Show f t MM The Unity of the Mind t rf I. I THE importance of a knowledge of the science of psychology is rarely over est overestimated overestimated est over and its intimate relations to all other branches of learning are not generally generally generally gen gen- appreciated It seems to be the key by which all other sciences are unlocked unlocked unlocked un un- locked and brought plainly before the gaze of the student There is perhaps no profession which cannot be aided by bya a thorough knowledge of this branch It is of especial use in all pursuits which bring man into direct contact with his man fellow-man since a knowledge of how the mind ind acts will assist one to bring before the before the minds of others such motives and condition s will cause their minds SR to act along the desired lines On the theother theother theother other hand ignorance of the action of the human mind has perhaps caused more failures in business more discord in families an anti and will ill among neighbors and perhaps more religious intolerance and persecution pers persecution cution than any other known cause a se I d v. v O fit t i. i V J 1 u ie I ITo To the teacher this knowledge is al alI important more to him perhaps than to any other He it is who has to do with the developing mind and ignorance ignorance ignorance ance of the laws Jaws of mind on his part partis is inexcusable 1 I need perhaps to say little in support of this assertion as it is isso isso isso so very self As will be shown later on a knowledge knowledge knowledge knowl knowl- edge of the self and its relation to others and to the universe of objects can scarcely have an effect but to make the possessor of that knowledge knowledg a better betterman betterman betterman man morally religiously and socially and the more widely such knowledge is diffused the more closely will mankind approach the ideal conditions of the millennium In making this summary I wish to emphasize the truth that the mind acts and develops as a unit and that the di divisIOns divisIOns' divisions divisions di- di visions visions- and classifications made are for forthe forthe forthe the purpose of making stronger a certain phase of ot mind growth or action for the time being and not to carry the idea that at one stage of growth a certain J dl 41 tl it H 1 t WILLING 3 i. i 1 j JQ It f 1 inU 1 Jt hj jj I i r 1 Vf tJ i v 0 kJ Mot Ye d al' al oJ r iH r. r 4 ff 0 i fiL h f 1 11 Ch leg rr n Jl f iW J k f r n 1 L t U Lv IY iG t i 11 f t J fi p f 1 i o nt ij f nL t. t 1 Hl i i Eat J. J j. j 1 q f f ni r j L 1 f I i 1 r 1 feature is all important all and then disappears disappears disappears pears in the next stage To illustrate this method of treating the subject I have arranged the preceding preceding preceding ing diagram showing the gradual growth of the mind and development of the self in in a series of concentric circles While this diagram is far from being unobjectionable I can think of no better way of illustrating the subject at present and I dont don't believe the growth and development of the self can be perfectly perfectly pery per per- y illustrated on a flat surface This however will emphasize the unity of mind action and that is a very important import import- ant point to keep in view Most psychologists treat the mind under three general aspects viz knowing knowing know know- ing feeling and willing While in some respects these are different attributes of the mind there is no mental action that does not include them all But for the sake of study since the mind cannot follow follow follow fol fol- low three diverging lines at once I will attempt to show briefly the development of each of these three powers beginning with knowledge and then show the necessary necessary necessary ne ne- relations that bind all the parts into a complex unit Since all knowledge has its seat in sensation it will be necessary to first examine that mental phenomenon non For Formy Formy Formy my present purpose it is sufficient to say that we we are surrounded by a universe of matter manifested through motion of different different different dif dif- ferent kinds We are so constructed that portions of this external energy or force affects us through what are called the senses The external energy coming coming com como ing in contact with these nerves is transformed into nerve energy which is conducted to the brain or nerve centres where it awakens a response of the soul or mind Of the nature of the soul- soul energy we know but little This response response response re re- of soul energy to physical energy we call sensation By means of sensation sensation sensation sensa sensa- tion then all mental activity springs into existence I I can but briefly refer to the fact that a sensation thus gained is of no value until it it is associated with other sensations and as it were interpreted interpreted interpreted inter inter- by them Thus to see an apple is not not notto to understand it We must feel it smell it taste it etc and associate these different sensations to get its full meaning Our earliest sensations however however however how how- ever are of such a vague indefinite character that they contain far more feeling feeling feeling feel feel- ing than knowing and in proportion as they become interpreted by association with other sensations does the knowing side of the self begin to develop Sensations Sensations Sensations Sen Sen- become differentiated and classified classified classified classi classi- fied and thus perception is established Before leaving sensation to discuss perception it would be interesting to describe the action of the physical forces upon the different sense organs which in turn communicate with the intelligent part of the self This is so closely allied to anatomy and physiology that I will win not attempt to follow this discussion preferring to keep more strictly to those purely psychological in this paper though in doing so I do not wish it to tobe tobe tobe be thought that I underestimate the importance importance importance im im- of a thorough knowledge of that phase of the science of psychology Since association plays so important a apart apart apart part in mental activity it may be well to to treat of it briefly before going farther The law of association is that the mind never leaves sensuous elements isolated but connects them into larger wholes and then as far as possible connects connects connects con con- them all into one total maximum experience This act of connecting is done in two ways first if sensuous elements elements elements ele ele- ments contiguous in time or space are included in the same activity they become become become be be- come essential parts of lf that activity and recur with it and secondly that any element of an activity r which has frequently frequently frequently fre fre- recurred gains gainsa a power of acting independently while other elements not recurring so often fail to get this independent independent independent inde inde- pendent power To illustrate asso ia- ia tion the sight of an orange though color is the only element present calls up taste smell size etc since all these sensations have been associated often in our past experiences and any anyone one calls up the others Disassociation goes on necessarily necessarily necessarily ne ne- at the same time as association and the differences in sensations are as necessary to a knowledge kno of those sensations sensations sensations sen sen- as their likenesses Following the diagram and waiving I for the present the influence exerted on this line by the various stages classified under willing and feeling to perception perception perception per per- which may be defined as knowledge knowledge knowledge know know- ledge of actually present things or events It is the effect or feeling awakened in consciousness by the immediate presence of the sensuous element While this feeling or effect is produced wi within thin the self it is is' is projected into the outer world and is known to consist of particular particular particular par par- separate thi things and events which are no part of the self and these particular particular par par- things and events are classified or understood by the self through associating associating associating asso asso- them with previous and different sensations The chief office of perception perception perception tion then is discrimination or finding out the resemblances and differences of the various sensations which enter the mind But this is not done without the aid of another faculty of the mind viz memory How can the mind compare one sensation with a previous sensation without the power of bringing before itself that previous sensation I It t is thus seen that the next phase of development of knowledge is memory met which may be defined as the knowledge of particular things or events once present present present pres pres- ent but no longer so It is perception minus the presence of the sensuous element element element ele ele- ment the power of the mind to recall its past experiences The objects of memory then are purely ideal or men men- tal The book before me is real the energy it emits in the form of light en enters the eye excites the nerves and andis andis andis is reproduced in the brain and and it it is perceived perceived perceived per per- while the book which I remember remember remember ber perhaps no longer exists in the form of a book It may have been burned and its particles placed beyond the reach of the senses nevertheless its ideal is before the mind as a memory image perhaps almost as real as the perception image Memory has been compared to photographs of previous perceptions brought before the mind or to a scar from a cut No such physical resemblance resemblance resemblance blance exists These are misleading metaphors While the photograph or scar would actually exist the remembered remembered remembered experience on the other hand has real existence no longer It is a thing of the past Under those metaphors memory would be perception perceiving actual objects photographs or scars laid away in the brain cells and the ideal presence of a past experience which is the essential characteristic of memory could not exist I might state the difference between perception and memory thus Perception Perception Perception tion projects project the sensation or idea into space memory into time In the case of perception the sensation gets into the mind directly through the sense organs but in memory it is a little more difficult to see just how the mind gets the sensation sensation sensation sen sen- to project it The law of association association association asso asso- however aids us Nothing is ever remembered which does not have s some me point of association with what is actually present in the mind The act of memory then consists in following back the train of connected images existing existing existing ex ex- in the mind until the desired image is reached then to disengage e or or disassociate it and examine it We will find it connected with some past experience ence of the mind whence its projection into time From the foregoing it will be seen that close and vivid associations of mental experiences rather than I tion are the keys keys' to a good memory If any experience has numerous or strong relations it is easily remembered and simple repetition without adding new relations to the image will aid little in infixing infixing infixing fixing it upon the memory Following the evolution of knowledge we next come to imagination which is the operation of the mind which embodies embodies embodies em em- bodies an idea in ina a peculiar form or image It differs from perception in having no sensuous element element- present and from memory in n having no time rela rela- It is like them in that its product product product pro pro- duct is always particular an idea of f a certain object or event As memory is involved in perception and association imagination is also involved in memory and perception For example we see an orange and though but one sense is used memory and imagination supply the perception of it with the sensations that would come through the other senses senses senses sen sen- ses taste smell size weight etc added to the color aid in completing the sensation The simple memory of an orange also involves imagination which brings in qualities that belong to the orange that have no particular time relations relations relations re re- lations and are therefore products of imagination That i imagination is a higher more com comple pIe power of the mind than the others treated scarcely needs to be stated The images of imagination tion need not conform to that which is isreal isreal isreal real nor follow any set laws or principles principles principles ples but have the freest scope of co con con- The relations of these images may be the most grotesque and unnatural unnatural unnatural unna unna- tural but they will always be definite When these ideas become general or universal in their ch character the imagination imagination imagination nation becomes thinking Thus while Othelo is an image of the imagination because it is an idea of a certain individual individual individual indi indi- vidual not referred to actual past experience experience experience ex ex- or it would be memory but still d definite te the general idea of man not not referring to this man or that would would be such an idea as is used in thinking Thinking has meaning and meaning is always universal and always ideal never particular It may be defined as knowledge knowledge knowledge knowl knowl- edge of universal elements or of ideas as such or of relations There are three divisions or aspe aspects ts of thinking conception judgment and reason Conception differs from perception perception perception per per- not so much in the kind ot of mental image as in its function While a percept is a mental state caused di directly directly directly di- di by the action of the nerves and andis andis andis is used to make us cognizant of something something something some some- thing actually existing outside of the self a conception is a mental image used to embody a certain principle in accordance accordance accordance accord accord- ance with which a number of things may be constructed A perception is individual a conception a tion My concept of an apple is not the image of any anyone one apple I may have seen but is of such an ideal nature as asto asto asto to include within it t all apples It must include all the universals of apple When these universals are applied to toa a particular object conception becomes judgment Thus if my concept of apple include weight size shape skin manner manner manner man man- ner of growth etc and an object is given me to determine what it is I apply apply apply ap ap- ply it to my universals and judge it to tobe tobe tobe be an apple if it conform to those uni uni- Reasoning is carrying this process a little further There is no immediate knowledge As already shown even perceptions are not knowledge until referred referred referred re re- to other perceptions to be under stood When we say Snow is white we do not stop to see what reason is in involved involved involved in- in in the mental process before the result result- Y is reached The reasoning is swallowed up in the result and so it is in memory and judgment We may differentiate reasoning then from the others in this particular that while it sees the result as in th the case of the others it is further conscious of the cause cause or relations through which the result result re re- sult is is It knows why a thing is as it is Passing now to the final stage of knowledge as illustrated in the diagram we come to intuition This term is often used to mean an act of knowledge that enters the mind wholly independent of the ordinary processes of knowledge e. e This definition would apply |