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Show I FAMOUS 1 PEACE0 TREATIES By H. IRVING KING (Copyright, 1919, by the McClure Newa paper Syndicate.) THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1 648. A Religious Upheaval That Lasted for Almost a Lifetime. This gigantic conflict known as flu1 Thirty Years' war was the longest war that has afflicted mankind, at leasi since the dawn of modern history; though that series of wars between France ami England which extended from 13ISS to 1-153 is sometimes inaccurately inac-curately referred to as the "Hundred Years' War." The Thirty Years' war Is often called a religious war, but it was a war In which religion was made the handmaid hand-maid of politicians and the excuse of ambitious princes; the mightiest kingdom king-dom on the Protestant side was (he Catholic nation of France, swayed by Cardinal Richelieu, and the Lutheran elector of Saxony did not hesitate to ally himself with the oppressor of the Bohemian Protestants. First Overt Act of the War. The story that the first overt act of WW arose from two soldiers of differ-el.t differ-el.t nationalities approaching a well to get a drink and getting into a light as to who should first have the bucket, Tassoni, Ow Italian poet, has embalmed em-balmed ir his mock-heroic poem, "The Rape of the Bucket" If he did not Invent In-vent It. At any rate the stage of Europe Eu-rope was set for war and war came. In May of 161S the Bohemian Protestants Prot-estants rose in rebellion nnd the conflagration con-flagration rapidly spread over continental conti-nental Europe. Men. were born, grew to manhood and died knowing no world but a world at war. A man of fifty could only remember that it was before he attained bis majority that there had been no war; war had come to seem the normal state of the world. In this war were made the military reputations of Gustavns Adolnhus. king of Sweden, Tilly, Wallenstein. Turenne nnd Conde. Central Europe was the battleground and lite fortunes of war favored first one side and then the other. It would take volumes to detail the campaigns and battles of this war and its Shifting politics. In the long run ihe Protestant side, through the fighting pover of the Swedes and the might of Catholic France, got the best of it. Meantime Europe was becoming utterly ut-terly exhausted in men, money and commerce and industry. The pope suggested negotiations for a peace and in Kill Louis XIII of France signed the preliminaries for a conference. But Cardinal Mazarln, who bad succeeded Richelieu upon the denth of that great statesman, did not desire peace until be bad further humbled some of Ihe Catholic powers, especially Spain. Peace Delegates Met at Munster. However, three years after Louis nnd signed the preliminaries peace delegates met at Minister. The congress con-gress accomplished nothing, the delegates dele-gates spending their time In squabbles over matters of precedence and etiquette. eti-quette. It was hardivork to get them to enter a common council chamber for fear one envoy would enter the room before Ihe other, or to sit at anything any-thing but a round table for fear one should sit at the head of it. Their retainers re-tainers fought in the streets for the right of way. The conference was removed re-moved to Osnabruck with like results The war still going on, the fluctuations of battle caused a fluctuation of demands de-mands on the part of the envoys. The house of Austriu split in two, the emperor em-peror desiring the peace for which all central Europe was clamoring, but Spain refusing to treat. Finally in October of 1G4S, after four years of negotiation, the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia waa signed at Munster. This treaty put nil end to the period of so-called religious wars and also to the supremacy of the house of Austria in Germany. France and Sweden were the principal beneficiaries, bene-ficiaries, the latter receiving large German Ger-man possessions with three votes in the diet, as well as an indemnification in money. France was confirmed in the possession of Verdun, Toul nnd Metz and most of Alsace. Germany was left in a horrible state mi-er-ially ; but had wan liberty of conscience and a promise that laws, taxes and peace or war should be decided upon only by a free assembly of all the "estates" of the empire. I TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, 1748. The Peace Treaty Following a War Started by Frederick of Pruss a to Get Himself Talked About. On October 18, 1748, there was signed at Aix-la-Chapelle a treaty of peace negotiated by the wisest statesmen states-men of Europe a treaty that put an end to the War of the Austrian Succession, Suc-cession, which had been going on for eight years. This war over the question ques-tion as to who should succeed to the Austrian throne not only disturbed Europe but its firebrands, flung across the Atlantic, lit the torch of war in America, kept the British colonies in a state of unrest and burdened them with an expenditure of money nnd lives. Before the death of the Emperor Em-peror Charles VI of Austria be prepared pre-pared the "Pragmatic Sanction" providing, pro-viding, that the dominions of his branch of the house of Hnpsburg should pass to his slaughter, Maria Theresa. The nations of continental Europe agreed to it, but no sooner did Charles die than the Pragmatic Sanction Sanc-tion became "a scrap of paper" anil various claimants tox the Austrian throne arose. While the others talked, Frederick risun was surprised and taken prisoners. prison-ers. The most Important event of the war on this side of the water u-ns the capture ofythe immensely stror g position posi-tion of Louisburg, on Cape Breton island, by a colonial army under General Gen-eral Pepperell of Maine, assisted by a British fleet. Willlamstown, Mass., was taken by a body of French and Indians and Saratoga was ravaged. Alliance Betwee Russia and Austria. An alliance .between Russia and Austria hastened a desire for peace, and in April of 1748 delegates met at Aix-la-Chapelle and signed preliminaries. prelimi-naries. On October JS a definitive treaty was concluded. Everything in Europe was put back as it was before the war except that Prussia kept Silesia and the duchies of Palma and Piacenza were separated separat-ed from Austria. In America Lonhfa. burg was handed baf,- -France Eight years of war Ifi ony ,.esulted in enlarging UiebnKl(U.ies of prus. sla- i I I been accom plished. , nnrio,,,,,!. of Prussia acted. He had a " olt.fr the throne that year. On lVecember 1 23 he left a masked ball, stifled by post for the Austrian frontieit. "here he had secretly massed 30,00 men. and without any preliminarujMor any -declaration of war invadejB Aus- I h..r-' of British and French , jessions in America and French - jwer in India decayed. JT, Ju'ay says: "It was'only a truco ns.egards Europe; it was not even a nice in other parts of. the globe." trian province of Sib - MKw marking, "Let us make, !4Fwni' first plenty of reason for 71 --an be found afterwards." On anofl-'r occasion, referring re-ferring to this act, lv said: "I did it to. get mvself tnlke' about. A True H"len2ollern-There H"len2ollern-There were 3'000 Austrian troops in Silr'n wnen Frederick struck and, ugh re-enforcements were hurried f b' th.e en9 of Ja-arv Ja-arv the Prus'dns were masters of the province. .,anf- BavaHil' S2ain Sardinia. tc" nt OIlce 3olneJ ln to .. ' .'e "voiim: aueen before Pins. y ,h get all the best of the "fiicl--" Driven from ner capital, jj.-.ir Theresa sought refuge among Ij,' Hungarians, who received her Ioy-;y, Ioy-;y, raised an army and Jbegan the rffrugi'le. In June, 1742. Frederick coolly abandoned his allies upon re-' re-' ceiv.'ng the cession of the greater part of Silesia. Two years later he was fighting Austria again and got the rest of Silesia. England became an ally of Austria in. 1741, but it was not until 1744 that Louis XV formally declared war BgnJ,ns.t that country, not as an ally of Austria but in his own name and on hehall oi i re. .-v prencn army sent into the heart of the Hapsburg domains, and consisting of 100,000 men, was so badly handled that, when forced hack to Bavaria In 174M, if , could muster but 35,000. The French met with reverses in Italy, but gained the battles of Pontency (where the Irish brigade distinguished itself), of Raucous and La wield. The news that France and England were at war was first made known to America through the descent of a body of French fromCape Hreton 7Pon Cftnso, where thnish gar- |