receive your consideration In that repeatedly brought to your attention by tlin present pres-ent secretary of the treasury, the essential es-sential features of which have been approved by many prominent bankers and business men. According to this plan national banks should bn permitted per-mitted to Issue a specified proportion nt their .capital In notes of a given kind, the Issue to he taxed nt so high a rate as to drive the notes back when not wanted In legitimate trade. This plan would not permit' tho issue of currency to give banks nddltlonal profits, but to meet the emergency presented pre-sented by times of stringency. Need of Automatic 8ystem. "I do not say thnt this Is the right system. I only advance It to emphasize empha-size my belief that there is need for the adoption or somo system which shall bo automatic and open to nil sound bnnks, so us to avoid all pos. nihility ot discrimination and favoritism, favorit-ism, Such a plun would tend to prevent pre-vent tho spasmH of high money and speculation which now obtain In the New York market; for nt present thero Is too much currency at certain seasons nf the year, and Its accumulation accumu-lation at New York tempts bankers to lend It nt low rates for speculative purposes; whereas nt other times when the crops are blng moved thero Is urgent need for u large but temporury Increase In the currency supply. It must never be forgotten that this question concerns business men generally gen-erally quite an much as bankers; especially es-pecially Ib this truo of stockmen, runners nnd business men In the west; for nt present nt certain seasons of the year the difference In Interest rates between the cast and the west Is from six to ten per cent., whereas In Canada the corresponding difference Ih but two per cent. Any plan must, of course, guard tho Interests ot western west-ern und southern bankers ns carefully us it guards tho Interests nf Now York or Chicago bunkers; and must ho drawn from tho standpoints of tho farmer and the merchant no less than from the standpoints of tho city banker nnd the country banker, The law should bo amended so as to specifically to provide that the funds derived de-rived from customs duties may be treat, ed by tho secretary f tho treasury as he treats funds obtulned under tho Internal In-ternal revenue laws. There should bo a considerable Increaso In bills of small denominations. l'ermlsslon should be given hanks, If necessary under settled restrictions,- to retire their circulation to a larger amount than (3,000,000 a month." He again asks for freo trade with this country for the -I'hlllpplnes nnd In the same connection reviews tho work done by this country In the Islands, and says "if wo have erred In tho rhillpplnes It lias been In proceeding too rapidly In the direction ot granting a large mess- sssfl uro of self-government." American citizenship should be con- ferred on the citizens or rortovrtfeo. iH Tho hnrbor or Ban Juan In I'orto tllco sH should be dredged and Imptoved. The axpenses or tho federal court of Porto ksfl Illcn should be met from the federal 'M treasury. The administration of the at- ralrs of I'orto ltlco, together with thoso r ot tho Philippine, Hawaii nnd our other xlH Insular possessions, should all be 'direct- ed under one executive department: by H prererenco tho department of stato or the department of war. "HHm Naturalization of Japs. President Itooscvelt scores Ban Fran- H Cisco nnd other I'nclflc coast cities for their treatment or the Japanese, and fsH makes tho following recommendations!' Our nation fronts on the Pacific, Just kH ns it frontn on the Atlantic. We hope iH to play n constantly growing part Tn kH tho great ocean of the orient. W wish, as wo ought to wish, for a great -H commercial development In our 3eal- iJH Ings with Asln; nnd It Is out of the question that we should permanently havo such development unless we free-ly free-ly and gladly extend to other nations tho same measure of Justlco and good iiH treatment which wo expect to receive In return. It Is only n very smalt body of our citizens that act badly. Where sH the federal government has power It H will dent summarily with nny such. BH Where the several states havo poster I earnestly nsk that they nlso dent'C wisely and promptly with such con- duct, or else thin small body ot wrong- JBjl doers may bring shame upon the great mass or their Innocent nnd right-thinking right-thinking fellows that Is, upon our nation ns a whole. Oood manners should be nn International no less thnn an Individual attribute. I nsk fair jfll treatment for tho Japanese nn I would ' nsk fair treatment for Hermans or BH Kngllshmen, Frenchmen, Itusslnns nt Italians. I nsk It ns due to humnnlty nnd civilization. 1 ask It as duo to HH ourselves because wo must net up- HH rightly toward nil men., "I recommend tn the congress that H nn act be passed specifically provdlng tor H tho naturalization nt Japanese who como HH here Intending to become. American cit- HH liens. Ono or tho great embarrassments attending the performance of our In-lernntloiirtl In-lernntloiirtl obligations Is tho fact that the statutes of the United States gov j ernment nro entirely Inadequate. They fall to glvo to the national government sufficiently ampin power, through United States courts and by the uso of the army and navy, to protect aliens In the rights secured tn them under solemn treaties which are the law of the land. I therefore earnestly recommend that the crlmlnnl and civil statutes ot the United States be so amended and added to as to enable the president, acting for the United Stntes government, which In responsible In our International rela-tlons, rela-tlons, to enforce the rights of aliens un-dcr un-dcr treaties. Kven as the law now lii something can bo done by the federal! government toward this end, and In the matter now before me affecting the Jap-nncse, Jap-nncse, everything that It Is In my power tn do will bo done, nnd all or the forces, "HHH military and civil, or the United States which I may lawfully employ will bel so employed. There should, however, b no particle of doubt ns to the power ofl the national government completely to: perform and enforce Its own obligations. to other nations. The mob of a stnglei city may at any time perform acts ofl lawless vlolenco against some class ofl foreigners which would plunge us Into1 war. Tho city by Itself would, be power-' Mess to mnke defense against the for-elgn for-elgn power thus assaulted, and If tnda-i pendent of this government It would never venture to perform or permit the, performance of the acts complained of. Tho entire power and the whole duty t firotect the offending city or the offend-ng offend-ng community lies In the hands of the United States government. It la un-t thlnknble that we should continue a pel-J Icy under which a given locality mar Wi "jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjH allowed to commit a crime against M fJjfjV friendly nation, and the United Stateai government limited, not to preventtnsn HH the commission of the crime, but. In thai last resort, to defending the people who. have committed It against the conse-J quences ot their own wrongdoing." Cuban Intervention. The rebellion in Cuba and the Incl-t B dents leading up to tho establishment ofl the provisional government Is reviewed,! and the president says: "When the election has boen held and. tho new government Inaugurated ln peaceful and orderly fashion of the provl-slonnl provl-slonnl government will como to' an end, I take this opportunity of expressing upon behalf ot the American people,! with all possible solemnity, our most! earnest hope that the people of Cuba) will realize the Imperative need of pre.' serving Justice and keeping order In thei Island. Tho United States wishes noth- Ing of Cuba except that It shall prosper; morally and materially, and wishes noth-. Ing ot the Cubans Save that they shall' be ablo to preserve order among them-' selves anil therefore to preserve tfielri Independence If the elections become su farce, and If the Insurrectionary habit becomes confirmed In the Island, It Is ab solutely out of tho question that the Island should continue Independent; and" the United States, which has assume' the sporsorshlp before the civilized worldj for Cuba's career as a nation, would) aguln have to Intervene and to see that the government was managed In such orderly fashion ns to secure the safetyf H or lire and property, Tho path to ba trodden by those wliq exercise selt-gov-ernment Is always hard, and We should) have every charity nnd patience with the, Cubans as they tread this dilllcult parth.. I have tho utmost sympathy with, and regard for, them; but I most earnestly, adjure thorn solemnly to weigh their re-sponslbllltles re-sponslbllltles und to see thut whan their new government Is started It shall run smoothly, and with freedom from fla-grant fla-grant denial of right on the one hand.' and from Insurrectionary disturbances on the other," Considerable space Is devoted, to the International conference of American re-publics re-publics and the visit ot Secretary Hoot to South Amorlca, and points to the face that our efforts In behalf of the nations., ot thnt country are appreciated by them.) On the subject ot the Panama canal he promises a special message In tho nor future. The Army and, Navy, The messago closes with a plea for pHJ the malntenanco nf the navy at' lis pres-tint pres-tint standard, to do which he says would mean tho building ot ono battleship oactt year. Ot the present efficiency of the army and navy he says: "The readiness and efllcleucy of both tho army and navy In dealing with the re-cent re-cent sudden crisis In Cuba Illustrates afresh their value to the nation. This) rondlness and efficiency would have beeit very much less had It not been for thq existence of tho general staff In the armyi nnd tho general board In the navy; bothf are essential to the proper development and uso of our military forces afloat und ashore. The troops that were sent to Cuba were handled flawlessly. It was HB the swiftest mobilization and dispatch of mt' troops over sea ever accomplished by Wu our government. The expedition landed Hf, completely equipped and ready for tin. W mediate service, several, ot Its orcanlsa. aBl tlons hardly remaining In Havana oven fflr night before splitting up Into detach- ments nnd going to their sevoral posts. Zi It wus a line demonstration nt the valoi Jf( nnd efllclency or the general stuff. Him- iid llarly. It was owing In large part to tho 4 ft" general board that the navy was able at the outset to meet the Cuban crisis Hjf with Buch Instant efllclency; ship atter ''okii ship appearing on the shortest notice at - m&2 any threatened point, while the marine --'kki corps In particular performed Indlspens "H, ablo service. The army und navy war Wih colleges nre ot Incalculable value to the two services, and they cooperate with 1 1 W constantly Increasing efllclency and lm 'lvK- portnnce. . "jJIt, "The congress has most wisely provided 'tJE"! for a national board for the promotion JK.f, of rlfls practise. Excellent results have jXClf already come from thin luw, but It dees . sffll) not go tar enough. Oilr regular a raj? fjNL!i!i Is so small that In nny great war n lImit- should have to trust mainly to vol- iHlfu untoars; and In such event these voluri- ffiWI teers should already know how to shoot: JBt Tor If a soldier has tho lighting edge. Wcia and ability to tako care of himself In Tr'S tho open, his efllclency on the line off rrffl battle Is almost directly proportionate ta excellence In marksmanship. We should ,"M establish shooting galleries In nil the JM large public and military schools, should H maintain national target ranges Irt differ- ..U ent parts of the country, and should In ovory way encourage the formation of rifle clubs thruout all parts ot tho land. The little republic of Switzerland off era vLB us an excellent example In all matters connected with building up an emctenb ykl cttlzen soldiery. TlBsBH 'TIIEODOiyj ROOSEVEliT." JHH ''lr I |