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Show DAIRY AND POULTRY. INTERESTING CHAPTERS FOR OUR RURAL READERS. Kurrntful Fariimrt Oprntli Tbl artiuent nf Ilia Farm .1 Ft-Uinta at to tlia Cara of Lira bturk Mil loultry. Xfow -- lint T In possible to make pood butter in lint weather witli-oa cellar anil williom Ice, but a In ButM-r-Maklii- tVi-atlir- ut u V V ? 5 i, good well is essen- tial writes Kendall l'cri-in Housy ekeeper. There should also be a milk house, or, at least, a roof set or. four good uprights, and a tank or lung trough that inay be covered. Discard the shallow milk pans and get the tinner to make deep pana with lids, or, if you prefer, make a cloth cover by stretching muslin over a hoop the size of the can. 1 like this method because it keeps out all dust, but does not exclude the air. The trough connecting the milk tank and pump spout may be a e ne, or you can buy Iron piping for the purpose. Fin the tank at least twice a day. The water, as It warms, need sot bn wasted. Ours passed through iron tubing into a watering trough in the next yard, where it was used for the stock. Our creamery cans hold three pailfuls of milk. They are skimmed as they are set in the tank by the feminine portion of the household, but are always lifted in and out by the men. lly keeping the cream pail in the tank and stirring the cream after each skimming, a good, uniform grade is always assured. Use a churn from which you can draw the buttermilk without lifting. Danish forever the dash churn and the washing of butter by .hand or la a butter bowl. Uae a thermometer, and churn Just when it registers the correct decree. Do not try to get butter in ten minutes by hard churning. I do not begrudge fifteen or twenty minutes. When the butter comes in small gisn-ule- a like shot or peas, drain off the buttermilk, pour in a pailful of cold water, move the dasher briskly from side to side, but do not churn, or you will have the butter In a compact roll. Drain off this first water, add another pailful, repeat the washing, then take up the butter, salt it very thoroughly and work It with a cool paddle. When the salt has thoroughly permeated the butter, work It a second time until no brine flows from It. Sometimes It Is better to let it stand over night before working It this last time. Pack It tightly In soue jars. home-mad- iiueeau wlto a view of devising some measure through which the stead.ly increasing losses might be arrested or reduced as much as possible, in Europe, where this disease has long prevailed, the animal losses in certain badly infected districts became so disastrous cattle raising had to be abandoned. About fifteen years ago three French A doing. Cornevln and scientists, Thomas, .succeeding in producing a vaccine against blackleg, which is now extensively used in many countries where he disease prevails to a serious extent. Die method consists in injecting into each calf two doses of highly attenuated blackleg viriiH, with uu interval of ten days between the inoculations. The first Inoculation is made with a very flrst mild vaccine, the lymph, and the second one with the stronger virus, the "second lymph," and in each case the vaccine is introduced by means of a hypodermic ayrlugn under the skin of the lower part of the tail. This method, which Is very Inconvenient, esueciuly where a large number of animals are to be treated, was later modified by a German scientist, Kitt, who reduced the process to a single injection with less attenuated virus, anil who chose the loose skin on the side of the chest just behind the shoulder, for the point of inoculation. Kilt's method has been adopted to a very large extent In eastern Europe and northern Afriea with very satisfactory results, and it has, for that reason and on account of Us simplicity, been taken as the foundation for the Investigations made by this bureau. A single vaccine has been prepared In the pathological laboratory, and subsequently tested on a large number of calves In Texas, both common and high grade stock, and the results warrant the conclusion that this vaccine is In every way satisfactory. It is desired, however, before distributing this vaccine to stock owners In general to obtain a record of several thousand successful vaccinations. For this purpose a quantity of vaccine will be distributed to such parties as may desire to make preliminary vaccinations and report the result to this bureau. Those stock owners will be preferred who already have experience in vaccinating stock for blackleg ami are in possession of a vaccinating outflt. Explicit instructions will, however, be sent with the vaccine to secure uniformity of operation and to assist those without previous experience In vaccinations. Persons lacking the necessary outfit to test the vaccine should procure oue if they propose to test the vaccine. It consists of a graduated 5 c. c. syringe with detachable needles, a small porcelain mortar and pestle, a glass funnel and some filters. This outfit cannot be supplied by the department, but must be purchased of some bouse which supplies such articles. Upon applying for vaccine please answer the following questions: 1. To what extent does blackleg prevail in your part of the country and how great Is your animal log from this disease? 2. What experience have you had In vaccinating calves against blackleg? 3. How many head do you wish to vaccinate and what class of cattle are they, common, graded or full blood? 4. What Is your express office Tfcs outfit is prepared in accordance with the plans of this bureau to meet the temporary demand that may arise in Introducing this vaccine. If vaccination should be extensively adopted as a preventive of this disease similar uutlits will, no doubt, be for sale by other diulers furnishing this class of supplies. Until this may be tbc case, tbs unusual course of mentioning a name In a department dealer I ed rrorcnllva Agulnat lllaokleg, Vor several years frequent reports have come to this bureau concerning the great ufurlality from blackleg among young stock In many widely separated districts of the United Stales. In some of the Southern and Western stales especially, the annual losses rom this fatal disease have been so great as to equal or exceed the losses of cattle from all other causes combined. These losses have been particularly felt by the progressive stock owners, as by far the largest percentage of the calves which became affected were either or highly graded which seem to be more susceptible to this disease than the ordinary common-brestork. As the continued is followed. existence of this disease has a very I). E. Salmon, detrimental effect upon the cattle industry in general, and espcrailly upon Cnlof cf Bureau of Animal Industry. James Wilson, Approved: those stock owners who, through unof Agriculture. Secretary efforts and tiring great expense, have endeavored to improve their herds, an Do Lot cultivate the orchard in tie investigation has been madu by this fall. full-blood- ed an-ima- ls. d pub-lU.Si.i- ou Hutter I'oolrfw Is It is not every house that cool cellar, nor every household that ran afford Ice and an Ice box, stye a writer in an exchange. Most edibles will keep awhile, even In the hottest n t v. x AND at Advantagra of it ot off by evapora- tion; but upon the character of the If that Is of sand or gravel the water will pass off below by natural drainage; but If the il Is clay or other impervious substance, the water is checked in Its downward course and remains stagnant or bursts out upon the surface in the form of springs. Most of the prairie lands are of the latter characil exists ter, and wherever such tbe land will not only be improved by tile drainage, but it may be said that such drainage is absolutely essential to its proper development and culture. To question tbe necessity of the process is little less absurd than It would be to ask whether it would be improved by plowing. Instead of making hills for corn In the prairie grass with a hoe or spade. All lands require drainage which, at any season, contain too much watei-th- at is, whieh hold at any time of the year more moisture tkan Is good for the crops, and causes them to suffer, either by freezing out in winter, or having their roots lu water during the growing season. Drainage has been appropriately defined as the art so free from water mol8ture that no superfluous shall remain In it, but that no water shall remain long enough to Injure or retard the healthy growth of such plants as are required for the sustenance of man or beaHt. There are some plants, as rice and cranberries, which require a wet soil, but most of those which are useful to man, are drowned by being overflowed for a short time, and are injured by any stagnant water about their roots. The soil of l he prairies. In most cases. Is underlaid with clay, which not contains a mixture of metallic oxides, which cause it to form a substratum almost of the nature of rock, and known commonly among farmers as hard pan. It is a common Impression that clay is impervious to water, and that, therefore, a clay soil and particularly if It has assumed the solid form of hard pan under the surface can not be drained with tile, and especially if the tile is laid lower than the hard pan." But that Buch land is not absolutely impervious is proved by the fact that it is very wet In the spring at almost any depth, while in the latter part of the summer It becomes dry and hard. IIow comes It to be soaked at any time. If water does not go into it? And how comes It dry, if water does not come out of it? The facts that clay will readily absorb a great deal of water, nnd that it may be subsequently dried, prove conclusively that it Is not impervious to water, but they do not prove thut water will pass through it with sufficient t0 aHswcr the practical pur- rthcles. P,,st8 of drai,iaBe' II. 18 'nerB of ,?ay ' fact, lhats the 08t invariably overes in draining their land. They know that D11'1'1111 cla' 18 uaed for tfcl bottom of ponds, canals, etc., and is nearly or quite impervious. But such is not its natural condition, and it is only reached by working and beating it while wet. or. as in the cist of the hard pan subsoil, by continued pressure from above. Nor can day be kept iu this condition except by being constantly wet. If once dried, or subjected to the action of frost, it resumes its natural porous condition. Anon. sub-so- sdb-so- WUh 3 will never again be up to standard quirements In points, but we have never known any injurious results from such a course if the breeds are separated two moutliB before the eggs are to be used. We have known of tbe separation of the breeds to occur only ten days before using the eggs, and in the experiments made we found the Influence of the male to extend only five days. We advise more time, however, and suggest two months, in order to bo sure that no mistake will occur. It Is expensive to keep the breeds separated in summer. Mure fouces are required and frequently the separation must be accomplished by confining the hens. We have always allowed all of the hens to run together after the hatching season is over, and have done so for thirty years, with no injurious effects resulting therefrom so far as the purity of the breeds was concerned. Suspicious Milk. Any milk haring a large amount of sediment Is suspicious. Particles of dirt are a sign that germs are abundant. Thus dirty milk may be dangerous as well as disgusting. The dirt in milk consists mostly of particles of dead skin and manure, which fall Into the pall from the body of the cow during milking; but dust In the stable, and dirt and dust in the vessels used for handling milk, and unclean attendants, are also common sources of dirty sediment in milk. Horseflesh fur Food. Horse dealers' no longer of France are apparently An order from 5,0uU barrels of - sub-soi- l. Breed Itumiing Together. When the hatching season ends tbs different breeds can run together In one flock, says American Poultry Keeper. It would lie ail advantage to have no males with them, but it will not Injure the stock should the males and henB be of different breeds. Some breeders con- - of that animal in Paris. iho French capital for Dralimg- j i i horse meat has been received by a com- puny of Portland, Ore. The animals d are the cayuse of Ore-- 1 gou, which are bought for about' $2.50 es- ill. As the use of horseflesh for food seems to be growing in several foreign countries, it may become a profitable article for export half-wil- - : . , r" dif-use- exi.-Mi--o tn-du- y. coal-formi- TYPICAL SHROPSHIRE RAIL d Uric in of Forwt. s Dio life of plants as well as of began In tbe water, and from water plants of simple structure tln-rgradually developed the forms fitted to thrive upon land, writes 'Yil'iam J. Hopkins In t'hicago Record. Die first land plants of which we have evidence, although probably not the lirst lh.it exin character. As isted, were fern-lik- e their number became greater the crowding forced each plant to reach out higher after the sunlight and the beair. In this struggle for fitmont those of gan that evolution ted to Hunivp, which lias veoiiitc.l in Th jsu the forms that we know which developed the tallest trunk? conquered the shorter varieties and forced them either to die out rumple cly or to occupy less favorable situations. The trees or the flrst great forests, which became the beds of coal of the were period, principal weak In structure, not far removed from the ferns, with pithy trunk?, requiring much moisture and warmth. They were not well adapted to propagate and spread.' as their mods were very small and Incapable of rigorous condii inn. From these si'l-mill- A the HE necessity of drainage is not to be deiertnined by tbe quality of water which (alls or flows upon the surface, nor upon the power of tbe sun to carry t, J? TO Soma Hints About Cultivation of tha Soil null Vluld Thereof Horticulture, Viticulture auil Floriculture. two-poun- malVohfaLnrenthrl forms there gradually developed the palms and trees somewhat resembling the present forms, cr evergreens, this process of development continuing until In comparatively recent ages came the prevailing trees of our modern forests. These may be divided into two great classes cone-beari- n, d GARDKN. MATTERS OF INTEREST AGRICULTURISTS. weatber, with certain precautions, but butter will turn to oil and look quite oLjcctlonable on the table. I have for many years pursued a plan that keeps it solid, and therefore presentable. This Is by means of a large, unglazed, common flower pot. It must be unglazed, to be thoroughly porous, and large Urd-lienough to sink a small-sized or a china receptacle for a roll of butter. Cork the bottom of tbe flower-poand, having scalded it several times to remove its earthy smell, fill it about half full of cold water. A small pot inverted makes a good stand for the butter receptacle, fur if light enorgh to tip, it will, of course, bait fill with water, whiih is no improvement to buttef. Cover the flewer-pover entirely with a heavy wet cloth, allowing a corner of it to hang over the inside and touch the water. This on the principle of the "long and short syphon, will keep It always wet, and save trouble. Cover over with a plate and keep another wet cloth over all. Let ll stand In a shallow pan (to receive drippings) in a drafty place. The sin aids rapid evaporation, on which the cooling properties depend. A free rurrent of air is the necessity, and you will never have oily butter through the hot summer. The bungalows of India are kept cool by means of the wet "tattles (or blinds) all round the verandas, as fully as by the punkahs that are pulled within the house. - . FARM on a wUh.-ffand-m- narrow-leave- ng cone-bearin- d, g trees, or evergreens, and the broadleaved trees, which usually shed their leaves in the autumn. All have a great advantage over the earliest forms In their strong trunks, capable of supporting a great weight of branches and leaves and enabling them to attain heights of lot) to 300 feet above the earth. The light for place and existence is now chiefly between the everd or decidugreens and the ous trees, and in this struggle the d trees are so far superior that the evergreens have already been driven to a great extent to the less temperate, cold regions or to the drier and less favorable soils. broad-leave- broad-leave- Methods of Spreading and Growth. The distribution of forest trees depends not only upon the characteristics of the particular kind and its adaptability to the soil and climate, but also upon the chance of distribution of the seed and the provision against its destruction by animals. Many trees are subject to the depredations of various insect enemies which may prevent seeding or may even destroy the tree; and the seeds of most trees form a more or less palatable fpod for birds or beasts. Borne trees are better protected than others against these chances of destruction and the better protected trees stand a correspondingly better chance of increasing In numbers and surpassing the other kinds. If the squirrels or the wild pigs find the nuts of the white oak Bwecter and more wholesome than tliose of some other oaks the standing white oaks will leave few if any descendants and will eventually disappear, while the red oaks flourish. In entering upon new ground the trees having the lightest seeds will be ths lirst to take possession, their seeds being carried to greater distances than those of the others. The light seeds of the willow or the seeds of the maple which, although heavier, have upon them wing-lik- e attachments, will enable their kind to far outstrip tho nutbearing trees, like the wulnul, hickory d trees are and oak. These limited in their reproduction, practically to the distance at which a nut falls to the ground or to the chance distribution by the forgotten hoards of the squirrel. By the swiftness of their d march the plants will thus more quickly reach regions where the rainfall is just sufficient to furnish the roots enough moisture or the growing season is juBt long enough to enable them to mature the wood of each years growth. Beyond this point they cand not lire. The forms an behind them and along surely plodding in the final struggle the trees best adapted to the soil at any given locality will endure by the overwhelming of the others. heavy-seede- light-seede- heavy-seede- Fall Kye. that the Amerfarmer can use more profitably There are a few crops ican than this. When It Is sown early In the fall and the weather is favorable for the plant, It affords a great amount of pasture for calves, colts or pigs, writes S. Blanchard In Journal of Agriculture. In much of the weather during the fall when pastures are short, the cows can be turned upon the land to feed, and that will make the wife smile with joy when she goes to town d with her jars or pails of butter. The farmer, too. will smile with pleasure when he beholds his calves, colts and all other stock entering upon the winter in such fine condition. During much of the winter, when they ara turned out of their yards they will start at once for the rye field. In fact, it can be pastured nearly all winter when the ground is not covered with snow. It can nlsu be pastured quite iate in the spring, and when the slock is all removed will often spring up if weather is favorable nnd afford to the farmer a fair erop of grain. Or the field can be rlowcd up in the spring nr.d planted to corn or some other crop. The fall plowing will have made the land more mellow for any spring crop. All farmers who have fields that can be utilized in this way should not fail to sow rye. Years ago many of ihe farm-pr- o in Kansas pastured their wheat fields when not covered with snow. Some thought it was no detriment to their crops while many question ths utility of tho practice. But rye is one of our hardiest grains. Drought does not affect it as it does wheat or oats. well-fille- Outlet of Drains. No portion of a system of drainage demands more careful ionsidvr.ilion than the nutlet. It la, of course, essential that it should lie enough lower than any portion of the lands tlia are to be drained by it to admit of sufficient fall for the passage of water from the heads of its most distant tributaries. Yet it must lie high enough above the level of whatever water it empties into to prevent danger of Its living overflowed uml Hip drainage water dammed back iu the pipes. |