Show 31 all A 4 elfr ism chit aw Q HE U boats te which have tone much damage have been developed 1111 rapidly I 1 by the keisers kaisers Kai sers naval constructors construct rs L t 0 more striking or of efti saisy the r rapidity of f modern advance in hi engineering could be quoted quote than the file martinig career re I 1 ot of the ater airship and submarine narine both but a few years ago a mere pon poa bality cibil ity looked upon pan with more or or less skepticism but at the ilia present day among the most meet tearful fearful weapons ot of IIII 1111 this greatest of war wars the beginnings of the submarine though not dating balk bac k to greek antl anti equity us as the inception of aerial will gulf gaffon are am older than la Is generally thought leaving out ot of so account c 0 u t the early attempts of a dutch p physicist h 3 ie ll 11 in 1620 and the englishman mymona in 1747 it will come as a surprise u rt to many that the amerle americana in I 1 the war ad of independence in 1773 endea an ola bied to make a the first s fib marine at tach back though ilia hs attempt was not suc am cess ful the idea was never since lost last ight of fulton fullum offered Ja ap a submarine ot of his invention for the contemplated invasion of great sit abrl to tain and ad I a get german elgi engineer W it 11 helm gau bauer or 1 in 1850 1110 came lefi in forth with th plan plans mi for or a submarine ey by which as stated by burgoyne an english egdish writer ter on maritime subjects object I 1 the 1 solution I t III of at the problem problem of submarine sub marina navigation was promoted to a higher degree than b ly say any other inventor germany held back B bauers attempt to lo attack the dan ill flet flat with his bis alre IIII diver it ft to IB true proved a fat failure are th the craft foundering in kiel harbor how ever are his boat beat was resi cued in 1887 and now law stands elands in the courtyard of the berlin museum ot of oceanography a lasting monument of bauers bauer a inam jve genius the swedish an goner engineer Norden feldt about thirty years ao age completed the invention invent of the mod ern are submarine in its ts leading lines the problem of submarine lavign tion ion be haa over ever since imen been on an the order of the tha day the french marine but being tha h 6 it fir arlt it to u undertake d take methodical testa flat intended t e abed to p promote the he development of the submarine other countries germany in 1105 1905 among the last war were slow law in following suit A As long as there were no reny reilly suitable sub carml s available there was a in fact i no harm 1 in observing a wise alse re reserve v w while other nations nation were war spending pending U time and ad I 1 bonev on an e osty costly exper I 1 ments menta events event go to a show he that the german arm navy levy 11 has ll known knew how to make ilk op ap tor or any delay its I 1 in this respect mary many problems problem involved A submarine to be really suitable should be especially seaworthy being able not only to sail all on a the tha sa surface but to stiral the enormous water pres sure sura at considerable depth its hull hall therefore Is made ot at highly resistant tell steel plate an or lengthy ellipsoidal shops shape 10 moat eat convenient th abo problem of at propulsion la Is one of the th I 1 most at important while the use us ot of the some same type of motor for far submarine soli marin navigation and ad balling ailing at th the a surface would cold be satisfactory it to is for many rera reasons lons preferred to propel te craft by mean of an electric motor red fed tro from 1 accumulators I when be submerged using a at steam eat engine 1 a gasoline I 1 R aw or train preferably ill fly a of diesel mai oil m motor or for r surface teen OR A speed of 1011 knots Is all that 1 la required below wa a A sl 1 M assi Q az foj baly iw ter whereat whereas the surface 1821 knots per par hour are reached by modern submarines the ha ill of action without replenishing th the oll tanks be ing 6 to 7 miles mile the torpedo 1 B to the submarine what bat the projectile Is to the gun each of I 1 the b in later ter typo type of german rine Is fitted with ten to twelve tor dedoes and six torpedo tubes tour four ahead and two eat astern or rn thus allowing the torpedoes to be fired if desired in quick lual succession too fearful strain on me men the diving power of the submarine of curne course bof the highest importance sufficient water having been admitted to In immerse icier the boat beat and ad cause only the conning tower to protrude from the surface the 1 horizontal rudders are acted on thus overcoming the last traces of holy buoyancy cry in order again to rise III to the surface the water ter is driven out by compressed air and the horizontal rudders rudder are set working walking the most difficult problem how ever is the problem of seeing and ob taming one a bearings under rude water periscopes are used tor for this that la is tube cubes amri several meters ore long earning carrying at the upper end and I a system yet en ot 1 mirror fr prisms reflect the imago image of the hort horl zon ron through the tube to the lower prisms and thence into fare the tha interior of the indan submarine lim service on the submarine la Is ei bramey trying in fact it puts ail 11 mentel mental capacities to perpetual strain in handling the apparatus and it ma Is clif chinery fiery gauges gauge periscope comp compass es miam engines an etc any mistake Is ti liable able to result in the tha death of th the a zuni athole once crew to vice thia should be ba add added ill aba lack of exercise and the tha vitiated air which is insufficiently regenerated by compressed air during under water sailing many safeguards have hava been do de signed lor for protection against fine attacks torpedo netting would seem an to a be relatively most effective though modern modem submarines somehow frequently manage to slide past below such unit and strike |