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Show American Type of Face and Form 1 EFsH-3Ha-al!S31 I : I Copyright. 1010. by John Elfreth Watkins. I ped savant to fickle fiery best news that itjfom tho temples i'ior many a month wo are becoming &It-ropcatcd verdict fa tliat wo must in-i in-i nondescript, mou-restientor mou-restientor comes to is. wrought of our nold which is stead-sbapinc stead-sbapinc a definite Stnerieau t3po for 1east upon. o tho chanpes in Itho descendants of our shores was In t mmiprnf ion commis-tshed commis-tshed German -A mer-i. mer-i. Dr. Fran. Boas, pology at Columbia tor of anthropology Museum of Natural s recruited a corps j;an a house-to house in quarters of .Now 103' measured and is, with the lal-ich lal-ich observers were t the schools sc-icir sc-icir largo contin-foreijrn contin-foreijrn parents, m to tho measure-From measure-From "parents. ( who lio pumohc of the e Italian. .Jewish tpcrs reduced this u people of their t To measurement. 5 Used, it armed with a r nions-urinn sint-r sint-r measuring" tho cad and face, a ing the hand crip mir colors," wijh bo placed neat 11st rccisely classified, tooth and color of subject were also d then there were ijlinc for data of mts. Then people lood were divided j born and reared ;n and reared in hose two clashes surprising results than Prof. Boat-became Boat-became apparent, lator Dillingham, ignition conunis-ilo conunis-ilo " a discovery ie." The results of BJ ib has progressed rtcd bv the commissi commis-si month. ntircly Rcraodolod. even a few years If., the immigrant develop in such a fcr in type, essen-reign essen-reign born parents." icse differences seem pearliest ehildhood lout life It, seems Ijjtlie, body i.s inllu-"and inllu-"and even the form iVbns always, been if the most, penna-Hfcs, penna-Hfcs, undergoes con- itios which have l)een lores in by far tho were the first stud-pologist. stud-pologist. These are 'Jews and the soul h- 0I0 change is found Kthcso two types as Rations are bred on IjKJnw of eastern Iin-Rthahcad Iin-Rthahcad as typical-Eiho typical-Eiho immigrant from fcftictoristicnllv long. Although each marries his own blood and has children born in America, the offspring of tho round-headed Jewish parents becomes longer-headed, and those of tho long-headed Italian parents become rounder-headod. In other words, each cranium approaches an American i.ypo of skull one required by our environment en-vironment which is neither as round as that of the eastern Jew. or as long as the south Italian's. Here aro the ligures. The south Jtaliau comes hero with a head whoso width is 7S per cent of its length, while thnt. of the east European Jew is SJ per cent of its length ; yet their children born in America Amer-ica have heads whose widths are respectively re-spectively SO aud SI per cent of their lengths, or practically uniform. Jews' Faces Grow Narrowor. The faces of tho .Tews aro pressed narrower when the diameters of their heads are shortened in this nvystcrious American mold. And at the same time tho jaces Of the Italians become broad-er broad-er when their heads aro rounded out. How tho Jew thrives here, in spile of all obstacles,' is well illustrated, by the statistics collected by this anthropologist. anthro-pologist. They show that even in the congested parts of Xew York's ghetto the American environment stimulates him to it favorable development shown in the increased stature and weight, of his children. The Italian children, on the other hand, show a small loss of vigor, indicating that their race suffers under the intlucnce of American city life. Matu.ro Earlier Here. That Amorican-born boys mature earlier than foreign-born boys is another an-other interesting condition shown b' the statistics collected. The stamp of the American mold becomes deeper with the length of time that the immigrant pareuts spend here before the birth of their children. The professor proves this by comparing the features of three classes those born abroad, those born here within less than ten years after-the arrival of the immigrant, mother and those born hero after more than ten years following her coming. Thus it is seen, for example, that. Jowish children born soon alter their mother's arrival in America have JEWISH BOY, With tho Round Hoad That Elougatcs in America. MEASURING A HEAD. , ITALIAN, With Narrow Faoc Which America Broadens. longer heads than those of Jowish children born abroad, but not so long as those of children born a long time after their mother's coming to our shores. Effect Almost Immediate. ' Yet the general effect of the American Ameri-can environment is found to take place almost immediately after the arrival of the parents, and tho later effects are slight, compared with the earlier. In the caso of stature aud weight, however, tho effect is unusually continuous con-tinuous Finally by comparing parents with their own children Prof. Boas shows 'that the difference between a parent, and his child bom abroad aro not the same as tho difference between a parent par-ent and his child born in America. Thus ho establishes beyond doubt that "an actual chango of typo, due. to environment, en-vironment, lakes place "after immigration." immigra-tion." The environment stamps deeper than heredity that soil counts more than blood is shown also by what happens to these people in Europe before they come over here. Anthropological Sc THE IT AilAN, MMr' " JPrcdoniiuant Elomcnt of Our Immigra- investigations show clearly that people inhabiting various parts of Europe differ dif-fer more according to geographic locality than according to nationality. Thus the people of the Alps, no matter what languago (.1103- speak, show considerable con-siderable similarities in type. How Panics Change the Body. "Economic conditions of our country alter the types of our immigrants, the professor finds, after gathonug statistics statis-tics covering a long period of years. After the panic of 180:5 a sudden decrease de-crease in general physical development of immigrants occurred and persisted for several years, and a similar change appears to have taken placo after tho panic of 1007. Thus we have a new burden of blamo to be laid on the doorstep door-step of the political agitator or frenzied tinaucicr who brings about financial depression. de-pression. He reduces tlm average stature and weight of the "American by adoption." Race Suicide Improves. And peace, mighty slap-stick of great Bwana Ttimbo, be quiet! a further deduction of Prof. Boas's is that decrease of the size of family tends toward improvement of the immigrant. im-migrant. "Tt has been observed," ho snid, "that while immigrants have large families, the size of the family is very materially reduced in tho second generation. gen-eration. An inquiry' into our material has shown that the reduction of the size, of the fainiry goes hand in hand with tho improvement of tho physical development, of the individual. This is demonstrated !) the fact thnt chaldron chal-dron belonging to small families arc considerably taller than children belonging belong-ing to large families. Reduction in the size of families goes hand in hand with physical development." The- investigation has been extended to other races, and Prof. Boas hopes to continue it until, by noting other changes duo to our.soil such as in the color of eyes, hair and skin ho can determine what tho indicated " American Amer-ican type" really is. "American Typo" Described. Dnriug one of the many delightful conversations which I had with that eminent ethnologist, the late Prof. Otis Mason, we discussed at length this very problem. When asked to describe in detail the American tvpe, he replied: "Tho average width of his head should bo about SO per cent of its length, and the. whole head is built up somewhat square, with forehead slightly receding and brow and cheek bones to-, get her forming an arched angle of con- siderablo prominence. Nose strong and aquilino; mouth full and quite rambling never prcttj-, but with a comical curvo always its own; chin very strong; and tho eye never full or fat, but Biinkca. on account of tho great prominence of the orbits. The color of his eve is dark. hazel, I should say; his skin dark aud leathery, nnd his hair also dark. The natural environment of North America never produced' othor than dark hair, pyes and skin," It is worthy of mention t.hat Prof. Mason thus defined tho width of the head of the "American type" as 80 per cont of its length, whereas. Prof. Boas finds it in the preliminary inves- lH tigations to be between SO and SI per IH cent- |