Show I 1 I 1 8 it I 1 7 S 4 I 1 I 1 aci ittes I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 W k ilal I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 15 I 1 I 1 11 I 1 11 I 1 F I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 J 1 I 1 16 fiazi 1 I 1 q I 1 ew I 1 7 7 R I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 p g 1 00 1 11 ig 1 1 1 fi r I 1 1 A K R tj 11 Z kl 1 f I 1 3 I 1 16 ii A I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 5 I 1 L 1 K I 1 I 1 ill ak sa s1 I 1 1 14 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 ka I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 S r v I 1 1 I 1 X I 1 A I 1 F I 1 i I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 an early biage in subway construction Construct lon new york city prepared by ali geographic society washington 0 a 0 HE cities of the world that possess THE underground at reef railways I 1 11 in all are about to have a reer recruit tilt lo in stockholm lul 1 this capital and metropolis of sweden with its inhabitants to la negotiating got lating for I 1 I 1 the construction of a 11 comprehensive subway system to cost many millions of dollars chis this decision of stockholm to pincu I 1 street at railways under the earths surface comes soon after the newest land and one of the most ambitious of the worlds subway stations has bin been opened under circus the center of londona Lon dons activity slid and the place of her greatest truffle traffic bonges congestion the two events recall the brief period during which the present extensive underground round railway systems I 1 in great cities have devel developed opiA 1 it seems strange stiano that m man an who deserted bis big eaves caves scores score s of thousands of years ago and who hasteen has been busy since subduing the earths barbs surface and even invading tt its sair should turnback turn back and begin burrowing beneath ground it 11 deenis seems strangest of all that lie should delve below the surface fur rapid mass travel a thing that he be probably never dreamed ol of in his most imaginative moments until perhaps a century ago underground rapid transit to Is the I 1 result of the tremendous growth of certain cities it was only u antion increased A to 0 such an extent that surface streets became choked with myriads myri ads of cf people seeking to move about that the idea of travel beneath the surface murfa ce could ever s seem eem desirable si and li it was only after the lh bention of the railway tiit that the idea became feasible just as the cross country railway developed from the stagecoach so eo the highly organized and heavily capital iced subway systems of today grey grew from the omnibus the 06 stagecoach of the city in new york yoa it a city si tage line was started in I 1 1830 to operate north on broadway from bowling Boll ng green and within wo years the worlds first street railway 1 I its 1 ts cars drawn by b y horses was tl horn m in the same city it was a line along fourth avenue from abar the present site of city hall to near I 1 the present location oc atlon of grand central station the idea spread in the ahe united states but europe was slow to follow paris established a horse car line in but it wa was s not until 1801 that london hid bad its first passenger tram in iii london ananew york londoners Lon doners did not tike take kindly to etrest railways they objected to the rail which interfered with othir other braf iia it was because of title this feeling that railways in cities should be out I 1 of at the way that the first steps were taken in london toward underground rapid tra transit nelt the earliest line con strutted ted before 1870 kasnot was not all underground der ground much of it was in open kopea cut and only part in tunnels funnels the trains were operated by steam engines gines and the tunnels were so BO smoky and ill ventilated that the system was not mot a success in the meantime new york faced face 4 with a growing congestion of street traffic anda and a lengthening oty city was experimenting peri perl with a new solution the elevated railroad The first was built to in 1868 and by 1787 there were four elevated structures structured i on bilitch vi litch steam trains were operated placing fast moving city trains above the street level proved the best ilon while steam was the only motive power and the system was adopted in chicago berlin and liverpool london then the worlds greatest city continued to td look underground for the solution of the rapid transit transi tl problem after cable cars first came into use in francisco in 1873 an and d spread to other cities them the idea aas was conceived of operating cable aaa cars in tunnels in london in IBM 1886 the first all tunnel subway was started to in london Lot idon by the line it was completed in h IBM 1890 the electric loco locomotive motive had be been eu pe perfected afe acted and shenew underground railway was wail put ini into 0 0 operation with this newest draft agency glasgow scotland and berlin germany opened alib subway way railroads about the same alne budapest hungary was next toj oln olti the ranks of of subway cities boston was the first american city to 6 egin begin work on a lubway it was op enedIn 1898 in 1900 the paris metro began ats underground career and in the same came year new york oo on its ita first arai underground raili I 1 1 1 I 1 way the fir fant ft train railed rolled through gli the new york subway in 10 1004 and the tb work of extending the system has hai been und under e r way almost continually since Phila philadelphia dilphia first joined the cleles having underground ra rapid ald transit 11 it systems ey stems in 1 1008 8 since then the r roster lias bits been added ti to only by madrid bue buenos n os alres kirek and tokyo the th subways in madrid and buenos aires aired ari are only a few miles in length but i the tokyo system Is fairly e extensive big population needed beede d fact the fact that heavy population Is id e essential 80 to the success of subways Is iq demonstrated bemons grated by I 1 a glance at thi th roster foster of subway cities of bof the worlds 10 greatest cities all but chicago osaka and moscow have sub anye and in the missing three the th construction of underground I 1 I 1 rall railways ways Is being given se serious ilous consideration of the sin smaller aller cities having subways I 1 budapest gla glasgow 14 madrid and BOB ton the two first named I have ave mor ii abana than a million population white while the recorded population of boston applying to a restricted area dues not indicate 11 1 tile magnitude of the crowds dally depend dependent eDt on the cites rapid tran transit it facilities the madrid underground system Is of limited extent of the sub surface city railway terns those of new york and london don the two iwo cities which vie tor for the title of world merio metropolis polls far surpass st all others in 16 extent betin ve in plan and operation these two great metropolitan systems are in some ways strikingly dIf different Terent london was the pioneer and bome of her hei early construction was found liter later toleah to lead to marked I 1 inc alence and expel expense se thus thas her hep earliest cur liest tube tunnels dunneh were constructed ai at great depths making it necessary to supply batteries of elevators nind escalators escala tors at the stations new rork took up sub subway w ay construction tion late but bybe by the experiments of those earlle earlier r in the field field she adopted the Wida budapest pest plan of placing the cannels as close as Oos possible sible to the tha stir surface face so that eleva elevators would be unnecessary I 1 another I 1 I 1 radical ile departure ft from liui tl the older met methods hilds adopted in new yo york clr was characteristically american this ws was the virtual building of two subways lnona in one bythe by the provision of f four trucks tracks two iwo devoted to express and two to local service I 1 good devices by the english lit in london the sub surface railway C system Is known as am the underground abb subway way Is applied only to pipe tt tunnels innels footpaths foot paths under street crossings and the like some details making for the convenience 1 1 and corn com fort of passengers stand out in the tha operation of I 1 the underground stations it are re more ornamental and less iss starkly utilitarian than most of those thomi in new york 1 and in some as to in the newest piccadilly station striking mural p paintings adorn the walls the station Is virtually a an li 6 nn n dere round nd square brilliantly lighted surrounding which are well appointed jet shops pa the beef feature of the underground to a 9 stranger in london how over ever to tho the remarkably sensible method of keeping him informed of hit his whereabouts it to la not necessary necessary to peer out av at stations seeking to make mais out dim numbers or nimes names on post poka and walla walls suspended from the eel cell ing in im the middle cf each car Is a large scale map of the system with a 3 tiny electric bulb at each stati tatlow or aben the train approaches a it station atlon the bulb for that station flashes on and remains sins lighted until the train stair starts ts again new york has more than oliell af subway track and aid this will be mn serially teri ally increased when the new in dependent subway system unplaced Is In placed in commission in both lond n and paris the underground trac I 1 cf p 0 IT I T close to miles in chicag 11 construction of ofa a passenger subway has been dise discussed u asea for or many years nr but at present only surface and it el voted vate d lines are to in use chicago hus has a possible nucleus for a subway BIS tern in its almost unique freight tuii tunnel I 1 system under the streets of the business oi of thi the city exists a I 1 gridiron of 50 miles of tunnel 61 six feet wide and seven and a half balf feet deep deell on an avo two foot tracel ta jn in these small iu tunnels t anels a busy rall railway ballway Way Is carried on eye every day while few achl I 1 are aware of liti its existed te e by the system syke rn freight lit Is dolive delivered redl t the bahme basements ants of stores and thousands of tons of ashes and aad refuse tire removed 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 r as I 1 I 1 |