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Show PRESIDENTS MESSAGE THE abuses shich were lu purl rep.mMli!-fo- r ifcv original uw prosit. Tin one for our l.t m tope for ami-esa rexpiut and fearless, hui uie aad ;!advance aloup path marked out last year by tills very congress. There must be a stern refusal to be misled into either that base creature who appeals and panders to the lowest Instincts and pa aliens in order to arouse one set of Americana against their fellows, or that other creature, equally base but no baser, who in a spirit of greed, or to accumulate or add to an already huge fortune, seeks to exploit hla with callous disregard to their welfare of soul and body. Ths mag who debauches, others lu order to obtain n high office 'stands on an evil equality of corruption with the man who debauoh others for financial profit; and when hatred to sown the crop which springs up can only lie s pe-pi- cool-heade- lOont instil from lagt One. I north. south, east, or i,s 0Va teUlU: nj SMoU h WI viih wisdom spend lu time Jeer-the faults o f another section; Hhpuld be busy trying to amend it oea shortcomings. Toladeal wtth the necessary te ritme of corruption it bave aa awakeaod public conscience, and to eupplamaat thia by whotevar legislation will add speed and I tte Mottoa of the law. When we deal with lynching even A great many eor is arhite men are ly ached, hut the crime la respect te ji peculiarly frequent The.; greatest existing black mencum of lynchinc la perpetration, especially hy black men, of the hideous crlaw of rape ths most abominable la all ths category of crimes, even worse than murder. Mobs frequently avenge the oonimlaalon at this crlma br tbenselTss tortarlng to death tha gian committing it; thua avenging la geetukl fashion a bestial deed, and reducing themselves to a level wtth the Fmfh MCtkM, a cer-umt- r iwiun. - criminal. Lawlessness grows by what It upon; and when mobs begin to lynch for taps they speedily extend tb sphere of their operations sad lynch for many ether sinus of crimes, so fds that twothlrds of tho lynching! are not for rape at all; whll a considerable proport ion of the Individuals ljached are Innocent of all crlma Governor Candler, of Georgia, cut si os one oocasion some years ago: 1 can Hy of a verity that I have, within the last month, eared the lives of halt a dor an Innocent negroes who sere pursued hy the rudb, and brought them te trial In a court of a law lu which they wore acquitted." da Bishop Galloway, of Mississippi, haa lloely Mid: "when the rule of a mob obtains, that which distinguishes a high civiliaatlon la surrendered. The mob which lynches a negro charged with rape will la a little while lynch a white man auepected nf crime. Every Christian patriot in America need! to lift up hit voice la loud and eternal protest against the mob spirit that Is threatening the Integrity of this republic.' Governor Jelks, of Alabama, has recently spoken ns follows: "Ths lynching of any person for what aver crime la Inexcusable anywhere it Is a defiance of orderly government; but tho killing of Innocent people under any provocation Is infinitely mors horrible; and yet innocent people are likely to die when a mob's terrible Inst is once aroused. The lesson Is tiller ' No good cillsen cant afford to countenance a defiance cf the statutes, no matter what the provocation. Tho lnnooeat frequently suffer, and, it la my observation, more usually suffer than the guilty. The white people of the South Indict the whole colored race on the ground that even the better elements land no so sis lanes whatever In ferreting out criminals of tholr own color. Tho respectable oolored people must leara not to harbor their criminals, but to assist ths officers la bringing them to Justice. This Is tho larger crime, and It provokes sueh atrocious offenses aa the oee at Atlanta. Hie two races can never get on until there Is an understanding on the part of both to make common cause with the against criminals of say color." Moreover, where any crime committed by a member of one race against a member of another race to avenged in such fashion that It seems aa If not tho Individual criminal, bat the whole race, to attacked, the result to to exaaperato to the highest degree race feeling. There to but one safe rule la dealing with black men as with white men; It to the seme rule that must he applied la dealing with rich men and poor men; that to, to treat each man, whatever hla color, hla d creed, or Ua social position, with Justice on his reel worth aa a man. While people owe It quite na much te ihemeelvee to the colored race lo treat well the colored man who (hews by bis life that tie deserves such treatment; for it la surely the highest wisdom to encourage In the colored race all those Individuals who are honest Industrious, and who therefore make good and safe neighbors and cltitens. Reward or punish the Individual on hla merits aa aa individual. Evil will aurely some In the end to both races If we substitute for this Just rale the tnblt. of treating all the members of the race, good and bad, alike. Thera to no question of "social equality or "negro domination" involved; only the question of relentlessly Disking bad men. and of securing to the good man the right to his life, his liberty, add the pursuit of hla happiness aa hla own qualities of heart, bead, and hand enable him to achieve It. Every colored man should realize that the wont enemy of hie nee to the negro criminal, and above all tha negro criminal who commits the dreadful crime of rape: and It should be felt aa in the highest degree an offense gainst the whole country, and against the colored race in particular, for a oolored man to fall to help the officer of the law In hunting down wtrh all possible earnestness and seal very such Infamous offender. More-'cr- , in my Judgment, the crime of rape should always be "unlsbed with toth, ti a the case with murder; nssault with Intent to c It rape should be made a capita. rlma, at est lu the discretion of the court; and provision Should be made by which the punishment may follow immediately upon the heels of the offense; while the trial should be so ondueted that the victim need not be wantonly shamed while giving testl-'nand that tha least possible shall be given to the details. The members of the white race on the other hand should understand hst every lynching represents by just a loosening of the bands of jnnch rillsstton ; that the spirit ef lynching Inevitably throws Into prominence in the oomm unity all tits Cool and evil oroatures who dwell therein. No man can take part In the torture of n n being wtth out having his own ral nature lowered. ETrr lynching permanently means Just so much npml deterioration In nil the children who have any knowledge Of It, and Just so much additional trou'refers ble fuv the next generation of Amereven-hande- y, pub-ItrJt- jr 1 hu-ma- icana Lot Justice be both sure and ssrifl; hut let it he Justice under the tow and not the wild and crooked savagery f a mob. There to another matter which haa fltoset bearing upon tbta matter of radilng and of the brutal crime whidi sometimes calls It. forth and tt br times merely furnishes the ex-- r its existence. It to out of a fineettou for our people no a whole permanently to rise by Treading ,!jwu any uf their own number. Even those who themselves for the moment profit by such maltreatment of their fellow mill In the long run also suffer. Xu more shortsighted policy ran be Imagined than, in the fancied Interest of one class, to prevent tbe education of another clesa. The free publle school, the chance fur each hoy or girl to get a good elementary education. Ilea at the foundation of our whole political situation. In every community the poorest clttoena, those who need the schools moat, would he deprived of them if they only received school facilities proportioned to. the taxes they paid. This to aa true of one portion at c.r country aa of another. It is aa true for the negro as tor ths white mtin. The white man, if he to wise, w.i decline to allow the negroes in a mass to grow to manhood and womanhood without education. Unquestionably education such as la obtained in our public schools does not do everything towards making a man a good ettiaen; but it does much. Tho lowest and most brutal criminals, those for Instance wbo commit tbe crime cf rape, are in the great majority men who have had either no education or very Utile; Just aa they are almost Invariably men who own no property; for the man who puts money by out of his earnings, like ths man who acquires education, to usually lifted above mere brutal criminality. Of course the best type of education for the colored man, taken as a whole, to such education as is conferred in eehoole like Hampton and Tuskcgee; where the boys and girls, the young mem and young women, are trained Industrially aa well aa in the ordinary public school brunches The gradu' atea of these eehoole turn out well In the greet majority of cases, and hardly any of them become criminals. while what little criminality there to never takes the form of that brutal violence which invites Irnch tow. Every graduate of these schools and for the matter of that every other colored man or woman who toads a life eo useful and honorable as to win the of those whites good will and respect whose neighbor hie or she la,' thereby helps the whole colored race as It can be helped in no other way; for next to who can thy negro himself, the man do most to help the negro to hie white neighbor who lives near him; and oar toady effort should be to better the relatione between the two. Great though the benefit of these schools has been to their colored pupils and to the colored people. It may well be questioned whether the benefit has not been at least as groat to the whits people among whom these oolored pupils live after they graduate. Be it remembered, furthermore, that the Individuals who, whether from folly, from evil temper, from greed for office, or In a spirit of mere base demagogy. Indulge in the inflammatory and incendiary speeches and writings which tend to arouse mobs and to bring about lynching, not only thus excite the mob, but also tend by what criminologists call suggestion,1 greatly to Increase the likelihood of n repetition of the very crime against which they are inveighing. When the mob to composed of the people of one race and the man lynched to of another raoe, the men who In their speeches and writings either exelte or Justify the action tend, of course, to excite a bitter race feeling and to cause the people of the opposite race to loee eight of the abominable act of the criminal hlmeelf; and In addition, by the promlnenoe they give to the hideous deed they undoubtedly tend to excite In other brutal and depraved nature thoughts of committing It. Swift, relentless,, and orderly punishment under the law to the only way by which criminality of this type can permanently be suppressed. Capitol and Labor. In dealing with both labor and capital, with the questions affecting both corporations and trades unions, there la one matter more Important to resnomber than aught else, and that la the Infinite harm done by preachers of mere discontent. These are the men who seek to excite a violent class hatred against nil men of wealth. They seek to turn wise and proper movements for the better control of corporations and for doing away with the abases connected with wealth. Into n campaign of hysterical excitement and falsehood In which the aim to to Inflame to madness tbe brutal passions of mankind. The sinister demagogs and foolish visionaries who are always Mger to undertake euch n campaign of destruction sometimes seek to associate themselves with those working for n genuine reform In governmental and social methods, and sometimes masquerade aa such reformers. In - reality they are the worst enemies of the cause they profess to advocate, juft as the purveyors iff sensational slander In newspaper or magazine are tbe worst enemies of all men who are engaged In an faoneat effort to better what to had la our nodal and governmental conditions. To preach hatred of the rich men as euch, to carry on a campaign of slander end invective against him, to seek to mtolead end Inflame to madness honest .men whose Uvea are hard and who" have not the kind of mental training which will permit them to appreciate the danger In the doctrines preached all this to to commit a crime against the body politic and to be fame to every worthy principle end tradition of American national life. Moreover, while such preaching and such agitation may give a livelihood end a certain notoriety to eome of those wbo take pert ta It, and may result In the temporary lltlcal success of others, in. the tong run every each movement will either fall or else will provoke a violent reaction. which will Itself result not merely in undoing the mischief wrought by the demagog and the agitator, but aao la undoing the good that the honest reformer, the true upholder cf popular righto, has painCorfully and laboriously achieved. ruption to never so rife as in communities where the demagog and the sway; because In agitator tear full nil morel bands besuch communities come loosened, and hysteria and sensationalism replace the spirit of sound Judgment and fair dealing me between man and man. In ehaer revolt against the squalid anarchy tbna produced men are euro In the end to turn toward any leader who can restore order, end then their relief at being free from the intolerable hurdene of clasa hatred, violence, end demagogy to such be that they can not for some timemisaroused to Indignation against deeds by men of wealth; so that they permit a new growth of the very - c - m.-ii- t i- -s - von-rtU.o- n i por-lio- evil. The plain people who think the mechanics, farmers, merchant, worker with head or hand, the meu to whom American tradition are dear, who love their country and try to act decently by their neighbors, owe it tj themselves to remember that the most damaging blow that can be given popular iwlf-go- i eminent to to elect an unworthy aad sinister agitator on a platform of violence and hypocrisy. Whenever such an Issue to raised In this country nothing can be gained by flinching from it, for In such case democracy to itself oa trial, popular under republican forma la Itself on trial The triumph of the mob to Just as evil a thing as the triumph cf plutocracy, aad to have escaped one danger avails nothing whatever K we succumb to the other. In tbe end the honest man, whether rloh or poor, who same his own living and tries to deal Justly by his fellows, has aa much to fear from Insincere and unworthy demagog, promising much and performing nothing, or else performing nothing but evil, who would net on the. mob to plunder the rich, as from the crafty corruptionist, who, for big own ends would permit the common people to be exploited by the very wealthy. If we ever let this government fall Into the hands of men of either of these two classes, we shall show ourselves false to America's and the past Moreover, the demagog corruptionist often work band in hand. There ere ut this moment wealthy reactionists of such obtuse morality that they regard the public servant who prosecutes them when they violate the law, or who seeks to make them bear their proper share cf tho public bur dens, aa bring even more objectionable than the violent agitator - who bounds on (he mob to plunder the rich. There to nothing to choose between such a reactionary and such an agitator; fundamentally they are alike In their selfish disregard of the righto of others; aad it to natural that they should Join in opposition to any movement of which the aim to fearlessly to do exact and even Justice to all. Railroad Employs1 Hours end Eight-HoLaw. I call your attention to the need of passing the bill limiting the number of hours of employment of railroad employes. The measure Is a very moderate one and I can conceive of no serious objection to It. Indeed, eo far as ll to In our power, it should be our aim steadily to reduce the number of hours cf labor, with aa a goal the gear oral Introduction cf an right-hou- r day. There are Industries In which It to not possible that the hours of labor should be reduoed; Just as there are communities not far enough advanced for such a movement to be for their good, or, if In tbe Tropica, so situated that there is no analogy between their needs and ours in this matter. On the Isthmus of Panama, for instance, the conditions are In every way so different from what they are here thatron eight-hou- r day would be absurd: Just as it la absurd, ao far na the Isthmus to concerned, where white labor can not be employed, to bother as to whether tbe necessary work to done yeliow by alien black men or by alien of the men. But the wageworkers United States are of eo high a grade that alike from the merely Industrial tht civic aland-poiitindpolnt and from our It should be object to do what we can in the direction of securing tbe general observance of an eight-hou- r dar. Until recently the eight-hou- r law on our federal statute books has been very scantily observed. Now, however, largely through the of the Burr t of Labor, it to bring rigidly enforced, and I shall speedily be able to cay whether or not there la need of further legislation In reference thereto; for our purpose ta to see It obeyed In "Spirit no less than In letter. Half holidays daring summer should be established for government employes; It to as desirable for wageworkers who toil with their hands as for salaried officials whose labor is mental that there should be a reasonable amount nf holiday. Labor of Women end Children. , Hie congress at its last session wisely provided for a trnant court for the Dtltrict of Columbia; a marked stop in advance na the path of properly earing for children. Let me again urge that the congress provide for a thorough Investigation of tbe conditions of child labor and of the labor of and. woqien In the United Buies. More more our people are growing to recognise the fact that the questions which are not merely of Industrial but of social Importance outweigh all others; and these two questions most em-- ; pbattcally come in the category of those which affect in the most way the home life of the nation. Tue horrors Incident to the of young children in for toriee or at work any where are n blot on our civilisation. It is true that each state must ultimately settle the question in Its own way; but a thorough official Investigation of tha matter, with the results published broadcast. would greatly help toward arousing the public consclenoe and eecurlng unity cf state action in the matter. There la however, cod tow on the subject which should be enacted Immediately, because there to no need for n Investigation In re ft renee thereto, and the failure to enact it to discreditable lo the national government. A law drastic and thoro going child-labo- r should be enacted for the District of Columbia and the territories. Employers Liability. Among tho excellent laws which the congress past at the tost session was an employers' liability tow. It was n marked step In advahee to get tbe recognition of employere liability on tbe sutute books: but the law did not go far enough. In spite of all precautions exercised by employere there afe unavoidable accidents and even deaths Involved In nearly every line of buel-nes- a connected with the mechanic arte. This Inevitable sacrifice of life may be reduced to a minimum, but It ran not be completely eliminated. It le a great social Injustice to compel nt ' the tmp'oye, or raii'ri '.it- :.,!i.i'n i.i or duuil-v- i burden of 'i.li an uiv in olh.r woi.lr s.tcit-i- j mshi-Ki' July by uVn-all. injury cost ell file coires from what c.:y In- - failed m. it guiiuaie risks of the I'mupen-sa- i Ion for accidents cr non tin- d le iu any line of industry to the under which U..-t- industry Is by that carried on. should be of tha community for ike of which the industry is carried on -that to. by those who profit by the industry. If the entire trade risk to ill placed upon the "employer he promptly and property add h to the legitimate coat of production and assess It proportionately upon the consumers of hla commodity. It is therefore clear to my mind that the law should place this entire "risk of a trade' upon the employer. Neither the federal law, nor. a far as I am Informed. the state laws dealing with ths question of employers liability are Tbe federal ufflclently ihoroguing. tow should of course Include employes arsenals and the like. in navy-yardInvestigation of Disputes Between Capital and Labor. The commission appointed by the President October Id. 102. at the request of both the anthracite coal operators and miners, to Inquire Into, and paaa upon the questions tn controversy In connection with ths strike in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania and the causes out of which the cuatroveray arose, in their report, findings, and sward, expressed the belief "that the state and federal governments should provide tha machinery for what may be called the compulsory invesllgstlon of ooatro-versiebetween employers and employes when they arise. This esprea-ioof belief to deserving of the favorable consideration of the congress and tbe enactment of Its provisions into law. A MU has already been Introduced to this end. RecurJ show that during the twenty years from January 1, lfitl, to December 31. 1900, there were strikes affecting 117,600 establishment, and 6,105,091 employes were thrown out of employment During the earns period there were 1,005 lockouts, Involving nearly 10,0t)u establishments, throwing over one million people out of employment. These strikes and lockuuta Involved an estimated loss to employee of 3O7.On,0uQ end to employers of 6143,000,000, a total of The public suffered di$450,000,0(10. rectly and Indirectly probably aa great additional leas. But Lbe money ioaa great as It was. did not measure the anguish anj suffering endured by the wives and children of employee whose pay stopped when thrir work stopped, or tha disastrous effect of the strike or lockout upon the business of employer, or the increase In the cost of products, and the inconvenience and loss to the public. " Many of these dtrikee and lockouts would not have occurred had ths parties to tbs dispute been required to appear before anJ unprejudiced body representing the nation and, fore to fane, state the reasons for thrir contention. In moat Instances the dispute would doubt lew be found to be due to a mlaundarataodlng by each of the mhers rights, aggravated by na unwillingness f either party to accept a true thif statements of the other as to the Justice or Injustice of tbe matters In dispute. The exercise of a Judicial spirit by a disinterested body representing the Federal government, such aa would be provided by n commission on conciliation and arbitration would tond to create an atmosphere of friendliness and conciliation between contending parttea; and the giving each aide an equal opportunity to present fully Its case In the presence of the other would prevent many dispute from- developing Into serious strikes or lookouts, and. In other cases, would enable the commission to persuade the opposing parties to com to terms. , In this age of greet corporate and labor combinations, neither employers nor employee should be felt oorilpletely at the mercy of the airon-ge- r party to a dispute, regardless of the righteousness of their respect I ve claims. The proposed measure would be in the line of securing recognition of the fact that in many strikes the public his itself an Interest which can not wisely he disregarded; an Interest not merely general convenience for the question nf a Jtiut an,l proper public polity must also be considered. In all legislation of this kind It to well to advance cautiously, testing each step by the actual results; the step proposed can surely be safely token, for the derisions of the commission would not bind the' parties la legal fashion, and yet would give n dunce for public opinion to crystallite and thus to exert its full force for the right. Withdrawal of Coal Lends. It I not wise that the nation should alienate lu remaining coal lands. I have temporarily withdrawn from settlement all the lands which the Geological Survey has Indicated aa containing. or In all prohabilitjr containing, coaL The question, however, can, be properly settled only be liglsla-tlonwhich in my Judgment should provide for the withdrawal of these lands from tale or from entry, save In certain special circumstance. The ownership would then remain in the United BUtea, which should not, however, attempt to work them, but permit them to be worked by private individuals under a royalty system, the government keeping euch control as to permit It to see that no exceaelve price wae charged consumers, it would, of course, be as necessary to auperviae the rates charged by the common carriers to transport the product as the rates charged by those who mine it; and the supervision must extend to the conduct of the common carriers, s that they shall In no way favor one competitor at the expense f another. The withdrawal of these coal lands would constitute n policy analogous to that which baa been followed la withdrawing the forest lands from ordinary settlement. The coal, like tbe forests should, be treated as tbe property of the public and its disposal should be under conditions which would Inure to tbe benefit of tbe public as a whole. Corporations. The present congress has taken long strides In tbe direction of securing proper supervision and control by tbe national government over corporations engaged In Interstate business and the enormous majority of corporations of an else are engaged In Interstate business. The passage of the railway rate bllLaBd only to n less degree the paHSge of the pure food bill, end tbe provision for Increasing and rendering more effective national induscontrol over the try, mark an important advanre in the proper direction. In the short ses- Till- u e, con-elde- r. s n - beef-packin- g d 1. i! !,!! ..i'K'U ii ns; bMtr f I t ir; ilic.x id nr. a i, r, , i . mu Vi , ou! iitt.-.itkiu-llt- -s u lilt'li' . uft l of the nisi-i- eniukina-a- iuc.ri.t their inju.iuu in iun torn a ui.,1 u wihoiy inju---i-- in- - r 1 whai needed ia ike fortunate that our present aes should end tv dv Sank- iu iolui-- i tun wiic all combinations which do good iou law lo su. I those combinations watch do evil. the parkin h(H.v pumae for putting a uatr ou the ReliSLes. lor Instance, ere e often due label and fur charging ike ous: uf to the prsusuie of Mg shippers tss wae to ;b pscai-rAlt ihe shown in the tuvesiigaiiua of the tow haw already juautird thrir Standard Oil cunipany and as has Tlui inis'-suitiu; merer bm-- shosn since by the InvosilgeUoa law. lur instance, has rarttcr amusing- of the tobacco and eugar trusts! as to both of the lulttotlve of big railroads. Often ly falsified the prrdu-tiuis- . those whu asserted that 1: would ruin railroad would like to combine for tne railroatia and of those eho tbs purpose of preventing a Mg shipthat it din not go far enough per from maintaining improper advanwould Durand accmupiisu uoihiug tage at the espouse of small skippers ing tho last five mouths the railroad and of the general public. 8eah a comhave shewn increased earnings and bi nation, InsinoA of being forbidden by sums of them unusual dividends: tow. should be favored. In other the words, ll should he permitted tt railwhile during ihe eauir period aiere taking effect uf ike law haa pro- roads to make agio meals, provided duced an unpreoedeuted. a hitherto these agreement were sanctioned by unheard of. number of votoutary re- the late rotate Couoierre Osmalselcs ductions in freight and faros l the and ware published. With these two railroad. Bince the fouuding of the coadlUooB oompUed with it to imposcommission there haa never been a sible te see whst harm surb a time of equal length in which anyeouli do to the public at tarifls large. It to a public evil to have on thing like so many reduoed have been put into effect. On Aug tbe sutute books a tow luospsble of uat 27. for instance, two days he furs full enforcement because both Judges the new to went tutu effect, the com- sod Juries realise that Its full enforcemission received notices of ever five ment would destroy the business of thousand separate tariffs which rep- the country ; for the result to to make resented reductions fiom previous deoent railroad men violators uf the tow against their will, aad to put n raies. it must md be supposed, however, premium on (he behavior of tbe wilthat with the passage of these laws ll ful wrongdoers. Buck a result in turn will be possible to slop progress along tends to throw the decent man and the line of Increasing the power uf the the wiifal wroagdaer into Okies asnational government over the use of sociation, and In the end to drag down capital in lutersuie commerce. For ex- the former to the latter's level: for ample. there will ultimately be need the man who beuomee a lawbreaker in of enlarging the powers of the Inter- one way unhappily tends ta lose ell state Commerce Ooninitaaiua aloug respect for law and to be wtlllng to severs! dlffereat lines, oy aa to give ll break It In many wage. No more a larger and more efficient control scathing condemnation could be v tailed over the railroads. upon e tow then le contained In (he It can not too oft mi be reposted that words of the Interstate Onauneroe experience haa conclusively show the ChimmtosluH whew. In commenting upinipotwlbllity of semiring by the mo- on the fact that the numerous Joint tions of nearly half n hundred differ- traffic association do technically vioent state legislatures anything but in- late the tow, they aay; "Tbe dedal on effective chaos In the way cf dealing nf the United Mates supreme court in with the great corporations which do the Tran Issour! csss and the Joint not operate exclualvelv within the lim- Traffic Association case haa produced its of any on aiata. in some method, no practical effect upon tha railway whether by a national Unease tow or operations of the country. Buck in other fashion, we must eserelse, In feet, exist new xs they and that at an sarly date, a far more did before these deulstons, end with complete control than at present over tbe acme general effect. In Justice to these great corporations a euotrol ell parties, w ought probably to add that will among other things pravsnt that It to difficult to see how our Inthe evils cf excessive overcapitalizaterstate railways could he operated tion. tad that will compel the dis- with due regard to the Interest of the d closure by each big corporation of its shipper and the railway without stockholders and of Its properties and srtlus uf tbe kind afforded hualness, whether owned direotly or through these associations." This means that the tow ea conthrough subsidiary or affiliated corporations. This will toad to put n stop strued hy the supreme court Is such to tbe securing of inordinate profits that the business of ths country eon hy favored individuals at the expanse not he onnduoted without break lag It. whether of tho general public, the 1 recommend that you give careful aad stockholders, or the wageworkers. early consideration to this subject, Our effort should be not so much to skd If you find the opinion of the Commerce OMamtoaton Justiprevent consolidation as such, but so to super rise mid control It ns to sea fied, that you amesd tho l ao to that it results In no harm to the peo- obviate (bo evil disclosed. ple. The rescilnnary nr ultrsconser-votiv-e Inheritance end Income Tax. apologists for (he misuse Of The queetlua of taxation ta difficult wealth avsall die effort to secure such control as a stop toward Socialism. in any country, but it Is oapertolly difficult in ours with Its federal system Aa a matter of fort It to tbeee reactionshould on aries and uliiaconservativee who are uf government. Borne taxes themselves moat potent In increasing erery ground be levied In a email socialistic feeling. One of lbe most district for use la that district. Thus efficient methods of averting the con- tbe taxation of real estate ia pecultar-)one for the Immediate locality In sequences of a dangerous agitation, which the reel estate to found. Again, which Is NO per cent wrong, to to remto more legitimate tss Bor edy tbe 0 per cent of evil as to which therestate no than n tax on the franchises the agitation is well founded. The best any way to avert the very undesirable conferred by Ibat stats upon street niove for tbe governmental ownership railroads end similar corporations uf railways is to secure hy the govern- which operate wholly within the state ment on behalf of the people ns n boundaries, sometimes In one and sometimes lu several sunitrlpa titles or whole a'tch adequate control end regulation cf tbe great Interstate common other minor divisions of the state. But there are many hinds of taxes which carriers ss will do away with the evUs cun only he levied by tbe general govwhich give rise to the agitation agalnat them. Bo the proper antidote to the ernment so as to produce the beet rev agitation sults. because, among other res suss, dangerous and wicked agwlnst the men of wealth ss anch to the attempt tn impose them In one to secure by proper legislation and particular aisle too often results mereexecutive action the abolition of the ly in driving the corporation or indigrave abuses which actually do obtain vidual effected to soma other locality In connection with the business use uf or other state. The national governwealth under our present system or ment has long derived Its chief revrather no sysTeni of failure to exer-cit- enue from n tariff on imports and any adequate control at all. Borne from in internal or excise tax. In adpersons sprak ss If the exercise of dition to these liters Is every reason such governmental control would do why, when next onr system of taxation I revised, the national government away with the freedom of Individual should impose a graduated Inheritance initiative end dwarf Individual effort This Is not a fact. It would be a ver- tax. sad, if possible, a graduated tax. The man of great wealth itable calamity to fall to put a premium upon Individual Initiative, Indi- owes peculiar obligation to the elate,e vidual capacity and effort; upon the because he derives special advaa-tagefrom the mere existence at govenergy, chsrsrirr. and foresight which it 1s so Important to encourage In the ernment . Not only should be recognise Individual. But as a matter of fact this, obligation, la tbe way he toade the deadening and degrading effect of his dally Ilfs and In the way ho earn it itooil pure socialism, and especially of Its snd spends his money, but extreme communism, and the destruc- also be rerogvtaed by the way in tion of Individual character whlrh which bo pays for tbe protection tha gives him. On tbe one hand. It they would bring ahmil, are In part state achieved hy the wholly unregulated to desirable that he should assume bis which results In n single full snd proper ehsro of tbe burden of hand, it to quite Individual or rising at tho taxll.m; oa the other that In this kind of taxaexpense of all others until his or Its ss necessary rise effectually checks all competition tion, whsre the men wbo vote the lei be and reduces former competitors to s pay but littls of it, there should inof the danger ut clear recognition subof and utter Inferiority position augurating any such system save in n ordination. spirit of entire Justice and moderation. In enacting sad enforcing such as this congress already has Whenever we, as s people, undertake system along to its credit, we are working on n co- tu remodel our taxation herent plan, with the eteady endeavor tbe Hues suggested,- we must make it to secure the needed reform to" I he clear beyond peradventure that our burden of supJoint action of the moderate men. the aim Is to distribute (he the govern meat mere equitplain men who do not wish anything porting than at present; tbst we intend to hysterical or dangerous, but who do ably intend to deal In resolute common-sens- treat rich man and pour man on n bawe fashion with tbe res and great sis of absolute equality, and that deregard il as equally fatal to true evils of the present system. The and the violent extremists mocracy to do or permit Injustice te show symptoms of Joining hands the one ns to do or permit Injustice to against us. Both assert, for instance, theI other. am well aware that such a subthat If logical, we should go to government ownership of railroads and the ject as this needs long' and careful in order that the people may belike; the reactionaries, bees use on study su"h an Issue they think the people come familiar with whst Is proposed would stand with them, while tbe ex- to bo done, may clearly see the netremists care rdher to preach discon- cessity of proceeding with wisdom snd and may moke np their tent and agitation than to achieve solid results. As x matter of fact, our minds Just bow far they are willing while only position Is ss remote from that of tbe to go in (he matter; Bourbon reactionary as from that of trained legislators ran work out tbe the Imprsrtlcsble or einlster vision- project in necessary detail. But I feel national ary. We hold that the government that iu the near future nour should not conduct the business of the legislators should enact tow providnotion, but that K should eserciae ing for n graduated taberitsuee tax such supervision as will Insure its be- by which s steadily increasing rate ing conducted in the interest of the of duty should be put upon all moneys nation. Our aim to. so far as may he, or otbre valuable coming by gift, beto secure, for nil decent, herd work- quest. or devlee to any individual or ing men, equality of opportunity and corporation. It may be well to make the tax heavy in proportion as the equality of burden. Tbe actual working of our laws has Individual benefited to remote of kin. shown that the effort to prohibit all In any event, ta my Judgment the pro combination, good hr bad. Is noxious rata of tbe tax should Increase very where It Is not Ineffective. Combina- heavily with the increase of tho tion of capital like combination of la- amount left to any one individual after certain point has been ret (died. It bor to a necessary element of our present industrial system. It U not pos- is most desirable to encourage thrift sible completelv to, prevent It; and If and ambition, and a potent source of It were possible, such compute pre- thrift and ambition Is the desire on vention would do damage to tbe body the part of the breadwinner tn leave politic. Whst wc need Is not vainly to ht children well off. This object ran try to prevent alt combination, but to- he attained by making tbe tax very neenre such rigorous and adeqnate con- small on moderate amounts of prop- Yei iu lt: iDi-il- i. juueuinu n wt i triy lrft: - Ui-i'- -j'i the to :iinu'-mtro fact ik.it at ciitnUinu'.lou ka se- pi.iolk-ollcomplete control of a ueccx,.: o itfe would under nv rcums'.ances how tbst such coin-illation wax ;o be presumed lu be u the public interest lr Is un-- in t au-.- v. or u.imU-- i d 'ii:h wr. .1 i:J III ID v h.'.M.iiumi;.-viiqi;Kinuni..v i fu:!uT u I - Vi1.:! iuori'x il iT.i-- i ,1 ri.i hue. Hill , Mil i!u- i A, , :i. i.h m iiiVff ibfir Siloii .i, t.i'.-i',- i - n the prims object bei-soi-- e should be to put s ci.ctantly increasing b wieii ac 'he inheritance of thoi-e saulicn fortunes which il to certainly of uo to this country to perpetuate. Tltere can be ao question of the ethical prurie:y of the government tbu determining the cond' lions upon whh-snv gift or inheritance should be received Exactly how for the inhrriuuce fax would, as sn Incident, n have the effect of limiting the by devise or gift uf the enormous fortunes la question it to not necessary et present to discuss. It is wise that progress In this direction should be gradual. At first a permanent national inheritance tax. while R might be mure substantial than any uoh tax he hitherto bees, need not spprasimsie, cither In amount or in extent of the mcraaa hy graduation, to whst surh a tss should ultimately traus-mlsaio- . - This species of tax has again and again been Imposed, although only temporarily, by the national government. It was first Imposed hy the act uf July d, 17P7, when the makers of the eoaottcutton ware olive end at tha head of affairs. It was n graduated ux; though email iu amount, the rate wea increased with the amount left to any individual exceptions being made in tue case of certain close kin, A rttullar tax was again Imposed by the act of July 1. 1363; a minimum sum of one thousand dollars In personal property being enceptod from taxation, the tax then becoming progressive according to the remotee ness of kin. The set of June 13. INS, provided for an inheritance tax on any earn exceeding tha value of ten thousand dollars, the rata of the tax increasing both in aeoord-sue- s wtth the amounts left end la with the legatee roaote-noof kin. The supreme eoert hue held that the sueuasakm ton Imposed et the time uf the Civil war won out a direct Ux hat aa Impost or enataa which was both constitutional and valid. Mora recently the court. In an opinion by Jusiioe White, wbiuh contained an exceedingly able end elaborate discussion of the powers of tha congress to Impose death duties, sustained the conetliutUmaUty of tha ri is nee tax Nature of the wsrreve-bu- o cuss-bluort- M ia-ba- a-- of IMS. lu its taddec to, and opart from tha mala purpose of rot sing reran ee, an incuma tax stands on an entirely different fouling from an .hiherttanco tat; because it Inwaivee no qu Hon unuo-ctatioo- s. of the perpetuation of fortunes, assol-hto sn uidieellk aim. Tho' quoa-tlo- s to to its aesanea a question of tho proper adjustment of hardens to benefits. As tha law now stands It la undoubtedly difficult ta devise a income tax which shall be But whether tt Id absolutely Impossible la another question; aad If puesibls it is moot certainly dm rirebio. Tha Bret purely Income teg tow wne passed by thp eoegreoa In lfifil, hut tha moat important law dealing with tha subject was that of 1164. This ths court held to be uneonetl-totinas- l. m aun-ccrte- no-tkm-si Tlie qaeoUua la undoubtedly very, intricate, delicate, and troabUsome. The decision of the court was only reached by one majority. It is the law uf the land, and of course Is na etxdi end loyally obeyed by all good rttlsena. Neverthrleae, the hesitation evidently felt by the court as u whole In coming to n conclusion, when considered together with the previous decisions on the subject, may perhaps Indicate tha possibility of devising a constitutional Income tax tow which shall substantially the results slued it. The difficulty of emending the constitution to as great that only real necessity with this subject, e wtth the subject of tbe proper control by the national government over the nee at corporate wealth In Interstate business, to devise legislation which without such action attain the desired and; bat If this fails, there will ultimately be no alternative tv a constitutional amendu-rept- ment. Technical and Industrial Training. It would be Impossible to averatata (tho It to of course difficult quantitat- ively to measure the effect upon a nation' growth to greatness of whst -- my he called organised patriotism, which necessarily Includes the substitution cf n national foaling for mere local pride; with aa a resultant high amUtloa for the whole country. No oountry can develop iu full strength so long aa tbe parts which make up tha whole each put a feeling of loyalty to the port above the feeling of loyalty to the whole. This to tree of sections and tt to Just as true of classes. The Industrial and agricultural classes must work together, capitalists nod wageworkers most work together. If the best work of which tite country te capable to to be done. It to probable that thoroughly efficient svatom of education acmes next to the Influence of patriotism fa bringing about national success of this kind. Our federal form of government, so frultfid of advantage to our people In certain ways, In other ways undoubtedly limits our national effectiveness. It to not possible, for taetanee, for the national government to take the toed in technical Industrial education, to see that tbe public school system of this country develops on nil Its technical. Industrial, scientific and oomniareto! sides. This must be toft primarily to tho several state. Nevertheles. tbe nation! government bos oontrol of the eehoole of the District of Columbia, and it should see that these school promote snd encourage the fullest development of the scholars la both commercial and Industrial training. Tbe commercial training should fa one of its branches deal with foreign trade. The Industrial training la even more Important tt should be one of our prime objects s a nation, on far os feasible, constantly to work toward putting the mechanic, the who works with his wageworker band, im a higher plane of efficiency snd reward, so as to Increase his effectiveness fa the economic world, and the dignity, the remuneration, and the power at Me position In fas social world. Unfortunately, at present the effect of eome of the work fa the public schools Is fa the exactly opposite direction. If hoye and girl are trained merely fa literary accomplishments, to the total exclusion at Indus- trial, msnusl, and technical training, the tendency Is to unlit them for Industrial work sad to make them reluctant to go Into It. or unfitted to do well If they do go Into IL This to a tendency which should be itrenuously combated. Our Industrial development depends largely upon technic si education. Including ta this term nil Industrial education, from that which man to.be n good mechanic, a fits good carpenter, or blacksmith, to that t com-petltlu- eorp-waUo- . e t, ! , |