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Show Civilian Uses for War-Developed Radar Promises To Develop Into Tremendous Industrial Factors 'j : ! ; S v 1, I 1 ' Played Important Part In Winning the War for Us May Win the Peace By Winfield J. Dryden Released by Western Newspaper Union. "Never before did so many owe so much to so few." This expression of Winston Churchill Church-ill referred to a few airmen and small ground force on the British isles. The same may be said in regard to radar. Submarines were detected in the night, bombers in the clouds, ships in the fog and troop and land movements in the dark, miles away. Our paratroopers were landed by radar aid, our ships safely escorted, our bombers guided and our troops led by radar. Without radar the war in Europe would still be raging, authorities believe. be-lieve. Radar, making the accurate bombing of Germany possible, as well as providing safety for the transportation of troops, actually made victory on both fronts a reality, real-ity, contributing a big share to the early peace. It has cost the nations hundreds Radar equipment recently made this "search" of surrounding terrain. Lettered on the photograph of the plan position, indicator scope, are designations of points picked up by the radar pulse. This use of radar, it is believed, I will result in the saving of thou- sands of lives annually, in addition to property loss caused by planes crashing during storms. The planes will be guided around storm area. There is so much moisture in turbulent clouds that the signals are reflected from the drops of water back to the plane. Thus even in darkness, the pilot can detect such an area ahead and go around it. Air travel will become safe when radar is in universal use. Not only will pilots be able to avoid bad weather, but they will 'be able to see mountains through clouds by day or night, and thus avoid crashes. It offers additional safeguards to air travel, by doing away with collisions col-lisions in the air, and provides a means of safe landing when the field would be otherwise invisible to the pilot. Aids Ocean Travel. On the seas, the use of radar will be just as effective as in the air. It will aid the ship captains in avoiding avoid-ing icebergs, other ships, wrecks and land obstructions that have caused the loss of thousands of lives in peace time. Radar will continue to serve the navy in peace, and its installation nn Rhine will malrp surnrico nttnplr a second, or 186 miles. The range of the object would therefore be half of 186 or 93 miles. Radar has been perfected to see beyond the horizon, but it will not see through water at present stage of development. Physical Make-Up. The actual physical make-up of radar sets varies. Uses and manufacturers manu-facturers will develop different types, as has been true with radios, automobiles or planes. In general, however, they are made up of the following parts: 1. A radio-frequency oscillator, or vacuum tube or group of tubes. These oscillating at a desired frequency fre-quency send out into the air the waves. 2. A modulator sends out the direct di-rect bursts of the short-waves, which enables the receiver to handle han-dle them when they return Each burst of energy is about one-millionth one-millionth of a second long, the pause between the bursts being a few thousandths of a second in length. 3. An antenna, which directs the waves on their take-off, and beams them in particular direction and distance. dis-tance. It Is the beaming on a fixed area. The antenna is adjustable to cover any part of the entire horizon as it revolves in a circle. During the conference held at Mena house, Cairo, in November, 1943, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Generalissimo Generalissi-mo Chiang Kai-shek were guarded by radar. The radar post shown was built among the historic pyramids. pyra-mids. of millions of dollars to develop radar. No peacetime Industrial organization or-ganization had the money, the facilities, fa-cilities, knowledge or desire to fully develop radar, to bring It to its present pres-ent state of development. It required re-quired a nation at war, led by far-seeing far-seeing individuals, to accomplish the almost impossible with millions of dollars back of the development, and skilled men with the determination to succeed. Radar Peacetime Factor. Radar has many known uses for peace. Postwar travel will become safer. Thousands upon thousands of lives will be saved due to the employment em-ployment of radar in the air, at sea and on land. Radar sees all, knows r - --""" . ' ! j ; 1 :r-:. .r " : -:v.. .. r w j " i J " - ' ' i : I A j. . : idAdiut. r Vi v.-.v mwlrtS impossible. During war, radar has been an important factor in accurate accu-rate aiming of long-ranged naval guns. Its uses on land have not been fully developed. While radar will report re-port weather conditions, direct landing land-ing of planes, there is still a variety of uses for which it will be adapted. Among the recent advocated uses is the installation of radar on the front and rear of all trains. This will aid materially in the prevention of railroad accidents, which have mounted materially. War officials are already busy in developing the radar so that it will become an effective weapon against the atomic bomb, just as it was against the V-2 and other bombs launched by Germany. A good part of the failure of Germany to wreck England was due to installations of radar. The final value of radar in peace Is not known. It is believed that its usefulness will find no limits. It is 1 Pi : if. i 1 i ! -3 m I k 3 This photo made during a demonstration dem-onstration of a mobile trailer-mounted radar set shows the illuminated oscilloscope as the Image of a bomber, flying at low altitude, came Into the range of the radar beam. During war the antiaircraft gun's crew would receive exact location of the bomber immediately. 4. The receiver is the set which picks up the returning waves, similar simi-lar to a radio receiving set. 5. The indicator or the brains, Is the device which takes the Information Informa-tion gathered by the radio waves and presents them in readable form. The waves are transformed into light patterns on a radar screen, lt may consist of one or more cathode-ray cathode-ray tubes similar to the ones used for screen on a television set. On tliis screen appears a visible electronic elec-tronic beam. Returning radar waves cause the beam to deflect and It Is the pattern of deflection that tells the story to the operator. Furnishes Weather Data. Weather forecasting has been added add-ed to the scores of uses for peacetime peace-time radio development. Prompt and nccurate weather information Is already being furnished through radar Installations at Wright field, Ohio. When used by pilots of commercial commer-cial planes, nil that Is necessary Is for the pilot to push a switch marked "weather," mid he gets a picture of advance cloud formations on a special screen. Tracking clouds in.-.tead of a target, the screen will Indicate approaching storms at n distance of one to two hundroi miles. all, and tells all. It warns of pending pend-ing catastrophe and provides the eyes for men to see In order to prevent pre-vent accidents on land, sea or air. The discovery of radar may be classed as accidental. Research workers engaged in short-wave experimentations, ex-perimentations, nearly 20 years ago found that when waves were beamed on a city, there were oscillations oscil-lations on the dial when autos, trucks and other factors interrupted the wave. Soon afterwards it was found that planes In the air Interrupted Inter-rupted the waves beamed skyward. It was the next step that measured distance In relation to time interval that brought about the birth of radar. What Radar Is. Radar Is an apparatus that sends out short-wave impulse In a narrow, nar-row, concentrated beam, Impulses that are reflected from an object they hit and are returned on rebound re-bound to the receiver. It is based on a simple principle, as simple as the occurrence of an echo. Radar waves traveling with the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second, sec-ond, streaking across space and rebounding re-bounding from the target to return to their starting point. At comparative long range It can pick up cities, determine water bodies; bod-ies; pick up ships In the fog; planes In the clouds; submarines or Icebergs Ice-bergs on dark winter nights. The distance of a tared from the radar transmitter can be determined. If one-tliousnndth of a second Intervenes In-tervenes between the outgoing und Incoming signal, then the round-trip distance the radar traveled would be one one-thousandth of 18(1,000 miles Close-up of the antenna of the first complete radar, Installed "topside" a building at the Naval Research laboratory In the late l'.KiOs.. It is a so-called "dirigible" antenna, meaning mean-ing lt is so mounted Unit It can bo turned to allow for arouiul-thc-com-pass search. This older model has recently been Improved. known that radar's uses In peace will bo even moro beneficial thnn its uso In war had been destructive destruc-tive und deadly. The Civil Aeronautics administration administra-tion Is experimenting with appliances appli-ances loaned by the army und navy. Their hope la to develop Instruments to enable tower controllers to see nil aircraft within miles, and to Install In-stall collision-warning devices. In the rapid growth of commercial commer-cial aviation, which Is certain to follow Immediately after tho war, radar will bring new safely. It Is held by some nutliorit lea that radar Installment:! on plain's will bo ns much n part of Ihe plane's equipment equip-ment as brakes or lights ara on n ! cur. : ' :"ljfK. I ,.. 1 ,..; ' V 1 , 'I. |