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Show a J ' I i i i : I k J ; i 1 '.'i 1 i (I ! ' Chicago Scientists Out Have Figured Their Relationship Strong Muscles Make Strong Brains the mind, and most of the results which have been obtained are along that line. The work of these men i Chicago seems destined to be the beginning of a movement which will result in making the education of the young not a nutter of theory, as it has always been in the past, but an exact science. Relation of Bodily Strength With Mental Grasp The course of the investigation was most iiiicre-iiuBefore these men went to work it was generally understood that there was any direct relationship, for instance, between the strength of the grip of a child's hand and the ability of his mind to grasp facts. No one assumed that steadiness and endurance of muscles bore at all on ability to concentrate thought on school studies, or that the size and shape of school desks and seats had anything to do with the progress in their studies of the children who worked at and sat in them. The fact that many children had weak eyes was but weak eyes were recognized; scarcely considered an excuse for bad class standing. Deafness was known to afflict thousands of children, but just what relation it bore to their ability to. learn geography or arithmetic was not understood. All of these things, and many more, have now been worked out. The first work of the investigators was to take a fair proportion of the children of various specific grades from a number of schools and subject them to tests of many kinds. Their eyesight was carefully investigated in a search not only for nearsightedness, but for and other defects. The results were amazing. Hundreds of children were found to be suffering from defective vision-m- any of them so seriously that the trouble had effect upon their studies. In most cases the children themselves and their parents were ignorant of it, and, this being the case, it was not surprising that their teachers should have also been unaware of the pupils handicap. A little research showed that many children who had been slow to learn lessons written upon blackboards had been prevented from so doing not by EDWARD MARSHALL. the Chicago Board of established the world' IX lirst "Department of Child Study Investigation." and Pedagogic a little group of The department pioneer investigators has tn working since then to find out between a child's niiud ,(( relation Many discoveries md a cliild's body. the highest interest and importance been made, and, although they uv al are attracted the attention of educationists all the world iver, they are now given to the gen-public for the first time. a Despite the old saying about withy mind in a healthy body, anv false impressions have existed It has been onerming this matter. he general belief, tor instance, that wily bright children were likely to e physically weak; that brain was likely to decrease bodily But it has been conclusively LCtivity. proved in Chicago that the healthy nr or girl stands a much better :hince of being the brainy" boy or The ;irl than does the weakling. Chicago scientists have demonstrated hat the nearer normal a child's body , the Bearer normal its mind will Those cases of unusual probably be. nrntal abilities in weak children (and he reverse!, which do unquestionably xit. may be set aside as exceptions which prove the rule. Most of the Chicago investigators assume that hildren who are both Weak and frsht are bright in spite of, and not bnuse of, their weakness, and that f they had strong instead of weak kdies they would be much brighter. BY Edu-i-atii- itfoS 'ii nt nl ac-ivi- ty color-blindne- Linking Physical nd Mental Training The if Chicago has been created rial is unquestionably the strongest linkicpimnit ever advanced for the ng of physical and mental training. All of the early investigations of the Chicago os this strength nd the searchers after truth hinged relationship between the of development of the body strength and development of ESCAPE ss Of SIGHT, HEARING AMD HAND MOVEMENT; dullness, but by the fact that they had really been unable to see them. This, of itself, was. bad enough, but the result was worse. The child, severely criticised by a teacher ignorant of his misfortune, had, in many instances, made such desperate efforts to correct his faults that he had still further injured his eyes by overstrain. An eye defect that has been found to be infinitely more common than it s. was supposed to be is Nearly 7 per cent, of the children examined have been found to be colorblind in some degree, and therefore unable to intelligently grasp many color-blindnes- matters. After the investigation of the school children's sight had developed such important and unexpected results, the matter of hearing was considered. The fruit of this investigation was no less startling and enlightening. There was quite as large a proportion of children unable to get the full benefit of lessons and explanations delivered orally as there was of pupils unable to see well those which were presented on the blackboard. These two investigations and their astonishing results led to the sending of many hundreds of cards to parents, telling them that their children were Buffering from rye or car diseases, or from both, and advising that they should be immediately taken to a doctor. Every teacher in Chicago is now on the lookout for signs of defective eyesight or hearing, and large numbers of cards are being constantly sent out. The parents attention has been drawn to more than 10,000 cases. But almost every other physical characteristic has been carefully studied, and many useful things have been learned about the relation between other parts of a child's body and its mind. One of the most important subjects taken into consideration was the matter of desks and seats. In the past, in almost all the public schools the world over, each grade has been fitted with arbitrarily selected desks of graduated sizea. The work in Chicago has shown that in large proportion of cases such desks fail utterly to meet the demands of health, and, therefore, must have a bad effect on scholarship. It was found that desks and seats of improper sizes for the children who sit in them and work at them impede circulation of the blood, injuriously affect many of the vital organs by necessitating unhealthful postures, cause a muscular strain unhealthful to young people, induce undue fatigue, and, in some cases, even result in The investigators spinal curvatures. quickly decided that anything which could have such effects upon a child's body must unfavorably influence his mind. It was found also that the discomfort entailed by improper desks and seats seriously distracted the attention of the pupils and interfered with their school work, even where no definite injury had been done to health. Thus it is certain that incalculable harm has been done to uncounted thousands of school children in the past by unintelligent seating. Lack of funds has prevented the Chicago School Board from equipping all its schools with furniture to suit all children; but an effort has been t made to install in each grade a quantity of the improved furni stifli-cien- HISTORY OF THE GRANT FAMILY OF A MURDERER BY ELEANOR LEXINGTON. IS a question whether the name Grant is derived from the French and and quaintance's name was TALKING of murders word meaning great, grand, Club. the to that he belonged they are talked of daily valorous. If so, the family is of Richard Grant White was a memRichard Grant White, the ber of this club, and was interviewed French origin, and probably came late distinguished editor and by the detective who came to make I'rom Or the family may Normandy. in the He was interested :, had an experience with a tnur-- r inquiries. in be of Danish descent from Aquin de the see went and to prisoner case, which was, so far as I know, his cell, for lie had been remanded Grand, or giant. Then there is a Highire. without bail pending investigation. 1 land clan of Grants, one of the best c told it to me one soft English should have said that a person of a known of Scottish clans. the prisnoon, as we walked together name similar to that given by The earliest recollections of the famof the club, member a was oner really d neigh-ioough the green lanes in the in town. be ily begin with Gregory de Grant, or but he was not known to of Twickenham, near Lon-- I White had a long interview with Ghraunt, who was sheriff of Inverhave forgotten the names of the prisoner, and became convinced of ness in 1214, and the history of the This conviction of his persons involved, but the incidents his innocence. is interwoven with the history was, of course, in the teeth of the facts family distinct in my memory, based If the family is not of Scotland. of was and him, alleged against man was found murdered in his simply upon the impression which the Scottish origin, it early mgde a setn in a boarding house in New prisoner's manner produced. tlement in Great Britain. If. That evening White attended a He had been seen the previous One of the chain of fortresses afterwas theatre the same which ling going up to his room with wards called The Star. He sat on the which defended Scotland, Castle Ur her man of marked personal left aisle, in the middle of the sec- quahart, was held for the King by the aquiline-featuretion. After the performance, as the family called Grant of Grant. Gregory tall, thin, he was a peculiar scar under the left audience rose to depart, Sir John and see the prisoner, whom he de Grant's grandsons, He was never again seen alive, amazed to in defense Wallace three Sir or two joined cell Ralph, his in only had left had been stabbed through the hours before, standing up in the mid- of the liberties of their country, and y from behind; and on the table dle of the parquet, leisurely putting were carried prisoners to London. could be no a d knife, quite new, on his overcoat.wereThere In later times, one of the heroes of characterall the there mistake; the sale mark of a New York the lofty stature, the aquiline the family was Sir Colquhoun Grant, istics ler on the handle. On the blade features, the scar under the eye. It lieutenant-genera- l, one of the most dried blood. was surely the man. in the British serHussar dashing he knife was traced to the store White signalled to him to attract vice, who commanded a brigade at he dealer, and a salesman recalled his attention, and at last succeeded Waterloo, w here he had several horses irg sold it to a tall, hook-nose- d in doing so; but the nun seemed to killed miller him. two days before. The person and hurriedly left The firs; of the name in America had seen the strange man enter-th- e become before White could reach was Matthew- Grant, who came over theatre the vic-gathe boarding house with him. perplexed. W lute went on the Mary and John in i6jo with a detailed description of down Greatly and asked the his family, lie helped to found Windthe to station, a to the police. Five hours later had been re- sor, Connecticut, and his name figures the prisoner why captain d i answering the description was in his in almost every position of trust. The perplexed leased. captain, in a saloon on Broadway, and the prisoner was Among the offices lie held wa that that declared turn, n to the station. There he was , and old records in his cell at that moment, and of town ;,ktrp in his rented with the witness, who left it. They went down to- handwriting are of value and are still never had identified and positively sure enough, there he occasionally consulted. ' The salesman was then brought gether, and, As church deacon, it was one of mid his alibi was fully Matthew's duties to carry a pillow in recognition of the prisoner "Vhe prisoner's ; no less absolute. a cltan case to church every Sunday, within the next twenty-fou- r 'M prisoner asserted his innocence, proved both by the club member and to be placed on the desk as a cushion. hours, firing that he had bought no knife, clerk of the Chicago hotel. It This church, it may be noted, is the had never visited any New York by the oldest Evangelical Church in Amera case of mistaken identity been had irding house, lie said further that ica, and, with the exception of the extraordinarily minute resemblance an 1 real arrived in town from Chicago Southwark Church,. London, the oldthe arrested man and the iew hours before his arrest. He between was est orthodox Congregational Church The latter, who never murderer. 1 mur-ver known or heard of the in the world. had attended the captured, man, nor had he ever before The first military member of the mistaken by White for the was and either of his .identifiers. Being and ap- family was John Grant, born in Wind-so- r, White's gesture ,:f he had witnesses to support prisoner;recognition had alarmed him. Connecticut, in 1642. He was in hi. he said he had registered at parent lost no time in escaping. H King Philip's war. Lieutenant Solohad he and ton Mnall hotel inChicago three record of mon Grant was also in the Colonial is perhaps the sole case on identified by the wars. and that on his journey a murderer being York he had fallen into talk identification of an innocent nun who The muster roll of Captain Noah New York min. who had Grant's company in the French and like him. looked cards with him. He had mis Indian wars is still extant, dated JULIAN HAWTHORNE the card, but lie thought his ac Br JULIAN HAWTHORNE IT March 26, 1756. Reuben Grant served all through the Revolution; and in a list of American prisoners exchanged at New York, December, 1780, the name of Lieutenant Jesse Grant appears. The life of a maiden in Colonial times was not lacking in thrilling adventures. Take the case of the lieutenant's cousin. Grace Grant, afterwards the of Asabcl Green. Her adventures began in her school days, when she spent nearly half the night alone in a cabin with wolves, shy in the loft above, they below. "Stealing the bride" was a social function ill the wa the heroine early day-- , and of an episode, of this kind, but clever- - ap-an- ce d, lcng-blade- 1 1 - ve ar-if- blood in the Grant family, the char acterisiics of that nationality lived again in tlie General, who from boyhood days was famous for perseverance and truthfulness, as the following stories well illustrate: When a boy of blit eight years old he was anxious to own a colt belonging to a neighbor and treated for it in thi- - fashion: Mr. , my father says 1 may offer you (jo for the colt, but if you won't take that 1 am to offer $22.50. If you won't take that. 1 may give you $25." He got the coll, but he paid the full price for it. About this time he won a silver dollar by riding a circus mule which had hern trained to throw its rider. Several men and hojs tried to ride the animal, but all were thrown. At length a sturdy little fellow stepprd into the ring and said he would like to try that mule. He held oil bravely until almost round the circle, when he was thrown over the animals head, as the other had been. Jumping to his feet, and throwing off his coat and hat. he exclaimed: 1 would like to try that niulc again. This time he faced the crupper, coiled his leg- - around the animals body and seized hold of the tail. The mule exhausted all efforts to unseat his rider, hut in vain, and the lad earned his dollar, as well as the cheers of the audience. The name Ulysses was chosen for him because his grandmother had an enthusiastic admiration for the commander celebrated in Greek poetry certainly a wide departure from Puritan custom to select this name, especially when his ancestors through six generations had borne scriptural names one Matthew, two Samuels and three Noahs. To homebody who made inquiries a regarding the Grant representative of the family replied: "It may sound like a hull, but we shall never tind our arms until we put our hands in our pockri and raise funds to pay for a careful investigation of Matthew Grant's ancestry. Thr reproduced is one given to a brancli of the family in later times. It is gules, three antique crowns, or, within a bordure engrailed. Crest, on the trunk of an oak tree, sprouting, the sun shining. Motto, Stand fast, stand firm, stand sure. roat-of-arm- ch.-rk- ly ex-R- rd ture to accommodate the excessively tall and the excessively short among the pupils. But even when the most improved school furniture at present to be bought - installed in the public schools, something like a quarter of the pupils 11111st still be placed in scats and at desks likely to injuriously affect their health. But this unfortunate condition will undoubtedly be met by inventors and manufacturers, and the school children of the whole world will be the gainers. A Complete Surprise to the Educators of the Country The fact that the figures resulting from the Chicago investigation were a complete surprise to the school boards of the entire United States shows clearly the importance of this uovcl investigation. Letters from all parts of the world are received by the department asking for details. Germany seems to be more deeply interested than any other foreign country. But much other work has been done More by the Chicago investigators. than thirty thousand children have been examined scientifically. This has resulted in many interesting discoveries concerning individual children, which greatly assisted their teachers and parents 111 adjusting their school life to their work and every-da- y especial needs. x A machine called the rrgngraph tests the child's nerve and endurance. The relations of height standing and height silting, weight, strength of grip in both right and left hands, vital rapacity (strruglli and capacity of the lungs!, and other minor matters, to school standing and general health have been carefully figured out by the examination of thousands of cases. The conclusion is undeniable that in the majority of cases the healthy child is a much better and more capable student than the one who, while not definitely ill, is occasionally ailing; and, moreover, that brawn and muscle, weight and stature have their distinct reactions on the brain. Tests of the memory power of large numbers of children show that the larger and stronger pupils are superior in native force of memory to the smaller and weaker ones. But the relation between mind and body has been found to go even farther than i- g. pro-(,,ion- Tims in i ( tl , ly eluded her captors on the wedding day and turned the tables on them. Captain Noah Grant 111. took part in the famous Boston tea party, and he was one of the first to march He was grandfather to General Grant, who was of the eighth generation from Matthew the Settler, of whom he said: llis nationality never interested me. I am perfectly satisfied with being an American through and through, with seven generations of honest American ancestors." If there was a strain of Scottish coat-of-arr- The Fate of Empires. Empires totter and fall, and statesmen wonder why they don't totter and fail when speeches are made saying that the ultimate is reached. Thus Empires show wisdom, and the statesmen the other thing. have this. Careful investigations shown that quickness of muscles means quickness of brain. This was demonstrated in a test recorded under the heading of Motor Ability. A simple instrument consisting of a metal plate connected with an electric battery, and a metal stylus, similarly connected, was devised for this purpose. The child undergoing the test was given the stylus and told to tap with it as rapidly and regularly a possible on the metal plate. It was found that the children of the same age who were at or above their proper grade registered anywhere front two to ten taps more a minute than the children who were below grade. Following these physical tests came tests of memory first, of memory f things heard; second, of things seen; third, of things both heard and seen, and fourth, of things heard, seen and written down. These tests proved that the average child remembers things seen better than he remembers things heard, and that visual memory power increases steadily up to the age of fourteen years and six months. They show the superiority of an appeal to the eyes of school children over an appeal to their ears. Ear memory is superior to eye memory among children up to the age of eight years and six months. There may be found in this an important point for the consideration of all parent as well as for all school teachers. The Healthy Child Always in Advance of the Weakling In thrse researches into the memory of the child the importance of stature, bodily strength, weight and motor ability, or muscular quickness, has In the gain been demonstrated. memory, as in all other tests, the child the healthy, normal body comes out well ahead of the sickly weakling. Another conclusion which these tests have led to is, that the best teaching is that which appeals to the greatest number of the child's senses. It ha been proven that sight memory is better than hearing memory; but it haa also been proven that the combination of the two is better than either alone. If the muscle memory is also appealed to that is, if the child not only sees and hears, but is required to write down a Still further advantage is secured. t v i ' ? fi J ! ' I. ) ' .f j i a X 4 V ,s ri i TWO WAR CORRESPONDENTS By C L BROWNELL, Author oi "The Heart of Japan. London newspaper men refuse to E. F. Knight, the Morning Tost," the primer imsition among English war corrcs(H indents. war experience began Knight's with the jear ago when he served 1rcuch through the Franco-Prussia- n War. He was also iu one of the Soudan campaigns for the "Times," for which lie lias a medal with clasp showing that he was in action. Later he wa- - for the same paper further south in Africa. Tin- - was when the Matabeles grew trouhlc-oni- e Knight saw that fracas through to its end. After that the "Tune'' sent him aero-- s the Atlantic to do the war with Spain from the Spanish side, and he was able to associate him-e- lf with adventure almost front the beginning. lie arrived in Florida a few days after war had been declared and could not obtain permission from the United States authorities to go over to the Spani-l- i. Nothing daunted, he proceeded aboard a vessel whose skipper agreed to set him adrift ill a small boat off a part of the Cuban coast where the Spaniards were known to be 111 possession. The skipper carried out hi part of the programme, but the small boat misbehaved. She upset ami kept her bottom for eighKnight teen hours. Then the Spaniards took him for a spy and put him in prison to dry before they shot him. His papers had gone overboard when the boat upset and hr did not doubt that he was in a predicament, but fortunately, through the agency of the British Consul, he was able to square himself Spain and to carry out the scheme he had planned for himself. He served His paper until the declaration of peace. lie was the only English correspondent in Havana during the war. Immediately on the outbreak of the Boer war he went to South Africa. As usual, he sought for excitement at oner, and getting between the firing lines at the battle of Belmont, he intercepted a Boer bullet. The bullet caught him in the shoulder. It was explosive and destroyed his better arm. He has only his left now. FiW R. J. MacHugh, who is with the Japanese army for the Daily Telegraph, is well known to many American newspaper men (hrougli his work during the Spanish-America- n war. He assisted in getting through a day in advance the story of the destruction of Cervera's fleet. MacHugh, who is a captain of the Royal Garrison Artillery Volunteers, was a medical student for three years, but abandoned pills and physic to enter the gallery of the House of Commons, where he was a conferee of Maxwells. war During the Spanish-America- n MacHugh was present at the bombardment of Santiago, and from his despatch boat saw Schley put Cervera out of the game. Thinking that the cable at Mole, Hayti, might be blocked, he made for Fort Antonio, Jamaica, more distant, hut, to the joy of himself and bis associate, free, if they could only raise the price. Though it was late in the day, a merchant accommodated them with the nece-sar- y cash $8,090 gold and they succeeded in getting their story through. MacHugh was in South Africa throughout the war. He was shut tip in Ladysmith and had several close shaves, so many, in fact, that they grew monotonous. While talking with a friend in the doorway of a hotel, a came through the roof down the stairway and cut his friend in two, MacHugh so that aw thought both men had those wh been hit. MacHugh, however, escaped without a scratch. 's Genera I Bullcr used one of letters as an official despatch. The despatch provoked considerable e, controversy, and finally Lord Minister of War, stood up in the lfotie of Lords and told the story of MacHughs message and how Duller came to use it. This was a grand send-o- ff for M acif ugh. Mac-Hugh- Lan-down- A Department Store in the Wilds. Nowadays there are fine stores in many parts of the Klondike, where a man can buy anything he needs," said Cy Warman. the author of that popular song, Sweet Marie," but when I went there, soon after the gold discoveries, the average store was like one I saw on the trail through the Bonanza Valley. In front of a little tent a man had a few old books, cheap magazines and novels, some cheaper paper-boun- d knives, two or three spoons, a small piece of lead pipe, a tomato can and an old currycomb, all piled in one heap upon the grass. Upon a card tied to a low stake that stood above the wreck hr had written with coal, FersaiL' $ |