Show 4 U Uses L- L Lh h for Fiddle F S Ol 01 IHLI S ses Lightning 19 lor 1 e String AM n IT and Earth for Sounding Board AS s Yf I Th hIV r. n u E u IU IT ll lland and is is Heard Many Miles Away OUT OCT t 4 t. I r I r Ja N. N L L. ILSON Oo I thou send lightning tout that tl y I nut rosy go and say ay unto thee lice Ucro licto we WC weare ar are are- Job Job UI 85 J I II I A few da days day ago the jire pre prese dispatches dispatch 1 V told of ot the tho e establishment o of a wireless It graph service J between I i and lh th the Table Head station ai i jj bay lollY on the Island of or Cape Breton tho the northern part of or th the pros pro lace face of at Not No ova a Scotia coLlo It was the tho rl fIrst t time wire Irel lean m VMS K gee have u been I 1 guaranteed transmission for Cor such uch great I i A It 5 as u 1901 Marconi tent sent elg- elg flats II the Atlantic In Ill 1502 he lie tat fiat h ho he had sent ent and received I IJU messages d. d And quite recently tho the thoI 1 I States Slates t station at Itt Point Loma Lc Cal Cat reported that it h had been I talking with will u a battleship oft off the thu coast j I IO of Florida But tho those were occasional I messages and apparently under faI fa- fa a- a voas voa's bl conditions I Now ow Marconi Is h. actually I sendIng the i Hy linings and they go su and No say y to him I j 7 1 we ar are I l 1 lt sti t. t tho Ll LI i For tho force Coree that Marconi uses Is Isa Isas i a ati as old old as If the this lightning itself Poo Poo- Poof I f pit did not know it was uvas there however I f und and It Is 11 only of or a very rec recent nt date I that scientists scientist tH themselves have hac been 1 aUe to harness harneN it I I Ever lver since man nian was op on the earth ae lie knew that lightning gave g forth orth I light What hut light was ho lie did not know perhaps does docs not know lenow now but scientists ad- ad have a theory theor which ha has stood many t tests and anti affords a u. pO possible explanation explanation ex ox- for tor many phenomena The Tho theo theory used to explain the phenomena of or light is hI closely allied to that u used us-ed ed to explain tho phenomena na of ot wireless telegraphy telegraph 1 The theory theor Is Ig that light Is analogous to sound bound It has long been known that lint sound or what produces the sensation in a mans man's brain that he calls sound Is made up of waves of ot air all Tho The tympanum num nian of ot the lie human car ear Is s so o arranged arrange that lint it responds to air waves wave of or a certain tam lain tain length and those these arc are what we wc really h hear Air All waves wa are arc of or orar varying varying vary vary- arIn In ing lengths If It the lie length is too short or too lon long the human ear car does docs not distinguish an any ciny sound u cs of ur The theory of or the scientists is that light is also a kind hind of ot wave not wave not of air but of or what chiat the they call ether Ether is the Ineffable something something- that all space For instance the tho at atmosphere ut- ut mo of ot the earth it Is Js supposed extends above the earth only a limited distance D Beyond rond that sa say scientists extending as us fat far n as thought can think IB Is something which the they call ether Ether is the medium by which the I energy from tho sun reaches the earth cart carthin 1 In the form forni of light This ether not only is everywhere c he beyond ond the tho earths earth's limits according to the theory but it Is also everywhere through tho thu earths earth's limits It Is between between be be- tween the time molecules of water and air By ny moans menus of at It It Ills Is possible to take a photograph through u brick or 01 a wOO wooden wood wood- en wall The rue sensations on the retina of or the eye eyo which man mun culls calls light aro th thio rc tho re rc-j rc suit other ethier J of bf var ln suit of ot vos of varying length b but bt t all ili allery very ery small Of or l long ni waves tho retina of or the thc eye can not take tako account just as us the tympanum of ot tho the ear car can not take lake account of or th the thelong thelong long waves of or air But Hut there are long lyng waves of ether just as us there then are ure long Jong- waves of air all It Is these long waves of ether that me ule harnessed cJ b by Marconi l with his hlf wireless s telegraph Instruments lico lL l h by Mathematician 1 a n. n It was James Jame Clark Maxwell of England England England Eng Eng- land who first demonstrated that the medium which Marconi and ami the other Inventors use Is Ii tile the same as that lint of light Mr r. r Maxwell laxwell did so EO and his deductions were afterward afterward after after- ward borne out h by experiments of other philosophers Just as another mathematician demonstrated the presence presence pres pres- ence of or a D. hitherto unknown planet planel an and told when it could be seen from the earth In each cacti case subsequent developments de 10 bore borc out tho the theories es established es- es b by the ma mathematicians th That was 40 years Q ago o Twenty one years ago Professor Protessor HeinrIch Hertz of ot Germany German demonstrated by experiment ment meat what Maxwell had demonstrated b by figures Hertz's experiment was as follows An electric current after passing through an nn induction coil coll was made to pass across u l gap saP in the circuit thereby producing a spark At the same samo time a ring of or metal with a small gap in it U was held hold at nt some distance dis lIs- its its- tance from foin the spark gap sup attached to the induction coil coll This ring was van entirely en en- entirely unconnected with any electric current yet ct an electric spark spurk jumped jumpe across that gap also The spark sparl gap which ha had produced the short rapid oscillations of ether which ar are arc culled light had also ulso prod produced produced pro pro- d long r r 1 0 o lIa ns or wa waves cs traveling lIil thu thi peed spi but not l ILI t- t ti t t ih h.- h. o a- a light Thi- Thi Thie Th-io e os- os u IKI H wa l f ho lion I f I r f b tn ea able to I treat treat- an un t 1 ener energy lit lla th the ring of ot wire win vir nut connective with Uh a current sufficient to cau cause e thu th an answering spark I to jump across th the second PI j I Here was wan food rood fur for the In Inventors and anti the development de of wireless t telegraphy wa W waI- waI vapid rapid after that thai The next im important Im- Im step was the Development I of or orthe th the an s it is called by Prof Professor Pro Pro- f fessor o. o of ot France Prunce Tills This Is III a 11 aery avery el very ery looking Instrument but It Itla itIs la Is th the th thing that makes the ea l telegraphy possible In a gIa glass tube tub are In inserted erle two 0 sil silver I ver er tuh tubes one from each end the ends not quite bite meeting within the tIme lub tube lube Between Be lIe- I tween the ends end arc are placed m metallic filings When th the silver rods rod are ate connected con con- Heeled with a weak electric circuit the resistance ofT utTered offered b by the loo loose e illings til ill ill- ings is such that the time current will not pass pan through them In other words th the tho circuit which ml may ho bo connected with a telegraph sounder is IH open Loh Cohere rc But nut when the lie wa waves of ot ether from a n transmitting wireless telegraph station arc are allowed to act acton acton acton on the the tho metallic filings s In inthe tho the glass glans tubo cohere cohee as it is CUlled called so 80 that the weak electric current will vilI pass pas through them The circuit is closed and the telegraph sounder makes a click When lien tho the operator at th the ke key In iii Chicago on an ordinary telegraph In Instrument In- In strument presses hl his kc key he closes a circuit which causes the sounder at Salt Snit Lake to make malec a click When hen the Chicago o man takes the pressure pressur off ore till the JP J.P. key at Chicago the circuit is ain again open and lie tho at Salt Lake responds With the lie wireless wire wire- less Jess telegraph machine the circuit is broken b by simply I tapping the This causes S the metallic grains to de ude- cohere and the tho electric current again will ill not flOt pass pasc through them The circuit circuit cir cir- cult is 11 broken The operator at Chicago o b by regulating regulating regu regu- lating the lie Intervals at the circuit circuit cir cir- cult Is broken and closed sends sculls dots un and dashes A dot lot Is mado made at Salt Lake when the circuit is closed cloe for but an Instant A A. a. a dash is mado made I when the circuit Is closed for a Jon longer cr time Exactly the he same somo when the cIrcuit circuit cir cIr- cir cir- cult In which the tine cohere plays It Its part pan is closed and opened Wireless Ircle Meant Telegraphy Branly discovered cred the tho coher r in un und since that hat time the world has had wireless telegraphy telegraph Guglielmo Marconi was born In Ital Italy In I. l. He lIe was 5 years old when Maxwell 1 died and 1 17 j when Branly discovered the tho It has been and I Is yet ret a u. race between him and other inventors In notable among whom is Dr Oliver Oll Joseph Lodge of ot England as to which would soonest discover the most practicable methods of or making s telegraphy u commercial prop prop- Marconi claims ho has done tIone doneIt It now Lodge and other Inventors claim that Marconi Is infringing on their patents Each Euch scientist I Is tryIng trying try- try In Ing to dl discover covel a different method of availing a himself elf of tho the discoveries erl s made mUtIe b by Hertz and antI Branly What What Marconi Marconi claims tp hUe have done Is to adjust t his receiving Instrument so so that it will r respond to waves caves only of the thc size and antI kind sent gent out h by tho he sending station In other wor words 18 ho lit ha has hins tuned tinned the tho Instrument at to 10 that lint at Glace ba bay O 0 Oun n mm LI When hen the thc scientist sends lends a spark across a a. bpark spai-k gap ho I is creating I lightning hl Wireless s t. t telegraphy I is simply sim pI ply harnessing the thu lightning thus thu cre cre- Im-I Im abed The length of ur the lie waves created say scientists scientists' depends simply on the length of the spark gap I There There- are aae ripples on the surface of or the ocean and there are arc also huge hugo waves The light created corresponds to the rip rip- j pies plea The huge hug rollers In the world of I ether are arc the waves I On this theory the longest wa es s I creat created d on the tho earth are ure possibly those created by lightning as tho electric current jumps from Crom cloud to cloud I With powerful electric engines the current can be made to jump many ninny I feet thus creating huge disturbances of ether I The ether waves that are arc known us I light wI U not pass hass through some solid substances such as n brick or orwood I wood tood They will wll pass through slabs glass to u u. certain extent If It the glass Clas Is thick thc they are partially absorbed and if thick enough probably would not get sel through Thc They are mere mer ripples of oC X- X X Longer ether waves wa will pass through brick walls and this makes X ray photography possible Th There re are arc more ripples and und are arc not so easily I stopped You can not take tale an X X-ra ray X-ray photograph through metal however CI It is only a a. matter Marconi explains of or the thc size of ot th the ether wave created I to send it almost any desired distance I A b huge ugo ocean billow is not easily V stopped slopped It plays with rocks weighing weigh weigh- I lag ing tons as if It they were pebbles Ether waves are arc hindered by the I obstacles they pass through and ad particularly par par- by metallic substances If It the obstacle Is too big the ether wave I I Is stopped Then you have hare to mako make a stronger wave Va Another peculiarity of the ether Nave e ave is that It travels tra in a 0 straight line li ii cli cis in ill Straight rn t Line It If is absolutely certain said ProC Proe sur Nur or Joseph F F. Merrill 1 of the I physical science science- department nt of fir th the tho H of ol It tl r i waves es J ai ui-i- ui n t I I. I tn ins allY t IK cl d' d l' l d tI Thy y 11 must t travel rinel almost I in II n a II Jill To a limited extent youcan you youcan you can an get ct light t. t to 14 shine shim around a corn corner r. r I under rt ln condition But Hut the Jc- Jc EleCtiOn Is Ie 90 so small that It Is 18 pm certain that the waves which h I Marconi utilize utilizes In ti to Glace bay bely via via- when hit hi- messages Crum I Cornwall pus past not oV over r the tho ocean but through tnt tat oC ocean and th the tb earth parth In a n I p. p The cural curvature ur of th the I earth Arth In n tIll the 2100 miles traveled bv h- bythe the c. current I is very veny considerable An II Imaginary nary straight lIn line hind drawn rawn front from 1 I Ithe the sending station at t tin tin- i receiving ln station at GlAce Glac bay would at bo be 11 0 miles below ih Ihl I surface of ef r the water r. r That lii r I litho line marks the path of or the tho waves The problem before Marconi uis wa as I to tu create waves fOlI of vf such sueh u mi ma magnitude that they would overcome the electrical resistance of the substances substances sub Hub I stances in the earths earth's crust so 80 fur ato fIc a IIII to be able abc to make muke themselves elves felt It in iii inthe I Ithe the at Glace bay Make Make- Ool In Wn cV tn With th Marconi It was wu simply a uis ui's s- s tion of or power H Ho lie u uses e a a. spark park gap four fe te feet t long Jong The ho lightning streak he ho creates when the he button is pressed l is that long It creates oscillations of ot I ether many times timues as as the thc thein in infinitesimal in- in t light waves wa They are arf via via- lent enough when ii J leaving that when the they each reach Glace ba bay tho they can still act on the r. r There is Just t one other othe thing timing about wireless tele telegraphy that mA may b be deemed worth worthy of note That is the tuning It is Js for this his purpose that thaI the tall tail towers towels surround S tho ho Marconi sending an and receiving stations as well 11 as those of or other systems of wireless s telegraphy gain Again the analogy of or sound illustrates One may min cause a taut taul wire who to tu vi vibrate vi- vi brate bi-ae said milt Professor Merrill but onless unless unless un un- less it ft is attached to a n sounding board hoard 1 the tho soun sound Is comparatively weak and antI not heard at an any great distance But nut when the wire ire Is fa fastened to 0 the tho sounding board of ot a piano or to a aio violin vio io lin un the same tono tOllO ma may be produced as us before but ut the volume yo is much larger and antI th the sound oun waves eH travel tra much farther l Ten for Sounding 1 Board I Marconi has one wire from his instrument connected with the earth The other extends Into Inlo the ho air for a considerable distance Usually it IH Is a series of or wires that extend Into the air ala The These e wires are ure connected with the poles poles- of the lie spark gap gup on the sending end and with tho lie poles pote of th thi the on the receiving end Their volume the wa CI effect is to give to of or ether Just a as the box of ot the violoncello violon cello gives given heH volume to the waves of al air that produce the lie sensation of It sund In other words Marconi makes the thc thelI lI lightning cause the ether oscillations oscillation for foi him and uses se the lie earth and th iii thair air as hl his sounding board Marconi also ulso has 1 an apparatus fo for tuning his In Instruments for which n ii claims that thal only when Instruments a aV aVin 1 in harmony can earn messages ag's 1 t sent from frum one to the other In n thi w |