Show soldiers trained as weather observers to assist army inA in mapping lapping plans information important to bombers the he strategic and tactical importance zt are of W weather ther predict predictions ioni both short and long ran range ge in waging the a present war cannot m at be overestimated this is particularly ticul arly true in regions reglo as of the world where rapidly changing we weather ather situations are characteristic te throughout the year over the atlantic oce ocean n a and nd in europe changing W weather her is prevalent in latitudes from the foot of italy northward in eastern asia significant and frequent weather changes es occur eather chan throughout hout the be year at in latitudes from bu burma rma northward while over the north pacific ocean this is true from em a line running from tokyo and los angeles northward both berlin and tokyo lie he within the areas where the he weather element is of importance the year around therefore any successful strategy aiming a blow at the heart of our enemies must include the weather factor to tins this end courses have been es to tram personnel for far weather work in all parts of the world among these courses course are am those designed to train enlisted onen men as weather observers enlisted men as forecasters a e I 1 to assist the weather officers afee cers a weather reconnaissance squadron training course and an aviation meteorological cadet course in using the weather fact factor to determine to r mine the effectiveness of the air ground team or the coordination of land sea and air forces the army air forces have evolved a few simple rules rale which have in part pan been verified from a sin study y of the strategy and tactics employed empl by the enemy clear dry weather permits attack by air ground team I 1 in clear dry weather the in air ground team learn can launch an attack most effects ely under these condi pon th the e attackers must have air superiority these conditions permit the use of on all types of air sup SOP port minimize the problems problem of observation so and recognition of al friendly and ad enemy aircraft and troops an and it insure th the maximum mobility of far ground forces 2 dry weather with low law clouds and good visibility permits j limited a air u ground operations the types of a attack by supporting aircraft are restricted th this kind of weather is fairly favorable to the operation of aircraft carriers even in areas a controlled by land ad based aircraft since nice the field of vision of the patrolling aircraft is greatly restricted 3 dry weather with extremely low clouds and ad conditions producing rather poor visibility can be used ef af fictively eltI vIly for or the consolidation of 1 scattered ground units or the movement et e t of gr ground a unit forces force an into to a tion for far attack tle these tollit conditions fona even with rain are favorable tor for the movement of an n aircraft carrier into a position for far attack lack v hen h the wearn th a er I 1 improves in both con cases the at tacking I 1 ee 19 n forces are relatively free from f rom ab observation or attack this war has shown that a do de tailed knowledge of existing weather conditions condition over the theater of op eions mo enemy territory and frequently over the friendly zone of the interior may be of great value to officers directing or planning campaigns or movements of personnel motor vehicles aircraft or supplies usually the future weather is of more value than present weather in planning but for certain types titles of operations erat ions the current weather inter mation may any be valuable I 1 informs mon tum lion sue such hather as this is needed to cor car for far weather effects on an range and deflection of projectiles drift of airplanes and on an the speed and di on of sound travel it is of use in handling capane atoe balloons balloon a and in leading landing and ad takeoff inkoff ink off of 1 jacab airplanes lie reports ports advise army of sudden changes in weather the primary purpose of the army air it to forces r ce weather service is to pr pro vide de reas reasonable or accurate forecasts of future I 1 weather A knowledge of present weather other conditions I 1 is for most types p 0 of operations opera of little value if u s sudden u adde n m marked changes or are pending ending and forecasts of the changes change are pat not available all branches of the army my need weather forecasts to an army 1 Y that conducts operations without t keeping it its staff advised of 1 prospect prospective weather changes is imposing a se 1 fo I 1 the two tan men at are beat about to release a radio meteors meteoro graph this little instrument ment when tried aloft 1 I 1 1 by the balloon will ft transmit radio readings of pressure temperature and humidity to a station below there is ar also a parachute attached to bring the instrument back bach A the weather forecaster must always keep in mind a chronological history of I 1 the weather passing his station this soldier 1 is looking king over the weather maps map to obtain a picture ture of what has taken place in the previous a 24 hours t here the men are obtaining to tern carature pera Para ture and humidity readings th the meon mean man the left is whirling hitting a sion sling in order to determine the relative humidity and ad dow dew point rious handicap on an itself the per bucl equipment q I 1 P cadent and s supplies of a field army are usually not well protected against inclement weather A squall a thunder thunderstorm a torm a heavy rain a or a strong og wind seldom passes p over a temporary army camp or bivouac without doing damage freezing weather coming on surd sud denly gen generally c rally causes damage to equipment and supplies and discomfort I 1 0 rt to personnel the ini luence of weather may frequently quen V ay be present in military me ma ne beuvers v ers seeking to gain surprise in their execution in air operations cestr restricted cited visibility and adverse dv erse weather conditions serve to P provide cover cover for attacking aircraft it during aring th the approach to the target and aid assaults an effective cloud layer at an altitude suited to the type of attack which is planned provides an ideal cover cove for far approaching 9 aircraft weather off affects the planning and ad execution xe cution of on all aircraft missions mission lack of al weather information me may cause frequent failures of missions anestor is and ad man many I 1 losses of al planes plane and ad per par some bonnel 1 I in general a every y time line a flight mission minion is conducted the flight commander should have an accurate knowledge r a of I 1 weather conditions to a be expected during the flight other othe r wise both personnel pc nl and equipment may be subjected to unnecessary I 1 hazard all army air forces weather forecasting alog stations furnish medium and short range forecasts short range lorela forecasts 11 or are the most accurate type of forecasts made therefore they should be given to every night flight corn com mander just prior to his takeoff take off these thele forecasts should give the weather conditions to be encountered including state of the weather that hat is whether the sky is overcast or clear or with broken or scattered clouds the type and intensity of pre capitation the height of the ceiling the visibility the wind speed and it direction both at the surface and aloft any hazards to flight 11 I 1 such as fog icing areas fronts etc and nd any special phenomena such a as tornadoes medium range forecasts are used for planning flight operations also s short planning an and medium range for forecasts stor are re ina necessary ary in the the case as of f a ver very Y long th flight h I 1 requiring e I 1 g it 8 to I 1 10 0 hours or more for completion completion for long flights it if t the he weather is 3 s at 1 all uncertain or chong changeable able the flight commander a should h ld endeavor to rib ob tam tain if possible one or more additional short range forecasts by to ra tho dio especially for the period of land ing and for far the terminal of the flight pilots must know the ceiling mount amount of cloudiness and types of clouds to be encountered on a flight for the entire route in order to plan and execute the flight properly it if a cloud ceiling exists the pilot must either fly underneath it fly on instruments in the clouds or climb through and fly on top of the clouds flying at low altitude is usually u ily h hazardous and particularly so at night I 1 or in hilly or mountainous country with low visibility low ceiling or instrument weather at the point of takeoff should ordinarily be no hindrance to individual planes plane provid ed ad the weather at the final d destination is a suitable table for far safe descent however instrument weather offers a very definite handicap he u dica p to a formation of platea planes the types of clouds also should be considered if instrument fl flight h is to be made d cot ing abnot hoe s they sl as they will indicate h a the smoothness s or yongho roughness I 1 as of the e air instrument flight in clouds wh where ier thunderstorms er or wing icing may b be a encountered involves a box hazard ard to the aircraft that must be balanced against the military fary importance of continuing the mission thus the pilot is much concerned with the ceiling and clouds to be found on every flight fligh I 1 clear weather Is needed for reconnaissance aviation the primary mission of observe beer tion and reconnaissance c e aviation be mg ing to observe and r report in their air operations are facilitated by high ceilings 1119 11 1 end and excellent visibility over the area where they operate reconnaissance aviation must most operate in great distances over enemy teri territory where weather veather conda conditions no may or may not be known whether an h er or not this weather is known will depend in a large inasu measure fe up upon the 2 reconnaissance aviation itself al since one of its W missions will be to make weather lattice reports from points over enem enemy Y territory bombardment aviation I 1 will wiil also make a certain number of weather reports and if these are sufficient in number and cover enough territory it may be possible to make fi fairly air 1 y accurate forecasts forecast of weather for the following it day ay the rap capabilities abilities of reconnaissance aviation t wo I 1 in the its tasks ere are definite definitely ay I 1 limited life d rcy by weather esther particularly in th the matter of vi bit ty and win wind d their effect must therefore a always be considered in pil planning ing on missions a to determine radi us of operation PO t and number of air craft required e da bombardment aviation he has probe proba bly the gr greatest amest need for weather in fro formation tum 11 bombardment rd m units it may ay and frequez frequently w will I 1 be called up upon to perform their own sance like reconnaissance units it they may operate over great it dis lances and return to their home airdromes aird audr romes iones with gas to tanks lis nearly crl Y e empty apty pty A fore forecast t before re t takeoff k ff of weather net to be encountered upu upon return is e essential meent I 1 bombardment aircraft ff may Y pt pass s through much bad weather en r route u to and from their objective bu but t to avoid wasted effort it is very I 1 important I 1 wasted I 1 that h the weather be suitable at th the atit objective tor far bombing and that this be ekno known before takeoff take off oba objectives active should ou ld b be cr chosen h when h en 1 possible ihfe be based d on th the ts w weather to forecast r c that h is ph objectives octives actives should be chosen chose for far which we weather fit er conditions will be most suitable Is ale within ih the theater of 1 operations tanze I 1 there win will nor normally mall operate P tit an air task force and ad a ground force the air tr tack 1 k force arce may have it its units unit scattered ott e d throughout h the theater th there are one a or more air bases base one or more sub air bases and then the vario various u 5 earn combat h units it it if er reports are required from points within in an area where no weather stan stations are located sn it special observer line stations must us be established at t these pa points to such bace h weather h e r observe ble or er station si will be established t jiju 1 1 d where hare peeked within hm both the combat lone no and ad the on communications in zone on |