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Show I I THE RICH COUNTY NEWS, RANDOLPH, UTAH QMMAFIMJ5 How Americas Millions Saved Russia WASHINGTON. is dead and the road to recovery. Col. William N. Haskell, who was in charge of American relief administration activities there, declared in a final report' to Secretary Herbert Hoover, chairman of the relief body. Not only did American aid, amounting to $60,000,(XKTdurlng the last two years, save millions of lives in Russia, said Colonel Haskell, but it helped to stimulate Russian recovery and, more valuable than all, spread a lasting inheritance for America .in good will of the Slav races. Colonel Haskells report summarized the two years work of the relief administration. During this period," said the report, "a little under a million tons of food, seed, clothing, and medical supplies have been bought In the United States by the American relief administration, requiring about 250 voyages of American ships. . These supplies amounted to 60,000 carloads on the Russian railways. "Their distribution' was accomplished through the organization of 85,000 different stations at the worst period when we were feeding nearly 11,000,000 men, women and children daily. Not only would these millions have died without this relief, but even larger numbers would have perished from the cesspool of contagious In the battle against these epi- demics the relief administration furnished supplies to over 15,000 hospitals and institutions and organized; the inoculation and vaccination of over 7,000,000 individuals. Its systematic campaign of sanitation stamped out the most dangerous center of con' tagion In the entire world. "From seed imported about 8,000,000 acres of land were sown. The worst of the famine was over a year ago but the relief administration has continued to feed, clothe, and give medical service to an average of ZfiOOfiOO derelict children until they ware past danger and to provide food and clothing for ever 100,000 teachers and professional people as a supplementary service. America, ' Colonel Haskell added, furnished more than 90 per cent of all the relief In Russia during the last two years. In the expenditure of $60,000,000 American funds, of which $24,000000 was voted by congress, he said there had been no cost to the American distributor or taxpayer for administrative purposes. To the minds of the Russian com: mon people the American relief administration was a miracle of God which came to them, in their darkest hour, under the Stars and Stripes, said the reportIt turned the corner for civilization in Russia. It lifted the Russian people from despair to . j - hope." Movement Gains in Europe Co-operati- ve Houston I. By JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN kHIS year of 1923 Is the centennial of the Monroe Doctrine. And Carlotta of Mexico is reported dying in her old chateau of Bouchout in Brabant, , Belgium, at the age of eighty-fou-r, n after years of madness. Therefore the story of the attempt of Napoleon HI to establish a French empire in Mexico in defiance of the Monroe Doctrine makes timely readfifty-seve- ing. 1 4 1 Benito Pablo Juarez, an Indian, was elected president of Mexico in 1858, after eleven years of public service. Juarez, in defeating Mlramon in the civil war that followed, exhausted the Mexican treasury. Suspension of payments in 1860 caused England, France and Spain to intervene. Napoleon HI saw here a chance to establish in 'Mexico the French empire that had failed of establishment in Canada (1765) and in Louisiana (1803). The United States government was too busy witli the Civil war to make forcible resistance do violation of the Monroe Doctrine. As the British and Spanish withdrew, he sent over large Trench forces. These made war on Juarez, drove him into the mountains and in 1863 entered Mexico City. Napoleon IH selected Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, second son of Archduke Francis Charles of Austria and brother of Emperor Francis Joseph I, as emperor of this French empire in was handMexico. Maximilian, then thirty-onsome and soldier-likwith a fine education and a taste for the fine arts. He was living with Car-- . lotta ht Miramar, near Trieste, a palace that he had built for residence. Carlotta Marie Charlotte Amelie the only daughter of Leopold' I of and a royal beauty,' Belgium, was twenty-thre- e tall, beautiful, graceful, with a gentleness that won all who met ber and of courtly and gracious manner." She spoke fluently in tongues of England, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. She was popular in every court of Europe. in Mexico, in SepThrough French tember of 1863, a deputation of Mexican notables arrived at Miramar to ask Maximilian to become emperor of Mexico. Maximilian, history says, was reluctant to accept. But Carlotta was' as ambitious as she was able. Francis Joseph was presumably glad to see his popular brother go. Maxi- milian, .after the form of a popular election in Mexico had been gone through with and Napoleon had made a secret agreement with him to support him with French troops, accepted the throne April 10, 1861, and arrived June 12 in Mexico City to establish his empire. Maximilian attempted to establish a mild reign. Borne of the Mexican leaders accepted him. But a large proportion of the Mexicans did not Juarez, made friendly overtures, ito whom Maximilian would have none of him. A hitherto unpublished tetter, from Juarez to Maximilian, recently brought to light, reads: "I admire your generosity in leaving the fatherland in coming to Mexico. But I tell you it isnt itrue we ask you on your own free will to accept the throne. On their own Responsibility some traitors went to Miramar, only eight or ten of our cities approving. "You came here without any knowledge of the countrys needs or conditions and your advisers are the most dangerous people In Mexican society. You promise me security, but I dont trust a man who g deals with traitors. You say that by an we could work together for the benefit of Mexico if I would give more of my talents and patriotic assistance. It is a true history of our time that glorifies tradition people who give up their principles and e, e, wire-pulli- 'i under--standln- jz&czrztcxr only to serve their personal passions, ambitions and imperiousness. But I, who hold the office of president of the republic, and who came up from the lowly classes, will only succumb if Providence decrees. I shall hold out until the end and fulfill the hopes of my countrymen. "Sometimes it occurs, it is true, that people are allowed by faith to attack the holy rights of others and threaten the rights of those who defend their nationality. But I believe in the judgment of history, which stands apart from wrong and eviL This will give its verdict on us. Justitla regnorum fundamentum. Juarez soon took up arms and civil war followed. In 1865 Maximilian proclaimed all those In arms to be outlaws a fact that probably sealed his fate when tried for his life. In the meantime, the United States, in the throes of the Civil war, had refused to recognize Maximilian. With the close of the Civil war the United States government found itself in possession of the strongest military force that the world had ever seen. Thereupon Gen. Philip H. Sheridan appeared at the Mexican border with an Impressive force and the United States government said in effect to Napoleon IH of France: "You are violating the Monroe Doctrine. Get your French troops out of Mexico forthwith and take Maximilian with them! Napoleon had no choice but to do exactly as the He . United States government commanded. warned Maximilian that he must withdraw the French troops from Mexico. Maximilian declined to abdicate. Carlotta saw that they were lost without French support and fled to Europe to appeal to Napoleon. The last of the French troops withdrew from Mexico in 1867. Juarez promptly besieged Maximilian in Queretaro. May 14 Maximilian was captured, the night before he had fixed upon for escape. He was tried by a council of war, condemned to death and June 19 faced a firing squad on the Hill of the Brils. He gave each of the five ' soldiers a gold piece and asked them to aim well. He died like a brave mansand a gentleman. Juarez, an able man of few words and honest purpose, resumed the presidency and held it till his death, five years later. Carlottas vain attempts to secure aid in Europe were as dramatic as tragic. Napoleqn HI feared to face her and evaded a meeting until she forced an interview. The meeting was without witnesses. Nhpoleon refused to aid her. He may have wanted to keep his pledged word to Maximilian, but he did not dare to defy the United States. Just what was said behind those closed doors Is not known, but Carlotta was heard to shriek at its close : I ought never to have forgotten what I am and what you are. I ought not to have forgotten that there Is Bourbon blood in my veins, and should not have disgraced my descent by lowering myself "before a Bonaparte and being led away by an adventurer !" Attendants, entering, found her unconscious on ' the floor. Carlotta next saw Pope Plus IX, who received her at a reception in the throne room at the Vatican and accorded her the honors of a reigning monarch. She suspected that this was a ruse to prevent the discussion of her affairs. Later, the pope returned the visit, as etiquette demanded. An ample escort accompanied him, and again Carlotta But she made ancould not find opportunity. other effort. Dressed In mourning, with one woman attendant she had an audience. At its close Thompson of the energetic efforts in reconstruction are trade commission, from a three months visit in Europe, where he applied himself to study of the highly organized marketing societies in operation there. During my three months survey of the said movement, I visited the British Isles, Thompson, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Esthonia, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Poland, 'Germany, Italy and France. All societies gave us free access to their books and financial statements, and .permitted Inspection of their plants. One thing that greatly impressed me is that all of these countries are making special efforts to become self indesupporting and economically With export and Import pendent tariffs they are giving great encourto home Industry. she was so overwrought that the popes physician agement In states such as Finland, Esthodeclared It unwise to remove her. So, contrary to all precedent, she passed the night at the Vati- nia, Latvia and Czechoslovakia, where can. Sbe'awoke the next morning bereft of reason. She was placed in the care of her family. During the invasion of Belgium in the World war a German commander passed Bouchout at the Institute of Economics, head of his troops. He halted in astonishment at has recently completed the sight of the Austrian flag flying over the study entitled Germanys chateau. He demanded to know who had the inCapacity to Pay, the conclusolence to display it. sion of which, in effect, is that under Her majesty the Empress Carlotta of Mexico, present conditions she can pay nothwidow of Archduke Maximilian of Austria, em- ing, was founded about a year ago by peror of Mexico, was the answer. the Carnegie corporation of New Who are you?" asked the German. York, "For the purpose of assembling Baron Goffinet, her majestys major domo. and Interpreting the economic data "Take me to her!" which form the bases of national and "It is forbidden. Her majesty is an invalid and international policies. sees no one." ' The first completed work of the inTo the German in Belgium nothing was forbidthe study entitled Germanys stitute den and the major domo took him to an upper to Pay was written by Capacity saw old a which he from woman, window, very Moulton Director and C. H. McGuire. on the arm of an dressed in black and leaning Theauth6rs estimate the payments attendant, walking In the garden. The German went back to his troops and affixed to the gate this already made by Germany in cash and kind at $6,250,000,000, while France placard: This property, belonging to the crown' of Bel- admits only $2,500,000,000, and Germany contends that they amount to gium, is occupied by the widow of Archduke MaxiThe discrepancy is milian of Austria. I instruct German soldiers $10,000,000,000. not to disturb the household, not to ring the bell due to the fact that the institute inand not to sing In passing. And Carlottas home cludes items which it considers, though the reparations commission does not, remained untouched through the devastation. fall properly under the reparations Many stories about Carlotta have been circulated during her long seclusion in Bouchout. It is clauses of the Versailles treaty, while known that at first she was violently Insane, her Germany includes items which the main obsession being that everyone was trying to commission and the institute agree poison her. Later she became more rational so should be excluded. rational that her actual insanity was questioned. Her royal family never took any steps to have her declared legally incompetent, and it Is said she has never spoken or written anything that setof Commerce tled definitely whether she was sane or insane, or SECRETARY our trade with realized that she had lost her place. suffering from the newly manifested Intense interAlthough ill, she managed for a long while the most minute details of her lavish establishment est of American manufacturers In exEvery day she wrote out her orders in one of the panding business with South America grand salons, and these commands were executed and Asia. The secretary's view is set forth In by the servants. With her toilet she was scrupulously careful, and attired herself with the same Commerce Reports, published by the taste and dlstfnction that sfce used when moving Department of Commerce. It winds in the court circles of Europe. Her painting and up by throwing out a familiar hint drawing occupied hours each day, and she passed that American farmers and other much of her time playing the piano. producers of exports to Europe should It has also been broadly hinted that Leopold n Interest themselves in the conditions kept her sequestrated as Insane, though she was affecting Europes capacity to Import not so, to conceal the fact that he had taken and The article says : Europe remains our greatest marsquandered her fortune. One question is still unanswered : Has Carlotta ket Government officials in dose read this final letter from Maximilian which he touch with export activities feel that too much attention has been given to penned shortly before his execution? My Beloved Carlotta : If God permit that yonr the promotion of American forelgh health be restored and you should read these few trade with South America and Asiatic lines you will learn the cruelty with which fate countries to the detriment of our has stricken me since your departure for Europe. trade with Europe. "The fact deserves emphasis that You took with you not pnly my heart, but my good fortune. Why did I not give heed to your voice? the European area Is still the largest So many untoward events! Alas! So many sud- customer of the United States and den blows have shattered all my hopes; so that that the policy just mentioned, which death is but a happy deliverance, not an agony, to seems to be general in 'American orme. I shall die gloriously like a soldier, like a ganizations Interested in developing monarch, vanquished but not dishonored. ..If your Mir foreign business, may result in resufferings are too great, and God shall call you tarding Its development. The emphasis placed on exports to soon to join me, I shall bless His divine hand fields, which is out of which has weighed so heavily upon us. Adieu, proportion to the actual volume of adieu. business done there, can, however, be "YOUIt POOH MAXIMILIAN. going on, the governments are leaning heavily on the farmers organizations as mediums to, forward their efforts. There is a very distinct and apparently successful back to the soil movement in many of the countries of Europe, despite obstacles. It is one of the most encouraging signs of the times. In nearly all the countries except Finland the city or consumer do not seek nor want government aid except that they appreciate whatever the government does to educate the public. All they desire is a fair field to work in. "Europe has found that the do not destroy competition. The movement will stimulate competition and has done so. There is a strong economic international spirit and feeling of brotherly attitude in aH the European organizations. Institute of Economics Hunts for Data THE - Premier Poincare of France, referring to this report, recently said France had not been informed what the Institute of Economics was. The officers of the institute are Robert S. Brookings of St Louis, president; President Arthur T. Hadley of Yale, vice president; David F. Houston, former secretary of agriculture treasurer, and Harold G. Moulton of Chicago, associate professor, University of Chicago, director, all of whom are members of the board of trustees, which includes also Edwin A. Aider-mapresident of the University of Virginia; Whiteford R. Cole of Nashrailroad president; Tenn., ville, Charles L. Hutchinson of Chicago, banker; David Kinley, president of the University of Illinois ; A Lawrence Lowell, president of Harvard ; Samuel Mather of Cleveland, O., and Bolton Smith of Memphis, Tenn., business men; James J. Storrow of Boston, banker; John Barton Payne, George Sutherland, associate justice of the United States Supreme court; Paul Warburg of New York, and Charles D. Walcott, head of the national museum and secretary of the Smithsonian institution of Washington, D. C. Europe Remains Our Greatest Market It does not lie only in the general supposition on the part of Americans that our trade with Latin America and the Far East la a growing trade in expanding countries with Increasing standards of living whereas European trade has already been developed in past decades. "There is probably an even more weighty reason. In examining the trade statistics it will be observed that our trade with Europe consists mainly in raw materials, foodstuffs, and other staple commodities, whereas In other fields we have developed our business in manufactured goods and finished products. Staple commodities in the worlds markets are generally handled by middlemen. The farmer whose grain moves to the United Kingdom and the cotton grower whose product is received on the Bremen docks have little knowledge of, and therefore comparatively little direct interest in their goods after they have been received ahd paid for by the American middleman. The manufacturer of machinery, electrical equipment, and specialties, however, is generally personally Interested In his foreign business because it is carried on by direct trade. For this reason European developments are closely followed by a group much smaller than Is the case with fields. respeot to explained. j? 1 |
