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Show 3 &77J77e J y&YsZ-GSi&ty SJrz yy-yy-yz -yfy?? yTjyya? P-y Zf 2zry yE-Z s evr?, Z-tSj-? &ttC2&&&ry?a? " J How a Series of 'Unpleasant" Relations With For- eign Countries Were Straightened Out By Diplomacy Dip-lomacy During the Early Years of Our I Country As a Nation. k Copyright, 1917. by TLo International Syndicate. CHE policy of our government Binee we became an Independent power has been ono of peace and amity towards other nations j. and whenever thcro has been trouble we have generally gone far out of our , way to preserve civil relations This policy was not based upon fear or ' upon an Inadequate conception of the ; dignity of a great power, but rather ! upon a desire to allow other people ! J to work out their troubles In their own way and whpn those troubles ran counter to 6ome of our rights, to try ; In every way possible to solve them r through the calm and considerate course of diplomacy. J The break TOtib Germany is not the first serious difficulty wo have had with a foreign nation for durln? the j administration both of Washington i and Adams we came perilously nmr . being drawn Into a, war with France ; when that 'country was at war with ! England. The French revolution mad'. I a strong impression on the American 1 public Washington's cabinet was 1 divided, Hamilton bring strongly pro- British, while Jefferson favored the French. The- Impudence Of Genet. Tn 1793 the French Republic sent Its first minister to the T'nl'ed States. a youth of twenty-eight, named Ed-mond Ed-mond Charles Genet He had expected expect-ed a warm welcome from the French party and was not dlsnppolnteu for he was met at Charleston with open arms On arriving at Philadelphia he found an obstacle In tho attitude of President Presi-dent Washington, who received him without enthusiasm and while assuring assur-ing him of tho friendly feeling of the United States for Franco cave him no hope of assistance in the war with England. Genet, however, took his own interpretation of tho treaty of 1778 with France and despite the proclamation of neutrality Issued by the President, the French minister began fitting out privateers. For a time Tresldent Washington's position was not i:nlike that of Tresldent Wilson Wil-son today, for the French part- sided with Genet and wore angry with the President because he did not come out openly and espouse the cause of France. On the other hand the British Brit-ish sympathizers took exception to the fact that he did not break off relations with Franco at once on account of tho behavior of Its representative At last Genet overstepped the bounds of public decency when he sent the "little "lit-tle Sarah", a cap'.urcd British merchantman mer-chantman now changed to a French privateer down the 'Delaware and out to sea against the protest of Secretary ! of State Jfffcrson. He then threatened threat-ened to appeal from the decision of the President to the people. He even projected an Invasion of Florida from South Carolina and a movement on N'cv. Orleans from Kentucky and finally final-ly wrote a dictatorial letter to tho President. When this became known Genet's popularity collapsed like a punctured balloon and tho love and ( adoration of the people for the hero j of Valley Forge returned The President Pres-ident called his cabinet together and ! decided to demand the recall of Genet ( even though It meant war with that I country. Tt was fortunate for us that the Girondist party who had appointed Genet wero out of power and those ' now In authority wero so pleased to send another representative that there 1 was no unpleasantness with France over the affair. Difficulty With FngTnnd. Our relations with England became strained soon after the French crisis was over. England had shown little respect for our newly formed nation and tho people had a series of grievances griev-ances against the Mother County, on account of Interference with our West Tndia trade and encouraglntr pirates to I prey upon our vessels in the Mediterranean. Mediter-ranean. There were other grievances of lone standing. The British still held a number of Western posts and refused to give them up or to pay for slaves carried off at the close of tho Rovolu- j tlon. The Impressment of seamen was nn- I other source of Irrl'oMon Many Ene- 1 i i ; 1 J yZss,yrs,?A:Zyr7 Zs&tr 6y&SC?Zr7y fTZ?& lish seamen had left tho land of their nativity and taken refuge on American vessels. Borne, although English born, wero naturalized American citizens, England refused to recognize the right of expatriation and seized these men on tho high seas. These outrages continued con-tinued and people began to clamor for war. Washington again desired peace and after a series of notes to Great P.rltain (for our first chief executive was given to the writing of many notes as well as President Wilson), the British Brit-ish minister modified the offensive order or-der in reference to French West India trade. Washington accordingly sent John Jay. Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court to London to concludo a commercial treaty with England. War was averted, but the Republicans wrath over it knew no bounds and there were riots and a copy of the treaty was burned before tho homo of the British Minister at Philadelphia. Jay was denounced as a traitor and burned in effigy. Hamilton Hamil-ton was stoned when he attempted to defend the treaty and tho country from Maine to Georgia was In an uproar Washington remained firm throughout the tempest and after a stormy session of Congress tho Jay treaty went Into effect, France was greatly angered over the Jay treaty and James Monroe, at that time Minister to France took it upon himself to assure that country that Jay was merely in England to demand "reparations for injuries' and when tho contents of tho treaty became known the French were dlsnleased nJ Monroe was recalled The French Minister Adet, at Philadelphia, be- ; tiavcd with more dignity ovor the reaty than did Monroe in Paris, but tie did meddle In American politics. How Adams Prevented War. Scarcely had John Adams been Inaugurated In-augurated when France began to harass the United States Government igain by demanding the return of Monroe and the retirement of his sue- ! ?cssor, Plnkhey. This angered Presl-Jent Presl-Jent Adams and he decided to send a special mission to France to adjust tho Inferences. In the meantime Congress prepared for war by telling the militia to be ready and by completing tho three frigates, the United States, the Constitution and the Constellation. The peace mission failed and everything every-thing seemed to Indicate war with France. Then President Adams with one stroke appointed another minister to Franco and tho incident was closed In peace Instead of war a peace that has not been broken In a century. Nine years afterward Adams was askod what h considered the greatest great-est act of his administration, and he Is said to have replied that he desired no other Inscription on his gravestone than this, "Here lies John Adams, who ri.-.l- nrAn U 1 r (V. IV. 1 1 I .. ""m ii.i.i T-ii uiu i tr;uyJ iJ3i ui 1 11 y of peaco with France." "Fifty-Four Forty Or Fight." Again during the administration of John Tyler we had an unpleasantness with England over the State of Oregon and only cool heads prevented a clash with Great Britain Spain also claimed Oregon on tho ground of discovery, but by the Troaty of 1S19 quit claimed Vr titlo to land north of the forty-lecond forty-lecond parallel to the United States. This left the United States and Great Britain the only disputants. Great Britain offered to accept the forty-second forty-second parallel a8 far as the Columbia River and from thence onward the Columbia River the boundary. The government of the United States declined de-clined to accept this as well as a proposition to submit to arbitration Tho American public was indignant over arbitrating anything with Great Britain and the political watchword for the presidential campaign became "Fifty-four forty or fight." James K. Polk was elected chief executive on a platform which asserted the rightful claim of the whole of Oregon to the 1'niicrl States. The dispute was finally final-ly amicably settled by a treaty In July, 1S1C. and again war was averted by diplomacy. The Rights Of American Citizens. Franklin Pierce too had his difficulties difficul-ties with foreign nations One of these occurred in 1853, which shows that even in the early days the American Amer-ican citizen was protected abroad as well as at home. A man named Martin Kostza, of Hungarinn birth, had taken part In tho Revolution of 1S48. and eml-lJ eml-lJ to the T'nlted Spates and de- i . ' i ?vzrzy clared his Intention of becoming an American citizen. Ho went to Smyrna, Turkey, on private business, was arrested ar-rested and taken to tho Austrian brig of war Huezar, and conflnod there In chains Tho American officials protested pro-tested tn the Turkish government and to the Austrian officer without avail. Elnally on July 2. 1 553, Captain Tngraham. of the United States sloop of war lying In the Smyrna harbor hreatenef to open fire if Kostza was not surrendered to him by 4 o'clock. Tho Austrian Consul" agreed that Kostza should bo held by tho French Consul until some agreement could be reached Raron Hnlsemann. the Austrian Aus-trian Charge d'Affalrs at Washington then wrote a letter to Secretary of c' its Marey demanding a reprimand he riven to the acrent; of the United' States and that "Austria bo tendered a satisfaction proportionate to the out-rage" out-rage" The request was based upon the Txound that Kostza had never ceased to become an Austrian citizen. Marey's reply Is one of the famous diplomatic documents of this country. Tn this Secretary Marcy declared that ! Kostza when seized and Imprisoned I was invested with the nationality of (the United States, and it was therefore : the right of our country, If they ehose 1 to exercise it, to protect him. Kostss was relented and allowed to return to the United States. Captain Ingra-ham Ingra-ham was given o medal by Congress 1 and the Ineldent closed without a serious seri-ous rupture. Lincoln And Cleveland On Tho Monroe Doctrine. President Lincoln had occasion to nforce the Monroe doctrine through the attempt of foreigners to establish a monarchy In Mexico Ho expressed an unqualified disapproval of the I French invasion and at the end of. our Pivll War took such a determined 'stand against foreicn control of Mex-i Mex-i !rr. that Prance withdrew her suonort to the new monarchy and It fell, causing caus-ing the death of Maxmllllan, the new Emperor. Lincoln always declared that by ploughing around a delicate' situation it could be cleared up without with-out an unpleasant break and In this particular case ho succeeded admirably. admir-ably. The boundary lines between Venezuela Vene-zuela and Guiana caused an unpleasantness unpleas-antness between the United States and Groat Britain during the administration administra-tion of Grover Cleveland and had It not been for the good offices of our chief oxacutlve. Venezuela would probably prob-ably have been gobbled up by Great Britain. The little country broke off relations with England wnen she felt that she was being cheated out of her land and resorted to public opinion. President Cleveland had pronounced ideas on the Monroe doctrino and made an Illusion to arbitration In his mcssago to Congress. This body a onco passed a resolution recommending recommend-ing arbitration and Secretary Olney sent a noto to Great Britain to that effect. Tho answer came hack that "Great Britain had nothing to arbl-I arbl-I trate." President Cleveland at once pent a special message, sharp In Its tone to Congress In reference to tho matter a vigorous protest against the violation of the Monroe doctrine Con-I Con-I gress at onco appropriated a fund of $100,000 for a commission to lnvesti-I lnvesti-I gate "the true divisional line between Venezuela and British Guiana," Before Be-fore that commission had time to report re-port Great Britain notified the United States that she was ready to arbitrate tho matter and another unpleasant Incident In-cident closed. The di-nity of the United States haB not stiffered by reason of these adjust- H ments of International situations through tho acts of diplomacy. Our government Is perhaps the most respected re-spected In tho world for Its spirit of fairness and its contention that other lands and other peoples have rights H I which tho rest of the world Is bound to respect, and in according that prlv- ' liege to others, we have not forgotten I we have rights which must be considered con-sidered and that we stand ready to ' defend those rights to the limit when all peaceful means havo failed to so-them. |