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Show THE RICH COUNTY REAPER, RANDOLPH; UTAH Women's Bureau of labor Department 25 Years Old; Busy With Present and Postwar Needs of Workers THE CHEERFUL CHERUB It Agency Watches Over I Rights and Security Of Eighteen Million Eighteen and a half million , - - Mrs. Nora T. Sterns, outstanding member of a class of Tractorettes e pilots a big machine on the a Sterns farm. She is Triple-woman, and organizer of her class f women tractor operators. spring of 1940 there were 13 million. ow there arfe 18 million women in ;he labor force. These 18 million women make up 36 per cent of the labor force, iotal nonagricultural ind 20 per cent of the agricultural labor force of the United States. Machine Age Changes Life. The amount of gainful work done by whmen at home has decreased steadily, while the amount of their gainful work outside the home has increased. At the beginning of the 18th century women still were spinning at home, but the yam was brought for weaving to large rooms where looms were in use. The earliest cotton mill was established in 1814, and thereafter weaving became a factory occupation. In 1831 there were 39,000 women employed in various cotton factories in the United States. By the middle of the century, the sewing machine came into effective use, usually operated by women.; Thus into a world of gardening and raising sheep in the back yard, of grinding flour, of weaving cloth in the "front room, the first machines appeared and revolutionized our whole manner of life. Since many of the earlier machines did work that had always been done by women at" home, manufacturers ,r 260-icrA 51 . KTC"'! tration. administration minister the law and the fund with This makes some adjustments on the nose asThere is scarcely any task in aviation manufacture that women have not mastered. This specially trained girl sembly of a 9 Airacobra. P-3- and these attracted other workers in various lines of activity. As towns grew in size, many of the older household occupations became impossible. The entrance of women into wage-earnioccupations was , tremendously speeded up by the Civil war and World War I. Of the role women played during the first World war, we have a dramatic picture. The war itself wrenched the whole industrial machine. In the quick shift from peace to war, women as well as men were rapidly absorbed by the iron and steel mills, metal factories and foundries; they were practically drafted to make munitions and other war supplies. Aerial warfare created a new industry, in' which women were indispensable, and it expanded the industries that made the material necessary for aircraft manufacture. Meanwhile the army of 4,000,000 men had to be fed and clothed, and in addition the nation's industries had to continue to supply the needs of the people at home. There are striking parallels between the first World war and the present one in regard to women In steadily increasing workers. numbers, then as now, women entered fields which had been regarded as mens exclusive province although thousands of women carried on in traditionally feminine food and fabric industries. Experienced women who were already in manufacturing in 1917 were utilized largely for munitions making. They helped to train new groups formerly otherwise employed, such as school teachers, who joined their ranks, as well as the large' numbers of inexperienced women never before in the labor force. Growing numbers of women were hired in such industries as iron, steel, lumber, transequipment, chemicals,' portation metal and metal products and other. The Womens Bureau had recorded World War I experience in the use of women labor, so it was natural that the bureau should be recognized as the official agency for all matters relating to womens emefployment , in the present war Unfort. On March 15, 1941, the dersecretary of War indicated that he would take measures to see that the War department take up all matters of concern to women workers with the Womens Bureau, and there has been close cooperation since that date. Cooperative relationships have been established with the Navy Department, with other Government departments, and with state organizations and war contractors. Can Do Any Job If Trained. The peacetime work women were doing on punch presses, drilling machines, milling machines, lathes, grinders, and polishers, as well as their high record of achievement in inspection, assembly, filing and other bench work in metal and electrical industries was well known to the bureau. The extent to which these developed skills would be useful to industries was In the last demonstrated. easily war women had proved themselves able in an emergency to make good on any job if adequately trained. The transfer of vast numbers of inagricultural workers to the war inducwell as the rapid dustries, as tion of others into the armed forces, resulted in a growing demand for the employment of women in agri ng - ed would ad- authority to make loans to telephone companies, or to individuals, corporations, states, municipalities, coit utility districts, or to operative associations, also to the Rural Electrification administration for the purpose of financing the construction, rehabilitation, modernization and operation of telephone systems, exchange lines, or other facilities for furnishing telephone service to persons in rural areas who are not receiving adequate service. The measure also provides for improvement or betterment of existing service to persons in these areas. Senator Hill, as a result of considerable study on the rural tele- non-prof- cultural work. In interesting in such work, the bureau cooperated with other government agencies concerned, and in addition formulated and helped put into practice standards for womens employment on farms. Today, women are being utilized in three broad categories of jobs: 1. Those that women have always done, now multiplied by the demands of war. 2. Those where they have been used as substitutes for men, either as replacements or in expanding industries. 3. Those that are new processes never performed by either sex (some of these are the result of sub; division of skilled operations to facilitate mass production, while others are the result of manufacture of new kinds of equipment). Though men are still found in most of the top and highly skilled industrial jobs, women to an increasing degree are doing the more skilled, difficult and disagreeable jobs, as well as certain dangerous and sometimes inappropriate types of .work. During World Wa I the question was: Would women remain as workers when the war ended? Many people thought this question would be answered by the return of women to their homes or their old occupations. This time the question is: How may we best organize and carry out the shift from wartime to peacetime employment? phone problem asserted that in 1920 almost 2 million farm homes had Three Million Will Quit. The Womens Bureau believes that telephones and that by 1940 this at least 3 million women will vol- number had decreased to about 1 "of about 40 per untarily withdraw from the labor million, a decrease cent. for farm Rates telephone servmarket young girls will go back to about $1.39 increased from ice have school; older women at retirement to of at the presan $1.80 average or will of the retire; many age past, 3,710,000 housewives who joined the ent time. He also pointed out that labor force for the duration only, 75 per cent of the nations farms will be glad to take over full time numbering 4,166,000 still do not have homemaking duties. Thiwill leave telephone service. a force of about 15 million. women , Some 30,000 smaller telephone workers for the immediate postwar companies in the nation would be the chief beneficiaries under the bill period. S. Miss Frieda MilleiTwholie&arfce as borrowers from the fund to modDirector of the Womens Bureau on ernize their plants, rebuild existing August 17, 1944, believes the shift to tines and construct new ones. Loans peacetime jobs is a manageable would be made on a 1 per thing, if we are both forehanded basis at an interest rate of 35 which in cent with to, reyears and farsighted as to planning. She believes this planning must begin at pay the principal. local levels, and provide for adviMilk Stool sory counsels for all groups, and facilities for training and retraining of war workers for peacetime employment. After the last war, the Assistant Secretary of War, acting as the Director of Munitions at that time, paid this tribute to women. "For the successful carrying out of our program for the production of vast quantities of explosives and propellants, as well as shell loading, the women of America must be given credit on account of the highly important part they took in this phase of helping to win the war. Fully 50 per cent of the number pi employees in our explosive plants were women, who braved the dangers connected with this line of work, to which they had been, ol course, entirely unaccustomed, but whose perils were not unknown to them. Miss Miller believes that womens L(....,iwCi & contribution has been much more The strap-o- n milk stool will save extensive in World War II. In the us time as well as provide considerable she "Let says, postwar world, dovetail the skills and experiences another step forward in proper saniAfter the stool has been of men and. women workers so as to tation. produce all the varied and numer- strapped on, it need not be touched ous goods and services needed for a again until milking is finished. economy and Strap the stool around the waist, living for all our people. wash hands, then start milking. BacWith the war still far from being teria count will be reduced consid- won, women of America give every erably. If more than one leg is de- -. indication of surpassing all previous sired, the conventional three legs can be added to this type of stooL goals in war production. worn-en- - self-liquidati-ng Handy well-balanc- WNU Features, DEPARTMENT In World War I, when, as now, looking for factory operatives turned to women. The factories, located with a view to available power and future marketing, soon developed communities, the silly CLASSIFIED j millions of women were called upon to replace men in a thousand occu- the war agency, was appointed head of the Womens Bureau. After developing the Bureau to its present impressive-statusshe retired last June at the age of 71, with 25 years of service to working women accomplished. Under the guidance of Miss Anderson, the- bureau made intensive study of conditions and problems of womeii workers in various types of employment professional, business, industrial and domestic. She was responsible for calling two important conferences of women in industry, in 1923 and 1936, attended by representatives of all important womens organizations. The principles she advocated were: 1. Complete equality of opportunity for men and women on the basis of their individual merit, skill and experience. 2. Wage rates based on job content without regard to sex.-3. Establishing of precise and objective standards for determining job content as a basis for determining wage rates. In 1918 there were eight and a half million women workers. In the tkintf its vp bill intended to "provide or improve telephone service in rural areas becomes law under the new 79th congress. Considerable interest has been aroused in the measure introduced by Senator Lister Hill (D., Ala.) AGENTS WANTED which would provide for a special fund of 100 million dollars and LADY WANTED In every community, both rural and city, to aeU line of household create a federal agency to be known necessities to her neighbors. Our line includes such scarce items as cheese and as the "Rural Telephone adminissoap. Liberal commission. General haz- in 1917. Miss Mary Anderson, director of cfcvse. I never see By WALTER SHEAD WNU Washington Correspondent WASHINGTON D. C. "The Party Line, long the butt of jibes and ridicule, may be on its way out if a . pations, the department of labor became interested in the special needs and problems of working women. In 1920 a permanent subdivision, the Womens bureau, was established, which superseded the temporary Woman in Industry Service, set up cut tell vhkt Bill Would Provide For Private Expansion women are now working for wages, mostly in jobs essential to war. Some five million of these are new to the labor markets;- they have gone into factories and fields since 1940, when the nation began to buckle down for the great conflict. All in all, women have been doing a magnificent job. No task has been too dirty, or dangerous or difficult; they have cheerfully ac, wondering. to Rural Telephones May Get Federal Loans By C. V. PETERS cepted all discomforts and ards. wht,t worries me tke, most Ueepj me. tJwfcys My soula ed well-round-ed laundry Products Company (U-3- ). Albany, Georgia. 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