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Show DESERET Impossible Journey: To Center Of 77 Thursday, Nl-Ttv .Editor' author enairmen of tf 8ritlh Irtrrpi'uien'Y Society for man year fallow of t th and Real Astronomical Socttrv. Ha waa ona of fna firtt to concaive of communication sail Ulin,, wrote the screen piay for 3CD1-SPACE ODYSSEY, and ha. autfered numerous I toon o', expiomftcv. Th. the of two articir excerpted from his book PROFILES OP TUI FUTURE, with permsswn of th Publisher, harper and Row.) into a form denser than lead. What we need to explore this region are waves that will pass through the solid Earth as pass through a human body, or light waves through the atmosphere. There are, if not waves, entities to which the 4,000 miles of rock hrt BY ARTHUR C. CLARKE omon, and no human had descended a hundred feet into the sea or risen more than 13 miles into the air. We have gone so far in so snort a time, and will as go obviously Something equailv penetrating is a most peculiar and r!usie atomic particle called the neutrino All other fragments of atoms are stopped by a few inches or, at most, a few feet of lead. But the neutrino, having no mass and no charge, can shoot through a lead screen millions of miles thick. Torrents ot them are sweep-iat 1SB.OOO miles a second, through Earth at this moment, and only one in a million notices the trifling obstruction. much farther, that I would like a question : Mr. Clarke g, to pose Is there any plai which wfll alway remain Inaccessible to us! One candidate spring to mind at We could not use either gravity or neutrino beams to give us close locks at Earths core. You cannot scan an object with rays that go through it completely. But If such extraordina. v entities exist in nature, there may be others that possess the properties we need to map the interior of cur plunct. once. Only 4,000 miles from where I am g is a point far more difficult to reach than the Moon or the farthest planet in our solar system. It is also 4,000 miles trom you; 1 reter to the center of the Earth. It is impossible to descend more than a few miles inside the Earth through any system of craters, caves or tunnels. The deepest mine goes down only 12,000 feet. Just as In the sea, the pressure below the Earth surface increase with depth, owing to the weight of the material above. As we go down Into the Earth the pressure rises three times as quickly as in the sea. When the bathyscaphe Trieste descended seven miles below the surface of the Pacific, there was a pressure of more tnan a thousand tons on every square foot of its surface. The same pressure would be reached only two miles inside die Earth. At the Earths center, the pressure Is estimated to be three million sit-tih- Earth is built like a d egg. Shell is a crust of rock layers 20 miles thick. Then comes the "white, or mantle, which extends to 1,800 miles. At center is "yolk," or core. How 21st Century astronaut may explore Ganymede, one of Jupiter's moons. Dealing with high pressures on Jupiter may help prepare us to explore deeper inside our own planet. electric currents to blast through rocks by heat, and an underground arc could burn its way through the Earth as fast as one could pour energy into it. Nuclear reactions are a logical source of such energy. Ultrasonic virbrations might also do the trick; they are now used on a small scale to cut through materials too hard to be worked with ordinary tools. , A nuclear-poweresubterrene is a nice idea. But there would be little point in putting a man in it; he would have to rely entirely upon the machine. All scientific observations and collections of samples could be done automatically. With no crew, the vehicle could spend weeks or months wandering around the roots of the Himalayas or under the bed of the Atlantic. ton? per square foot Under such pressures, rocks and metals flow like liquids. In addition, the temperature rises, reaching perhaps 6,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The greatest depth to which oil companies have so far drilled Is just over five miles. A drill hole, however, is not what most people have in mind when they speak of underground exploration, so let us look at some more exciting possibilities. The Russians have suggested using ' h hard-boile- hicle could sustain. This might be very high if it were filled with liquid to provide additional strength. In the laboratory, steady pressures of a quarter of a million tons per squaie foot have now been produced; this is equivalent to the pressure 400 miles inside the Earth. This does not mean that we can build vehicles theoretically capable of goiug 400 miles down, but 40 miles does not seen beyond the bounds of pos- d sibility. Temperature Is a less serious problem; apart from occasional hot spots like volcanoes, temperatures in the Earths crust, or upper rock layers, do not exceed 700 degrees. It appears, therefore, that we may eventually explore most of the Earths crust, which avermiles thick and extends to a ages maximum depth of about 40 miles. 20-2- 5 The depth of such an Earth-probwould be limited by the pressure the ve e To consider these, let us detour to the planet Jupiter, which our unmanned space probes will be circling in the 1970s. Jupiter is a world with 11 times the diameter of Earth, and more thau a hundred times its area. It is peror what we petually hidden by clouds cail clouds. Difficult though the problems of physi cally explori" the outer layers may be, they are quite trivial compared with those we would have to face if we hope to travel into the mantle (the 1,800 mile-thiclayer under the crust) or the core (from 1,800 miles down to the Earths center). No existing technology could help us here; all the materials and forces now available are hopelessly inadequate to deal with the combined effect of 6,000 degrees and three million tons to the square foot. But where we cannot travel, we may yet observe. We are building up what are virtually y crude photos of the Earth from the wave patterns produced by earthquakes and explosions. The patterns, however, tell us virtually nothing about the central core. The old theory that it is made of iron has been somewhat discredited, and it may turn out to be rock compressed k Nobody's Very Happy Over Special Session The Republican leadership especially resents any implication that the special , session is the result e! legislative failures or mistakes during the regular session. Both from the House and Senate floor and in hallway conversations, criticism has been leveled at Gov. Calvin. L. Rampton because of the s'ze and content of the special session agenda. . By M. DeMAR TEUSCHER ; Deseret News Political Editor 'Right from the outset, a deep undercurrent of disgruntled discontent has been readily discernible among lawmak- , ers ovei the current special session of the Utah Legisla- ture. Almost exception, without legislators appear to resent being called back Into session so soon after the conclusion of the regu- lar stint, y which ended only last March 15. Most of the discontent seemingly belief among stems from a widely-hel- d legislators that the special session was not really necessary that most of the items considered could have waited for solution until the 1970 budget session opens next January. , rank-and-fil- e Jibes at the governor have been both direct and indirect and range from accusations of playing politics (example: a GOP leader states, Dont ask me why this bill is before us. Ask tlie Democrat governor.) to labeling the chief executive a publicity hound. Criticism has by no means been confined to Republicans. The schism between the governor and some top Democratic legislators has been both obvious and deep. Much of it appears to stem from names presented and some not presented to toe Senate for confirmation. When Republicans YOUR HEALTH i Why No Cure For Glaucoma? , - By GEORGE C. THOSTESON, M.D. Dear Dr. Thosteson: Eye doctors are , so busy fitting glasses, I wonder if they ever figure on glaucoma cure. Please let me know the prospects for a cure. aw. ' Answer j I think you are being unfair. Every eye doctor would welcome a cure for glaucoma. As It is, a great deal can be dene to prevent glaucoma from causing blindness If it is treated early. Medication is sufficient in a great majority of cases; hi some instances, surgery is employed to reduct pressure inside the eyeball. That is, after all, the basic problem in glaucoma'. Too much pressure builds up inside the eyeball and, if not controlled, this pressure in time will destroy the optic nerve and cause blindness. And rebuilding or substituting a destroyed nerve Is one of the things that has not yet been accomplished. 'The earliest stages of glaucoma are difficult tor the patient to detect, but a quite simple test measuring the pressure of the eyeball will give warning. Somewhat later the patient can have such symptoms as blurred vision (which cannot be corrected by glasses), difficulty in seeing from the cuter edges of the eye, rainbow - colored haloes appearing around lights at night. Tlie answer to glaucoma is to be on guard against it and get treatment promptly. ey Never tike a dune on dabetetl For totter twleratandl tq at tit. dlMOua. writ to Dr. Thoiteton N ai cue to Itu (feaarat ftem, F.O. tm 1B110, tor a copr to Hw booklet, Cly, Utah Th Ptoaa ." anetoa a Catoa liuwky C atoftddraiHd, damp ad anvatowa and dents m cm to cover curt to prrtsi an tonfllnc. l i went into caucus the. first day and brought in prospective appointees for grilling, Senate Minority Leader Richard V. Evans, Lake, complained that "Democrat are not even been consulted by our own governor are made on appointments. lt Don't gripe about not being consult-ed by Republicans, retorted Sen. Merrill Jenkins, I havent City. even been consulted by our own governor on appointments.. When GOP Majority Leader Warren Lake, moved to go into exPugh, ecutive session to make some appointment decisions, it was Democratic Sen. Grant Whitman who. complained that he did not have a resume of the prospective appointees and I know hardly any of these people. Minority Leader Evans noted that he knew the Republicans but not the Democrats which led Sen. Richard V. Call, to ask if your governor ever lets you know whats going on. Senate President Haven J. Barlow, has been particularly galled by news stories indicating the special session was necessitated by legislative failures during the regular session. lt Barlow notes the necessity to call the Senate into session for confirmation of appointments. And he is willing to concede that the financial plight of cities unsolved by the regular and counties session may have been a legitimate reason for a special session. But he vehemently holds that the rest of the agenda, which consists of bills aimed at making technical amendments to bills passed earlier, bills which passed the Senate but not House and bills vetoed by Rampton after the regular session end for technical reasons, did not necessitate a special session. I do not necessarily object to them being presented at this time, along with the more critical matters, Barlow says. But I do object to anyone saying the session was necessary because we goofed during the regular session. Add it all together and it appears Rampton won no popularity contests on Capitol Hill this week. However, this probably wasnt what he had in mind when he called the session! Would You Like To Give A Concert? By HAROLD LUNDSTROM MUSICAL WHIRL Deseret News Music Editor - CONCERT ANYONE? How would one that is you like to give a concert sponsored? Very likely you might have tlie opportunity to be presented in a performances in a dozen cities throughout dozen the state. I ts easy enough. Well, almost Just ask Jewel J. Cutler, Marian Robertson, Beryl J. Shiley, Edelgard H. Loveland, Sally Peck, Glade Peterson, Raid Nibley, Percy Kalt, Jean Preston, Don Watts, Roy Samuelson, JoAnn Ottley, and many others, for example. All you have to do is do as they did i.e., win the Utah Concerts Council (UCCT audition. This year the audition is scheduled for May 17 in the Harris Fine Arts Center on the BYU campus in Provo. Dr. Harold T. Bentley, president of the UCC (an organization of nonprofit performing arts, agencies business managers', has announced that the UCC auditions committee will conduct the auditions. The committee includes. Dr. Clawson Cannon, chairman, Gladys Gladstone, and Paul Banham. for the auditions inRequirements clude the performance of one major as a sonata, concerto, aria work well as shorter works. All musicians who reside, or who are training, to Utah and who are between 17 and 32 years of age are eligible. Winnw w!S be notified ss won as possible after judging end the UCC eon r they can rttrara lx pre-ce- rt cert lookings throughout Utah and Idaho, where the UCC is represented. Dr. Clawson, who is assistant dean of tlie College of Fine Arts at BYU, announced: Tlie Utah Concerts Council believes this is one of the finest ways possible for young singers and musicians to take the step into professional work. The competition also enables musiq lovers throughout Utah and Idaho to hear talented young performers on their way up. Interested? Applications may be obtained from Paul Cracroft, UCC execu- -' five secretary, P.O. Box 200, Salt Lake City 84110. Applicants should apply no later than May 10. The UCC telephone or number is (801) 3 - APPOGGIATURAS The Salt Lake Scots Pipe and Drum Corps and the Royal Scots Pipe and Drum Corps are combining in sponsoring a Piping Workshop (which ought to interest all woodwind players) with Donald Shaw Ramsay of Edinburgh, one of the worlds greatest pipers. The workshop has been set for June . . .. . William Foxley, soon to be granted hi? Ph.D. from BYU in music education, was the lttrky wir.ntr of the New Intera national Library of Piano Music in set worth several hundred dollars the drawing at tlie final session of the UMTA convention Tuesday evening. It couldn't have been won by a more musician . . . And a ehslrroaa of fra Accreditation Committee, Mr, Foxley had the pri- vilege (it awarding Ibiw jveH-know- d Because of Jupiter's size Its gravity 1c more than two and a half times Earths, and the planet's atmosphere is compressed into a layer whic' may be only 50 miles deep. At the bottom of that layer, the pressure must mount to values which we know only in the depths of our oceans. To enter the atmosphere of Jupiter, we would need a bathyscaphe as well as a spaceship. There may be no definite solid surface on which any vehicle could land; the hydrogen in Its atmosphere may become steadily more dense until it turns first to a liquid slush, then to a metalic solid. Jupiter will be the laboratory In which we will learn to withstand, control and use really high pressures, and from this work may arise vast new industries. When we have learned how to survive the lower levels of the Jovian atmosphere, we may be better prepared to burrow into our own planet. Next: A trip Is tie edge the tun. Copter Contract Raises Questions ' By DREW PEARSON . Some More Of Our Rail Lore By HARRY JONES Wouldnt vou know it. The Golden Spike Railroad Symposium up at the University of Utah didnt get off on time. It was more than 10 minutes late getting started. Some of the railroad officials from both the Southern and Union Pacific started getting fidgety. They cant stand to have anything late. They look r.t their w ristwatches and act nervous. You can tell the rail officials by their wrist watches. All of the working railroad men have porketwatches 21 jewels and holes bored for r.vcm, os (he spying ... goes. But the delay was streamliner. David E. Miller, director of Western History Center up on Indian Hill, conducted toe symposHe didnt ium punch any tickets, but did a good job at the microphone. And once tlie show got on the track it made good time. One of the men presenting paper wa George Kraus, editor, bureau of new for the friendly S.P. He gave a few of the little known facts of the building of Central Pacific across the High Sierras. It was as difficult a job back in 1860s as putting a man oa the moon today, he raid. A fleet of ships was needed to bring rails around the Horn some 15,000 miles to California. He told the story of how a company official asked a shipping firm to get him three sturdy ships. And a price was quoted. The railroad man said they wouldnt do, when the first three ships were brought for him to inspect The company finally rounded up 21 ships in all. Take your pick, the Central Pacific man was told. Til take em all," he said. Had we known you wanted them ati. It would have been $10 more per ton, the ship company representative said. At one time, there were 8,(00 Chinese working on toe tunnels through the mountains and 3,000 more were working on the road beds. And no count of how many were doing laundry! (The laundry bit was not part of Mr. Kreus paper.) At one time, Central Pacific had 2,500 carpenters working at one time. The grade crew was 300 miles ahead of the track laying crew and toe thousands of workers and their horses had to be fed bay and food hauled from California. The crew mapped out Reno and built a station. At that time Reno was only 35 acres in size. When crews were at the top ot the Sierras, they worked through the winter with snow so high they had to tunnel through it When spring came, the snow was still piled 25 feet high on the side of the road, yet a sprinkling wagon had to go along every few minutes to keep toe road dust down. That year there were 44 snow storms, some of them putting as much as 10 feet of snow on the ground in one day. Weve just skimmed toe top ot a few of the little known facts of the building of the Central Pacific, but you can read It all In Mr. Kraus new book . , High Road to Promontory." , and JACK ANDERSON WASHINGTON May 8, 1969 OT f.lAft JONES and metal are as transparent as a soap bubble. One is gravitation. I have never met a physicist who would give me a straight answer to the question Is gravity propagated in waves? but there is no doubt that It goc--s straight through the Earth as if rock and mntnl werent there. Only 100 year ago the Earth poles were unknown, much of Africa was still as mysterious as in the time of King Sol- - AH NEWS, On top of the disclo- sure that the Air Force falsified reports n about the transport plane, this has learned of another Lockheed contract scandal that the Army has tried cql-um- to suppress. Lockheed Aircraft is developing a combat helicopter, called the Cheyenne, whose costs have soared far more spectacularly than have the experimental models. Indeed, Lockheed encountered so much difficulty with rotor instability that a Army advisory committee warned the company to conduct extentests before sending up sive another test pilot Lockheed ignored this advice and scheduled a test flight over tlie Pacific on March 32. The pilot began putting the Cheyenne through its paces off the California coast not far from the site of Union Oils great undersea oil leak. blue-ribbo- n wind-tunn- Witnesses said three of the helicopters four main rotor blades flew off, the craft exploded in the air, and the debris scattered into the Pacific. Test Pilot David Bell was killed. Now It develops that the Army document granting the Cheyenne research contract to Lockheed was signed by WilEnd . lis Hawkins, then Assistant Secretary of the Army in charge of research, who I know a kid who has written on so came to the Pentagon from Lockheed he gets rejection slips many walls and later returned to Lockheed. from the janitor. During the competition for the Cheyenne contract. Hawkins also attended a A tragic loss to the musical world is HitiiiiiiiiiuiiimunminiinniiiimnninnniiiiiiliiimntiimuiiR meeting at which the proposals from a reported in this week's Time magadozen rival companies were discussed. conU.S. zine. Died. Julius Katcher., 42, Yet he had signed a stipulation that he cert pianist and recording artist, considwould disassociate himself from any ered one of the worlds foremost permatter, involving Lockheed. formers of Brahms; of cancer; in Paris. He was also required to sell his Loch-hee- d child prodigy who A New Jersey-borstock, gave up his stock option and made his debut at 11, Katchen won severed all ties with the company. Yet acclaim for his brilliant performances of when he left the Pentagon in June 1966, Brahms complete solo works, also rehe returned to his former desk at Lockcorded some of Beethovens major conheed as vice president In charge of certos and was at home throughout the science and engineering. range of classical repertory. Though he A company spokesman assured this was well known at home, his greatest column that Hawkins had excused himpopularity was in Europe, where he spent self from the Pentagon meeting before most of hs adult life, exemplifying in his the Cheyenne proposals were discussed playing the ambience of an older world. and that he had not participated in the Mr. Katchen gave two brilliant, decision to award the contract to Lockrecitals In Utah. The first heed. The reason he signed tlie authorizwas given in Kingsbury Hall, Dec. 1, ing document, the spokesman explained, 1962, sponsored by the Salt Lake Civic was that he happened to be Acting SecreMusic Association, the second was at tary of the Army at the time. BYU, March 12, 1964. A year ago, New Yorks Rep. Otis Hiere are more than 17 million young Pike asked L. Mendel Rivers, the House Americans who play musical instruments Armed Services chairman, to investigate and receive musical instruction in the skyrocketing Cheyenne costs. Pike schools and with private teachers comalso cited Hawkinss apparent conflict of pared to only 2(4 million 20 years ago. interest. Whatever extent hp participated according to BMI. There are more than in the decision, he was the Amys in all 70.000 instrument;1! organizations rejcirch thief at t!"5 time Loci heed was the schools in the USA, wNi 7.729 orch'v awarded the contract. "like we told Junior: 'Where tras. 51 OGO bands, and 11.500 stage to investiYet R.vfis llatly rclu-e- d would you be ' if the bank that bands . . . gate Lockheed, although he has sent ins aides and secretaries all over the world In tlie midst of campus riots and demgave us the loan for your educamost the matters. trivial It of one most Americas popution didn't trust anyone over 30?" investigating onstrations, lar folk singers, Judy Collins, has given has also been reported that Rivers pulled From photo ty Llml V. MeHly Ior thp bp singing prowt songs. I finally a brings inside the Pentagon to get the Dmr popular (tolly My tvttoy ! CA contract tor Lockheed plant in decided, she said I couldnt be a political agitator with ray muria.' Marietta, Ga during the awards the session. Receiving banquet were John D. Ensign of the Box Elder Chapter, Elaine Hadfield of Timpanogos Chapter, and Lulu Jean Secrist of South Davis Chapter . . . teachers their Certificates Wit' ... BIG TALK n |