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Show THE RICH COUNTY NEWS, RANDOLPH, UTAH V nu GREECE; NEW NATION OF AN ANCIENT PEOPLE. The question of succession to the throne of King Alexander of Greece turned world Interest once more to The changes southeastern Europe. Greece has undergone territorially and the part It has played in the wars and crises of Its corner of the world, are discussed in the following bulletin issued by the National Geographic so- -' clety : What Is Greece? In the light of the past the answer might well be tentative, for a definition of Greeces area at any time during the thousands of years of its history would have held good hardly for a quarter century ; and in latter years, so swift have been the changes in the new Greece, each decade has seen the fixing of new boundaries. Not- - until modern times except during the momentary empire of Alexander has Greece meant a nation. In the Grecian Golden Age, as well as before and since, Greece was a house divided against itself. Its detailed history would mean the history of more than 150 separate states. And yet there was at all times some feeling of Hellenic nationality even though the rivalries among the various groups stood In the way of fusion into a single nation. "While Great Britain may be described as a land surrounded by seas, Greece may be said to be a sea surrounded by land. The Hellenes have folk, and alwayp been a the Mediterranean sea, and more particularly the Aegean have been their The own particular herring ponds. islands of the eastern Mediterranean became Greek territory in their entirety, and this was true also of the Island-lik- e Peloponnesus and some other portions of the Greek peninsula. But an equally important part of Greece or better, of the land of the Hellenes were the settlements made by its mariners on the shores of the mainland that hem in the MediterThese settlements constiranean. tuted an unbroken fringe of Hellas along the shores of Asia Minor, and scattered communities on the shores of Italy, In Sicily, even in northern Africa and what is now southern France. This was the loose Greece W Hellas at Its greatest a domain onto pfeople states. ' Greece gave ttys world its first League of NatfflSs, the Delian league, , organized in 4471 B. C. by way of mu- -' tual protection against th? external aggression of Persia, which had a ambition of ort of Its own in those days. Athens was the only principal power in this league, and was the recognised leader of the organization, "Later came the hegemony of Ath- fens by force, the paradoxical empire of a democracy, bereft even of the trappings of monarchy. At this period and under what may be termed the empires of Sparta and Thebes, a dose approach to a Greek nation may be said to have existed; but in none of these eras were most of the territories peopled by Greeks included, and even large parts of the Greek peninsula itself were governed by other Hellenic states. For a brief period under Alexander the Great, Greece reached the status of a nation, but it was a fusion forced by a virtual outsider and contained much territory Inhabited by others than Greeks; and on the death of the great military genius the Hellenes separated again into numerous governmental units. Greece, expanding from the city state, had comprised for a moment - almost the whole civilized world; but the great dilation was followed by an equally great contraction. Greece fell - under the rising power of Rome, and became a mere province In the west- ern empire. ' "The military ability and power of ' the Greeks died under the Roman yoke; but when the Eastern empire was formed with Constantinople as its seat, Greek culture conquered where Greek arms could not, and Byzantium became in reality a great Greek state. 'Once more the. territory that, by construction at least, can be regarded as Greece, spread outward until it held within its boundaries much of southeastern Europe. It Is on reviving the glory of this period in Grecian history that Greek ambition, when it could live at all, has dwelt. fr' sea-farin- g y t Berlin-to-Bagda- d I i j -- MONGOLIA: SHE SEEKS TO THROW OFF YOKE OF CHINA. Mongolia, fighting along Its eastern border to throw off the yoke of China once more, Is one of the most interesting countries in the world todey and also one of the most primitive, according to a communication to the National Geographic society, fro1 a Ethan C. Le Munyon. The Inhabitants in many ways resemble our own North American Indians, says he. They have a written language, are blindly devoted to tbe Buddhist religion, and are very fanatical. The Wmas, or Buddhist nioDks, are the curse of Mongolia, and jre parasites liiin" on the religious Ev- their lay trdulitv In Mongolia is a lama. erjr third The highlands of Mongolia vary in altitude from 3,000 to 5,500 feet. There are many mountain ranges, and in very few places is the country level for any considerable distance. The word Gobi means a barren or desolate plain. Vegetation Is absent on the Gobi desert, with the exception of a few grasses, so that argol (or dried camel dung) is the only fuel used. It is collected and stored in large quantities for use during the winter. 1 Water Is scarce, a few wells along the caravan route furnishing the entire supply. During the winter and spring the camel Is the only animal that can cross the desert and subsist on dried-u-p grasses. At this season of the year blocks of ice are carried for water supply, and at other season,!, two large tubs are carried on each camel, used for this purpose, one tub on each side of the eamel. The Mongol is a great meat eater, living in some eases entirely on mutton. In, comparing other foods, he will ask if they are as good as mutton. It is not uncommon for a Mongol to consume ten pounds of this meat at one sitting. He puts mutton fat in his tea, which is prepared with milk from the brick tea (poorest grade pressed in bricks), and of this he drinks enormous quantities; 30 cupfuls per day is not an uncommon amount for an adult There are no regular hours for eating; the native eats when opportunity offers. Game Is not common near Urga, but many varieties are found In the mountains, 01 on Bogda though hunting (Buddhas Mountain) is prohibited. trustlng ones In the neverceaslng protection of the saintly founder. In the life of the republic today the Influence of the Dalmatian saint Is country to strongly reflected. For maintain the characteristics of its primitive founder is a social phenomenon of which possibly San Marino alone can boast During the days of Christian persecutions, in the middle of the Fourth century, Marino and Leo, two stonecutters of Arbe, Dalmatia, crossed the Adriatic and came to Rimini. Their reason, says tradition, was to aid Christians, condemned by pagan rulers, to reconstruct the walls of that or.se Car Conductor; -- i -- city. , ; The walls of Rimini having been finished, Leo and Marino looked longingly upon the solitude of the two As the hermits of the mountains. Thebaid, who flourished at this same period, they sought peace and solitude in those Impenetrable heights. Hewing a bed from the rock and cultivating a little garden, Marino found all his material wants supplied. This rough bed and site of the garden are pointed out today by reverent peasA few slaves followed .their ants. former overseers in order to practice, undisturbed, their Christian faith. Marinos desire was to found a free society, based upon liberty, Justice, simplicity, charity, virtue, and, above all, of love of peace. When the good man came to die he called his followers about him and bequeathed to them his mountain, Tree from every rrj&nsjzarif ctxnm?r other man. His parting prayer'was ID you ever hear of Knut that they never seek enlargement of Hamsun before he won territory by violent means. War, the Nobel prize for litthough a painful necessity for those erature? Well, you neeunwas an In acting lonesome un dnt feel in caused who those pardonable crime e less you are an it. Begging his followers to remain resident of Chicago, where true to the faith and to live in perfect conhe was a horse-ca- r accord, freemen all, he passed away, in the eightback ductor little dreaming that in the Twentieth century his little community ' would life stand, a monument to his peaceful Norwegian and lives a Danish newspaper, Hunger placed Heidenstam, the Swede, and after n been in has wilds of the Norway, teachings and simple form of governHamsun In the firat rank of Scandi- gap of three years it is now the turn 1919 of awarded belated n the war-torprize ment, in the midst of a navian authors. His novel of the of Knut Hamsun, the Norwegian. Eviare most whereat Americans vastly same world. s. made him title, dently if Americans are to keep up Hunger, 1 astonished. The with the times they must pay more and Impress masterly e of Some residents iveanalysis of the human soul in attention to the Scandinavian lanMADE FAMOUS BY NOAH; Scandinavian blood-Chicago remember Knut Hunger is characteristic of all of guages or put the translators to work. WANTED U. S. TO MAKE they seem to think In those days Hamsuns It is no impeachment of the judges writings. that letters. was three It with spelt IT FREE. His great success and fame not- or the that Hamsuns knew I I knew Why, sure, him; fame should have been so long in conOne of the states which asked the that Knut Knut Hamsun withstanding, said Dr. Anders tinues to live a solitary life; he did crossing the Atlantic, although his roUnited States to be Its mandatory is Doe, for Hamsun, many years prominent in Den not care for honors. When his fifti- mance, Hunger, was published as Nakhichevan. Norske club. an was such He eth was long ago as 1888. The Nobel prize, If you have not heard of Nakhichbirthday throughlad; be was very poor. out "Norway and celebrated under the terms of the founder, is to the evan, first consult Genesis 8 :4, for No, he had no money. Norwegians That was in l over him as the greatest be given annually "to the person the district in question lies at the the early rhapsodized to came he when eighties, have produced the greatest work, Hamsun retired to a hut foot of Mt. Ararat, and the town of Chicago after poet, living a as plowboy In working the forest near Gulbrandstai. in the ideal sense, in the world of letNakhichevan contains the alleged on the virgin North Dakota prairies. of The Noah. of builder, The names are apparently those graveyard He a old When he bad reason to assume that ters. on as the Job conductor got his admirers would find him there he of authors with a wide continental rep the Ark, local tradition affirms, went Halsted street line. The horses pulled went further down into the land that sought the the cars then. north to the Hamsun utatlon rather than those most esAnd, my, it was cold farm, where he lived when a little teemed by their own compatriots. wing of the United States. There he on the back platform. rememI still child. From there he issued his enis said to have died of thirst in the ber Knuts Hamsun is evidently a bom writer. chapped, red wrists, where Honor to the his boyhood in the Far North ergetic Young, parched plain after his ark had brok- his coming Perhaps forgot to meet bis en up on the snowy peak . of the mittens. And he carried books in his out for youth against age, in defiance helped to make him a writer, poet and of the accepted theory of the superi- dreamer. Tbe long arctic nights may worlds most famous mountain. pockets. Always books, Euripides, ; have brought out the hereditary trait. The Nakhichevan district, Iqhjfctted Aristotle, Thackeray. Such a dream- ority of the old. That he himself had not aged he For such a nature as his is described, by Tartars, is bounded on the "north er! The passengers used t,get mad. A Wanderer "paradoxical and. rebellious as It Is by $he Armenian district of, Eflv&h. He would forget to pull the rope. They proved by his' novel, With the Sardine. SubsePlays Along the south flows the Arax river, missed their corners. poetic and picturesque, seems neces, which is the subject of many an ArAnd so disaster befell Conductor quently he wrote the wonderful satire sarily the final fruit of powerful heof the drama, Gotten by the Devil, menian song and which here forms the Knut Hamsun. reditary tendencies, and his peasant The Halsted street boundary between Asiatic Russia and horse-ca- r was not for him. He couldnt which showed that the high quality forbears are said to have been marked of his own dramatic creations was out from their neighbors at least once Persia. In the hills to the northeast remember the streets. On pilgrimages not is Shusha, a strong Armenian center, down the line he used to adversely Influenced by his con- In each' generation by an artistic out call of dramatic art and technique. tendency that made of them skilled where the Armenians held out against tempt North avenue, fof Division street. His other drama the trilogy At the craftsmen. a circle of foes in the summer of 1918. At any rate, from the One day an old lady asked Hamsun Door of the Wealthy, TaWhen Russias power in the Caucasus learned to make his letters time he Queen car the was southbound. Hamsun if ' mara (his best drama), and Munken he was striving at literary creation, declined and the soldats flowed back scratched his scraggled blond hair.' He Vendt (an impressive picture of tbe and when at seventeen he consented from the former Russian front In Tur- ran forward, trampling oyer the pas- life of a debauched key through the Nakhichevan district, sengers feet ' theologian) is to be apprenticed to a shoemaker it . was In order that he might earn the the traditional hatred between the Arpowerful. Are we going south? he asked the menians of the Erlvan district and Still better are Hamsun's novels money to hnve printed at his own exthem the Johammedan Tartars broke out. driver. "Editor pense his first two complete "works, We are going to h I, growled th3 among and the loMvsteries, e story Pan. All a short novel and a long poem. Thte closed the carriage road to Lange these writings are a strange mixture Tabriz and later closed the railway. driver. The next use he made of his apAnd so the superintendent of the of rude realism, dreamy mysticism prenticeship was to jump the job with At great risk several members of the ear barn gave Knut Hamsun the sa?k. and American Committee for Armenian impulsive sentiment. On the one some more savings and go to ChrisHe and Syrian Relief, with headquarters evensaid the Norwegian was too stupid hand Hamsun lets loose the reins of tiania, where he hoped to work his as to cruise a of Halsted skipper But and introduces us to -- a way through the university. at Erlvan, went to Tabriz and brought car. Hamsun went to New phantasy world of wonderfully dear dreams ; in that hope he failed.' There were back several million roubles In a train street York. He got a berth on a Newfound- on Tlie the other hand, he is a cold critic two reasons for this failure. that was so crowded with retreating land - Later he fishing-smacworked of the human soul, who more important was that he had Russian soldats that one of the comthe exposes weak side of modern life with pene- hoped to pay for his lectures by sellmittee members, upholstered with his way to Norway as a seaman. hundreds of thousands of roubles, was - It is restless life, full of adventure trating Intellect. ing stuff to the Christiania publishers forced to sleep on the roof of (he car that we find in Hamsuns writings, said that 65,000,000 pages of of newspapers and periodicals and It la in a temperature near zero. Within a which are properly called the au- Hamsuns work have appeared in 23 he couldnt do it They did not want He is trjily repthors confessions. week the railway service was stopped but it is safe to say that his poetry, his fiction or his essavs. of the Scandinavian bohe- languages, resentative n Armenian-Tarta- r fighting. the average well-rea- d American had This failure produced the second by mians whom he lets look In the glass never beard of him. In The uprising of the Nakhichevan why he could not remain at tlie the short, Tartars was ill timed. German propa- in his novelThe Earth. award comes as a distinct shock. ' By university. Jle became either an Born in Gulbrandstai on August 4, what mischance all these years has nuisance to his fellow stugandists had. placarded the district with posters exhorting these Tartars, I860, Hamsun wrote little poems when he overlooked the Norwegian writers dents or the butt of their Jibes. They He name suddenly to be humiliated by his did not understand-hi- m and he made who are related to the Turks and are a young shoemaker apprentice. of the same religion, to arise against did not like that trade. own ignorance? If he subjects to ex- no effort to be understood. - So he His irrepressive longing for adven- amination his acquaintances who have left the university and came to Amerthe Armenians, - whom the retreating Russians had left to their own de- ture drove him to the United States, earned the reputation of being explor- ica. But the Ar- where ha tried to make a living as a ers In the world of books, it may be This 'they did. vices. is Hamsun, like other geniuses menians had spent the winter in rais- cabin boy, miner, store clerk, horse-ca- r some consolation to find that they are apparently bom to be misunderstood. conductor, and what not During no better Informed about Hamsun and Anyway, Shallow Solk publjshe-- ' :i ing an army to take over the former Russian front and about 25,000 of that period be wrote a sketch or poem his works. Have American publishers 1893, was the result of Hamsuns lift these volunteers were assembled in once in a while, or was an aggressive done their duty to a. country whose among the Bohemians of Christ is Erlvan. agitator of atheism and anarchism. forests are rapidly being depleted In after his street car experience in ChiWhen the writer crossed the Igdlr When he believed be was a consump- the cause of literature In slighting an cago. It does not seem to' have he-- i are a Armenians for short a where he was, starving tive time, held a tbe preachauthor plain, Stockholm worthy by pleasant period In his life. he was no better underpin. , today, these much persecuted people er and devoted his spare time and en- Jury of signal honors? were having their inning and the ergy to the study of religious mystiIn former years when the Nobel or liked by the bohemians than hi smoke from a score of burning Tar-ta- r cism. were announced there had been by the students at the uniall dilemmas of his adventurous was no such cause for villages could be seen. Tartars tin versity a dozen years before. Hamwith arms were allowed to live If life Hamsun was homesick. When he At least 4t was reassuring to know sun took bis revenge by his violent they surrendered their guns, and landed at Copenhagen he was without that they were persons of world-wid- e attack on the bohemians In Shalwomen and children were not touched, The same life has been delow Soil. money or friends. Disgusted with renown, however widely read. but their villages were looted ahd life, he hid in a garret to starve himscribed by Strindberg in a much more Mommsen, Bjornson, burned by the Armenians. This was self to death. d . l, way. Mistral, Echegaray, Sienkiewicz. in March, 1919. All the Tartars revon Paul His sketch "Hunger was the offMaeKipling, Hamsuns career and final success ' Heyse, treated to the Nakhichevan district spring of the struggle between volun- terlinck, and the rest, whether French, seem to point anew the moral that it where they formed a majority of the tary starvation and the instinct of German, Norwegian, Spanish,' Polish, is hard to keep a good man down. He There they have repopulation. that could not be Italian, English, or Belgian, for the had a hard life, and success seemed a mained. Hatred between them and conquered by the longing for the occasion needed no introduction. Then mere Ignis fatuus, but he kept on the Armenians is strong, great unknown. When printed in a in 1916 enme the crowning of Verner trying. made difficult The whole problem is by the diversity of the population. In flowers are white, with a yellow-tintethe mountain pillages the Kurds are nite purpose In a hive. Holier, famous most numerous. A strong hand will Chinese Lily enp, the stems having u truss, with bee student, lias answered it h.v defrom three to seven blooms. The Chi- claring that males must he numerous be necessary to control these several One of the most successful bulbs for nese cat away the hnrd skin on the so that the queen in her bridal flight tribes. The Kurds have been forced to be butchers by the Turks, who gave house culture Is the Chinese sacred top of the bulb, whl-- h seems to fa will hnve the best of chances to meet them guns as their only toofs, and lily, a variety of the narcissus which cllitnte the growth, but In cutting, one one. Were there but two or three to a til vp tliev might miss tlie who kept agriculture and education Is imported from China. Place In a must be careful to cut only departure from them. Their condition was as dish about three Inches deep, put In of an Inch in depth, or the leaf growth of their queen altogether, or else full s covwill and Armeof be sand, to find as on of a a the time one and her that bad for injured. tier flight. Her stav la n her High! m 1st Jie brief, for a sudden er with one inch of gravel, white pebnians, and along the wind may blow her from her eourse Why Drones Are Numerous boundary scores of Kurds were to be bles, or broken marble. On this set The great puzzle has been why did or heat her to earth where, wet winged seen with only one garment and barethe bulbs to prevent them from floatfoot at an altitude of seven thousand ing Place them In a sunny window, Nature create so ninny drones annr.g and chill, she would die or fall DM1V ind they will bloom perfectly. The bees, w hen but one e er served a. di fi a bird. feet, ip March. . self-defens-e, ANATOLIA AWAKE FROM ' SLEEP OF AGES. Anatolia, which in Greek means a rising, Is literally living up to' its name. The leaven which during the past two or three years has been counworking such drastic changes in tries In Europe and Asia, recently threw this portion of Asia Minor in a ferment. Anatolia, which lies between the Black and Mediterranean seas and touches Armenia on the east and Syria on the south, Is the home of some Even though Mo7,000,000 Turks. hammedan Turks, these people have suffered almost as much at the hands of their own governing officials- as have the subject Greeks and Armenians. The original Turks In this area are descendants of tribes which have drifted in from CentraUAsia, but Into crucible have poured Anatolias streams from many sources Turanians, Persians, Armenians and Greeks, warrior tribes, nomads and merchants, many of whom have lost their names and traditions. In fact, most of the earths animate creatures have at some time passed over it The molten products of the centuries are nomads, who .often change a wandering life into ime of agriculture, living in hoife-built of bricks of clay dried in tlie. - stm. The principal wealth of Anatolia lies in its agriculture. Portions of the land are easily worked and fertile, the tract from the Sea of Marmora to Trebizond being particularly rich. Other parts are rocky or are interspersed with salt tracts.' Due to the paucity of a population pernumbering scarcely twenty-tw- o sons to the square mile, and to the fact that the inhabitants are imbued deeply with the fatalism and suave imperturbability of Mohammedanism, which to the American mind seems about 90 per cent laziness, of the tillable area is covered with sprigs and useless , weeds. When the natives bestir themselves common grains, grapes and raise-th- e and and olives, cotton, tobacco poppy seeds which the land is capable of producing, there are not yet sufficient transportation facilities to take care of the harvests. The Germans saw the possibilities of these regions and were planning, when they shipped railroad ties, steam tractors and agricultural machinery into the country, practical, steps toward the realization of their dream. Now travelers from the Near East tell us that soon the locomotive, the motor truck, and the airplane will open up Anatolia in a new way, binding It to the world commercially, politically, and geographically, as the historic bridge land between East and West. two-third- s SAN MARINO IS LIVING PROOF THAT PEACE ENDURES. Founded by a man whose parting prayer was that it never should Increase its territory by violence, San Marino emerges upon the map of the new Europe, from which empires are new nations are outdisappeariag-an- d lined. With Germany crippled and laid low by an exactly opposite ambition, San Marino remains as an enduring monument to her ideal. This tiny nation, our littlest ally, is described by Alice Rohe in a communication to the National Geographic society, as follows: The 'position of San Marino, 13 miles from Rimini, is singular. This little republic, whose greatest length is nine miles, Is completely surrounded by Italy, who respects Its autonomy, as have rulers of the past with a few fleeting exceptions, since the pious Dalmatian stonecutter left the mountain to his followers, free from every other man. "That this little republic, which today has 11,000 Inhabitants and an area, of 38 square miles, has maintained its independence, its ideal of liberty, in' the midst of strife and bloodshed, of changing social conditions, for sixteen centuries, adds dignity to ihe mwavering he!!ef of the old-tim- near-herm- it world-famou- old-tim- - prize-winn- er who-shal- coat-sleev- tea-so- prize-winne- rs h. e, Car-ducc- Fine Plant d h half-inche- Turko-Russia- |