Show u TOLD BY THE TWIGS WINTER BUDS TREE HISTORY Written for the Independent bj J. H. Professor of Nature at the University of I To the It may be that some of your readers will be interested in having their attention called to the winter buds on their orchard and shade The growing point of vegetation is instructive in many unexpected Even the crooked and knotty branches have something important to say to They have their significant history written upon if Ave look at the twig of the walnut shown in figure we shall notice first the large heart-shaped bare places that mark spots from which last year's leaves grew These places are called the The buds for new leaves are just above In the there are three buds at each v Within the scars there are certain little marks called the bundle These are the ends of the sap-vessels' the bundles of tissue that the sap to the In the identification of the form of the leaf scar and the and number of the bundle scars are important being always about the same for the same Kinds of By watching their spring we shall see that buds on growing twigs are of three V producing as they a a flower or a Lower on the stems in former there will often be seen certain small tuber-iles that may also if the proper into growing The latter are jailed dormant Leaf and thorn buds are called vegetative they are usually different in appearance from floral and may be recognized at Thus the figure has buds on the lower part of he stem and small buds at the The lower buds contain the upper and smaller This is also the case with the poplar and many other Yet we cannot always determine by mere inspection which are the leaf and which the flower Notice the twigs of a Carolina popular 2 and It has lateral buds those arranged in a certain order along its sides and a terminal bud at the Beneath each bud is a scar a flat surface marked with several These regularly shaped surfaces' are the leaf they mark the positions where the leaves of last year were Three little spots in each leaf scar indicate the of slender woody fibres that supplied last year's leaves with Small brown spots are noticeable on the bark of the these are or breathing through these during the growing air is admitted to the inner On the stems of the black walnut and the mountain the are still more we cut open several of the buds we shall find that the larger lateral ones contain immature the smaller ones completely formed rolled while the terminal buds' may contain either leaves or The Bud The leaves within the buds are covered on the outside with which may project from between the rolled-up Many plants in summer form naked but all the buds of winter twigs have protecting scales and are therefore called scaly or winter A resin fills the space between the making the bud otherwise the rain of winter would penetrate the buds and the freezing water would rend and destroy Forms of Scales and Bud scales are like little shell they are of many different on the poplar they are long and on the flat but much the box elder bud is The are of variable size and often very odd in and always That of the box elder is merely a little thicker just below the bud that of the poplar is three-lobed and that of the oval and that of the round-lobed and with evident bundle indicating the places to which the leaf veins carried sap to the growing leaves of last The margins of the scales of winter buds may be a hairy fringe to prevent the water from gaining as in the or a downy as in the box elder a covering that serves the same or an enlarged leaf-base that partially encircles as in the or a as in the Cycles of Leaf By putting a pin into the stem through each bud on a branch of a peach tree and then passing a string from pin to we shall find that the pins stand in five no two being in the same vertical till we come to the which is directly above the The string has passed twice around the stem and has passed five buds before coming to one in line over the This is called the five-ranked arrangement and is very common among our fruit and forest If these buds were to be compressed into a there would be just five in the This is true also of the the plum and other common The facts as to the bud cycles may be summarized as In the the second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the but higher the third on the side opposite the second and therefore over the while the fourth is over the This ment is represented by the fraction In the the second leaf is placed one-third of the way round the and the third leaf two-thirds of way so that the fourth leaf is over the the fifth over the and so The fraction one-third represents this arrangement Inmost of the trees a thread passed to bud k will pass twice item before it reaches lul is directly H over any J that the sixth leaf 5 above the and between any two leaves is just two-fifths of ft of the may J ft rived by adding and the the two previous' ones-o and And it found that the other cases foi in the same numerical Thus the holly and have a leaf arrangement of eighths we make three turns 1 pass eight leaves in i the and we derive this fa i tion by adding as i next five-thirteenths are to found in pine cones and h y Various other points made out from the cuts anil I i explanations that f on page 1 ST TOLD BY THE TWIGS Carolina Poplar taken H leaf toe ter- are H l B-E lateral the scar of a woody T of om of the tree A is the a leaf D and from page buds are flower buds except the terminal and the two latent buds A twig or Carolina Poplar so Injured while growing that no true terminal bud was The position of the flower bud A is thus A twig of American The flower buds are conspicuously larger than the leaf and are easily The clustered buds are in groups of three at each Drawings 1 to 10 from Experiment Drawings H and 12 from Cornell 11 is at the left and 12 at the right Twig of the Siberian crab Each spur bore fruit buds year B ad I and those J is the J caused by the last t f K a portion L growth of L a few of the f or the inters S a poplar tree- 3 of six I tw'S of All the distinguished from those of the cork The extremity of a twig of black It shows the two buds above a also the distinct A willow All the buds are flower except C and which are leaf Young growth of maple showing terminal hud scars near the All the buds are leaf bud twig of A flower before last at and but we conclude that no fruits ripened there because of the small size of the We see that spurs rose from beneath the flowers and appear to be tipped with small A ten-year-old fruit spur of a pear it has borne good fruit three One year's growth is shown from the base to a fruit bud was formed Next year a pear matured from this as indi by the larger scar at while a lateral bud developed which year became a shoot above the rings a it grew to the rings and developed a fruit bud In the year this spur produced flowers and bore one apple shown by the large scar at b. At the same a leaf-spur pushed out from Just below the fruit and grew to the next series of leaf sit c while a weak bud also developed below b and in the fifth year pushed toward where it set a fruit which did not six years of growth are visible on this side in the sixth year the barren shoot grew to e and in the seventh developed a fruit at e. Then two side buds also two weaker buds at d and In the seventh one shoot grew to g and made a the fruit not In the eighth year this shoot went to h and formed a while the twin spur pushed on to T. In the ninth Traits were borne at I and without maturing and the stems grew to ff and while d tried but failed to produce In the tenth the two top branches grew Taxpayer and are about to discharge the Utah Legislature whom you hired at about per day to make laws for your The bill for the job when done amounted to The money with which to pay this bill and the subsequent expenses of State maintenance must be raised by taxes not yet levied nor You of course will have much pride and corresponding pleasure in paying your just proportion together for a copy of the laws you are to |