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Show V'f THE RICH COUNTY NEWS, RANDOLPH, UTAH WILL ALAND ISLANDS BE-CO- A BALTIC FIUME? Caught In the swirl of the minor flurries that disturb Europe are the remote Aland islands, where Swedes and Finns (dashed in a manner suggestive of the dispute between Jugoslavs and the Italians along the Adriatic, according to newspaper dispatches. For more than 200 years the Aland Islands, which are situated like a cork In the wide mouth of the Gulf of e Bothnia, have been a sort of question between the Swedes and the Russians. After having passed back and forth several times, they were finally ceded to Russia in 1809. During the reign of Nicholas I they were strongly fortified, a move most distasteful to Sweden, because the Islands occupy a strong strategic position with respect to Stockholm, the Swedish capital, which is less than 100 miles to the southwest from the chief fortification of the islands. These fortifications were shortlived. In 1854, during the Crimean war, a Franco-Britis- h fleet, under Sir Charles Napier and Baraguay dHil-lierdestroyed the works, and after that time the islands were left unfortified, In accordance with an international agreement. The Aland group, which is separated from the Swedish mainland by Aland bay (Aland Haaf) and from the Finnish mainland by Skiftet sound, Is composed of some 300 islands and rocky Islets, the total area of which Is not more than 550 square miles. The largest island, Aland, a name signifying land of streams, is almost as large as all the others combined, havOLD LETTERS REVEAL LOST ing an area of 247 square miles, about CHAPTER IN WORLD twice the size of Marthas Vineyard. Cattle raising and fishing are the HISTORY chief occupations of the 25.000 people Lava preserved the secrets of Rowho live on the islands. Some cereals man civilization in Pompeii ; tombs (barley and oats) are grown on the protected the records of ancient thin soil, and there are a few forests Egypts culture ; and now there is prosof birch, spruce and flr. pect that some long neglected letters Finnish troops recently were re- may reveal one of the most fascinatported marching through the streets ing chapters In the historic trail of the of Mariehamm. This attractive little Jewish people, and incidentally show bathing resort is the chief town of that Africa loomed larger in the midthe Islands, having a population of dle ages than modern historians have In times of peace a daily realized. 1,400. ( steamer service is maintained between Hitherto Africa has figured not at this port and Abo, the oldest and all in medieval history. It still was historically the most interesting city a dark continent when Stanley and In Finland. The voyage from Abo to Livingstone penetrated it less than a Mariehamm takes about 10 hours. ago. Yet, in view of a remark-- , It was in the water adjacent to the century able documentary discovery made by Aland islands that Peter the Greats Charles de la Ronciere, librarian of navy won its first important victory, the national library in France, it defeating the Swedes In 1717. would seem Jews of the fifteenth cenOnly about 90 of the 300 islands are tury had trading posts in northwest Inhabited, and the fisherfolk, in the Africa, and carried on a vast commain, are of Swedish descent. merce with the natives from the SaSwedens desire to hold the islands hara to the Atlantic and from Algeria arises in part from the fact that they to the Niger. control the entrance to the Gulf of Antonia Malfante, a Genoese citizen, most which of that Bothnia, through traversed this region and wrote his kingdoms internal trade is carried on. descriptive letters, in 1447, from Timbuktu and Touat. Timbuktu was the LONDONDERRY: MAIDEN Chicago of the west African plains; CITY OF IRELAND and Touat the center of the camel or in Ulster, caravan traffic that exchanged the Derry, Londonderry, known in song and legend as the wheat and barley of Egypt for the Malden City of Ireland, has the .powdered gold of Timbuktu and the charm of the cheery, busy town and is precious salt from Teghazza. All the places visited by Malfante truly characterized by the stirring marching song which these Irish sing were so well known to the Jews of on their days of celebration : time that they were listed in a t his Catalan atlas prepared Where Foyle his swelling waters of a century earlier for Charles V, rolls northward to the main, according to M. Ronciere. But shortHere, Queen of Erins daughters, fair ly after Malfantes visit the Jews were driven out of Spain, and since the Derry fixed her reign; A holy temple crowned her, and .comJews were the only ones in Europe who knew of the Nigeria country and merce graced her street ;( A rampart wall was round her,' the apparently permitted no Christian to enter there except Malfante the Jewriver at her feet. ish knowledge was lost in Europe. Not These four lines briefly tell Lon- until Dr. Gerhard Rohlfs began his e explorations in Algeria aqd Morocco donderrys story. Along the quays of the river Irishmen jolly each n 186p did the rest of the world again other as they load and unload the for- form a contact with the extensive reeign, colonial and coasting trade of gions of Malfantes travels. the docking vessels. For the Foyle Landing at a point west of Algiers, Is wide and deep, and large tonnage Malfante worked his way south to ships flying the flags of France, Aus- Touat, which Rohlfs believed himself tralia, Brazil, "the United States, and to have been the first European to visIndia bring their wares to her port. it. Yet Malfante dated hisfirst letter Busy looms in the city make linen, from there four centuries earlier. Touat was an oasis, containing from Irish and then laughing, twinkly-eye- d 150 to 200 villages, which together the linen shirts make before Iqto gtrts It leaves Londonderry. The salmon formed a vast commercial center. fishery on the Foyle is important and Each had a chief. Travelers became the town has timber mills, grain mills, the guests of these chiefs and Malfante reported their protection suand shipyards. But Derry has for the traveler a perior to that in states like Tlemcen and Tunis. One of these towns was charm greater than its hustle and atmosphere the story of a Tametit. now a decayed village, whose past replete with romance, devotion people still recall the Jewish epoch. to principle,' and the exhibition of Arabian invaders earlier had routed the the Jews, who were masters of the Columha, Indomitable spirit. Sahara and whose empire extended greatest of the' Irish saints after Patrick and Brigid, in 546 looked on the south to the Niger. Tametit, Malfante hills and coveted them. Here wrote, sheltered both Jews and who lived in harmony. he founded his abbey, known as or Columbas Oak Grove, The native negroes valued copper within the shadow of the great fort highly. Malfante stated, and used it Profiteering, apparently, on a neighboring hill, the stronghold for money. of the lord of Tyrone, in order that is not a modern vice. Malfante combis sanctuary might have the protec- plained, The people here do not want tion of the fort. But in vain did he to transact any business if they do not reckon his chances against the Danes make a commission of 100 per cent. and Saxons who, time and again, And their business wps on a big scale, pushed their boats against his shores. at that. Half a million head of cattle, Despite their plundering and burnings, to mention but one item, were brought the settlement, of which he had made to market In the caravan season. Pushing on to Timbuktu, Malfantes the nucleus, grew and maintained Its was the brother of a captain of host 1609, until Independence Alsace-Lorrain- s, - three-quarte- two-mil- oak-cla- d e, desert Industry, a man of great wealth and possessed of trade information concerning all of north Africa. From him Malfante learned of such flourishing places as Tjghazza, famous for its salt mines and unique for its architecture. The houses were made of rock salt. Malfante noted that It never rained thiere, or the houses would have melted away. Derry was then given to the corporation of London, which tacked on the prefix London. Three years later the Irish society, to which Londonderry and much of the surrounding country had been given, pledged itself to enclose Derry within walls, and these walls, wide enough for a coach and four, are excellently preserved today, perhaps, to the inconvenience of the inhabitants, but certainly In accordance with their sentiments and wishes. Any one who expressed a desire that they be taken down would be treated as a traitor. Long ago they grew too small to encompass all the Inhabitants of the hustling port, but they stand like a stiff belt around the waistline of the hill on which the city is built. The most inconvenient thing about them is that, though they are more, than a mile in circumference, there are only seven gates leading through them. Because the walls defended the city in the siege begun by James II, a busy man must make quite a jaunt out of his way to find a passageway through them, but, true to Irish sentiment, he does it without a murmur. On one of the bastions of the wall an old gun, affectionately known as "Roaring Meg, points her nose over the city. Here, too, on the hill In the center of a crowded old graveyard stands the quaint, squat cathedral with its queer pinnacled tower. It is called after St. Columba, although It is not on the site of the old abbey built by the saint fourteen centuries ago. On a high, inaccessible hill In the distance, looms the stronghold of the lords of Tyrone. It Is said that St. Patrick came to the fort to baptize Owen, who first set himself up to rule over the province of Tyrone, and St. Columba visited it before his exile. Here, too, captive Danes who had threatened the peace of (he city were dragged in triumph. Though every trace of the old castle has been obliterated, the massive stone wall fourteen feet thick and eighteen feet high, resembling the handiwork of a cyclone, has stood out grimly against the centuries. A small dooriron gate hangs across a two-foway, the only entrance to its huge amphitheater-lik- e interior, which reveals further devices designed for the protection of the inmates. PENNSYLVANIA COMMUNITY EFFORT BRINGS DAIRYMEN BETTER PRICES I MUCH DEPENDS ON: HIGHWAYS ; Leading Manufacturers Have Abolished Ton Rating and Are Fitting Trucks to the Jbfe. . GUNNING FOR PROFITEERS AN ANCIENT PRACTICE Profiteering in foods and high wage demands by labor are far from being problems. Ancient Egypt flogged its profiteers in the market places and medieval England passed maximum wage laws, according to a communication by Ralph A. Graves to the National Geographic society, which says : Following the devastation of the Black Death in England in cultivation of the fields was utterly impossible and there were not even laborers to gather enough the crops which had matured. Cattle roamed through the corn unmolested and the harvest rotted where it stood. Out of the situation which resulted from the impoverishment of the labor resources of the kingdom grew the first great clash In England betweer capital and labor. The peasants be1 came masters of the situation. In some instances they demanded double wages, had and whereas formerly of every quarter oi paid wheat as the harvesting wage they t. were now forced to pay Parliament hurriedly passed drastic laws in an effort to meet the new condition. Statutes provided that every man or woman, bond or free, able in body and within the age of threescore years, not having his owi whereof he may live, nor land of his own about which he may occupy himself, and not serving any other, shall be bound to serve the employer who shall require him to do so, provided that the lords of any bondsman ot shall be preferred before others for bis service; that such servants shall take only the wages which were customarily given in 1347 (the year prior to the first appearance ol the plague). The first ordinance in English history, designed to curb the greed ol the middleman, was passed nearly a century earlier (in 1258) when there was a bountiful harvest, but destrue tlve rains caused the heavy crops to . rot in the fields. "But England did not originate food control measures. A low Nile in 961 A. D. resulted in a famine the following year, which" swept away 600,000 people in the vicinity of the city-oFustat. Gawhar, a Mohammedan Joseph, founded a new city (the Cairo of today) a short distance from tho stricken town and immediately organized relief measures. The Caliph Moizz lent every assistance to his lieutenant, sending many ships laden with grain; but price ol bread still remained high and Gawhar, being a food coptroller who had no patience with persuasive methods, ordered his soldiers to seize all the millers and grain dealers and flog them in the public market place. The administrator then established central grain depots and corn was sold throughout the two years of the famine under the eyes of a government in, spector." " Every farmer knows that adepends to a large- extent upon the roads over whieh' it hauls-- . For example': One horse on a concrete-roawill pull as much as two horses-oa macadam highway. The same load on a good earth road ' requires five horses and on loose gravel, ten. Obviously It Is to the haulers advantage to have roads permitting the hauling of maximum loads with a mini- mum of power. If a horse drawing two-to- n loads over city pavements is sold to a farm- - ultra-mode- 1348-134- able-bodi- land-owne- one-eigh- land-serva- f . MINSK: AN INCUBATOR OF BOLSHEVISM One of the least interesting among Russian cities in Its physical aspects, Minsk has an economic history that helps in understanding how bolshevism spread so readily among the Russian people. The Industrial history of Minsk, where the Poles and the bolsheviks met to discuss peace terms, is especially significant in view of present conditions in Russia. It was one of the centers where ideas long germinated which blossomed forth so suddenly into bolshevism under the hothouse influences of war distress. There. In the early nineties of the last century, a group of dilettantes formed a Working Mans union, later more accurately termed the Union for Struggle. Promulgation of literature, smuggled into the country or printed in secret, was a major activity of. this group in Minsk. Few workingmen belonged to it. In the course of five years these groups, working In Moscow, St. Petersburg and Minsk, had accumulated a number of followers, few of whom agreed. They gave wide publicity to the doctrines of Marx, mixed indiscriminately with every variety of radicalism, native and imported. With such a diversity of aims little was accomplished, and It was with the hope of formulating a definite program that the Union for Struggle and a committee of the Jewish bund held their notable convention at Minsk in From that meeting arose the 1898. Social Democratic Working Mens party. Minsk is built upon the Svislotck river, nearly 500 miles southwest of Moscow by rail, and has a population of 105,000, fully half of whom are Jews. It was the capital of the old Russian government of Minsk, .which included some of the least fertile and least developed regions of the fallen empire. - The annual fair, held in March, furnished the chief event in the towns life. Its trade, mainly in corn, lumber and leather, gained perceptibly when It became the Intersection point of the railway from Moscow to Warsaw and that from Libau to Kharkov.' Formerly. It maintained a municipal pawnshop. ' d 9, h horse's-efficiene- . Farmers Unloading Milk at Grove City Creamery. More than half a million dollars of new wealth created in one year by a that is the record single community of Grove City, Pa., a whole community largely given over to dairying. There are many cities and towns throughout the county engaged in the production of some one principal comMiners increase the value modity. of coal by taking it from the ground. Manufacturers add to the value of raw materials by shaping them into mar- These increase ketable products. wealth. But Grove City actually creates new wealth. It takes the air, sunshine and water elements free to all and converts them into gold dairy products. What the Grove City community is doing can be done by any commuinty that is satisfactorily situated, and that has a creamery. The fact that the management is supervised by the United States department of agriculture probably gives it no appreciable financial advantage, because the relationship is investigational and has not reduced the cost of manufacture below that possible In many other creameries. The products are always sold on their merits, and the name of the department is not used to advertise them. . Community Spirit Built Up. The success of the . Grove City creamery is due largely to the admirable community spirit that has been built up there and in the surrounding district. That this spirit exists y Is due largely to the efforts put forth by the business men of Grove City, especially the members of the Commercial club, an organization that is open to the farmers, of the neighborhood who are interested in the advancement of dairying. From the very outset of the undertaking, in 1914, the- business men took an active interest in the creamery and in the movement toward development agricultural general through dairying, and by their enthusiasm they aroused the Interest of the farmers. The business men of Grove City took the first step, the farmers met and all are now workthem half-waing for a common cause, which is the building up of a successful dairy community. Though the business men began the work for the public good and with little thought of personal gain, they have found that it is paying them well, because better farming has brought them better business. The records of the creamery show a remarkable increase in income' derived from the sale of Its products. For the first year, from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, the gross income was $82,432; the second year it Increased to $212,904; the third year, to $375,-59the gross income and last'-yea- r As only a small totaled $505,810. part of the money was used to pay the cost of operation, nearly all of it was distributed (among the farmers around Grove City. Since much of the income was due to increased and improved farm business, a large part of it may fairly be considered as newly created wealth. Improved Dairy Cows. The most direct, cause of the greatly increased prosperity of the Grove City community is the more profitable dairy cow. Dairying In the Grove City district has been much improved by the purebred cattle that have been shipped In. but it has been improved more by the scrub cattle that have asg been shipped out. The sociation, which has taken the guesswork out of dairying in this district, is an organization of the dairy farmers who employ a tester to test their cows for production and to keep feed and production records. to , Tuberculin tests from April, 1918, May, 1920, were made on 387 herds, consisting of 4,988 animals, under the accredited-herplan. Of these, 148 herds are already accredited. According to latest figures. 250 farmers In the vicinity of Groye City own one or more purebred dairy animals. The imis going forportance of pure-bred- s ' ward rapidly. The creamery has gained a reputation for high quality of products. This has brought a ready market at satisfactory prices, which have encouraged larger production. Increased production and satisfactory prices have made the farmers more prosperous. Increased financial prosperity, however, Is only a small part of the gain that Better has come to the community. schools, better churches, better homes, and better social conditions are coming as a result of this, because the people have learned to work together without friction. To achieve such success as that at Grove City, it is not necessary for a community to engage in the manufacture of dairy products. The Grove City plan can be adapted as well to To any other type of agriculture, make the work a success, however, the community must cast aside all selfishness, pull together, and organize, and should select for its field agent a man of personality, education, ability He should be thorand diplomacy. oughly trained in scientific and practical agriculture and must have had With such a man wide experience. in charge and with a modern creamery there is every reason to believe that any community, with the spirit of cooperation and even fair agricultural resources, can do what the Grove City community has done-- , UNITED STATES NOW RAISES BEST STOCK Foreign Find Desirable Buyers Animals in This Country. F . . y, 6; cow-testin- d Live Stock Industry Not Surpassed by Any Other Region in the World Has Greatest Number of Pure-- ' bred Herds. Buyers of purebred live stoca throughout the world are coming in increasing numbers to the United States, according to the bureau of markets of the United States department of agriculture. Foreign breeders now find la this country the greatest number of purebred herds, all breeds being well, represented, and are assured of every facility for obtaining exactly the animals desired. For many years breeders in the United States have been importing the finest animals from other countries, and by the most rigid selection in keen competition with other breeders have developed purebred live stock until now the live stock industry lit this country Is not surpassed by any other country in the world. In recent years animals bred in the United States have repeatedly won in open competition against imported animals at the leading live stock shows and expositions. ANIMALS FOR MILK AND BEEF A Impossible to Produce Breed Combining These Functions and of Su-- ; perior Merit. As the type of animal necessary for the production of large yields of milk is entirely different from that of the beef animals, it has been impossible to produce a breed which would com- bine these functions and be of rior merit for both purposes. supe- Trucks Are Mighty Handy for Hauling Farm Products. seller does not tell the buyer er, the the horse will haul two tons in the country. The farmer knows his conditions and what he can expect. In view of the fact that fanners are using an ever Increasing number of motortrucks, itls interesting what a leading transportation authority recently said about doing this with trucks, that Is, calling them-two- , three, four, etc., ton trucks. Obviously it is as illogical for n motortruck manufacturer to label his truck a two-tohauler as it would be for a horse dealer to say how much: a horse would haul. Clearly in either case the load which may be transported depends almost entirely upon conditions. For this reason leaning manufacturers have abolished the ton rating method and are fitting the' trucks to the job. A transportation engineer goes over the haulers conditions thorAll his difficulties an adoughly. vantages are carefully considered, and the proper size unit prescribed. Thus, a truck formerly rated at two ' tons load in the may be used for a four-to-n city, while in an unusually bad section of the country a unit with a larger rated horse power capacity may if the owner is to prevent wasteful depreciation. In other words, manufacturers ars taking advantage of tho .experience gained in horse hauling. They realize it takes ten horses on loose gravel and one on concrete." They are selling their transportation accordingly. APPROVE HIGHWAY PROJECTS Preliminary Estimate of Cost of provements Is Approximately Im- $384,900,000. Up to June 30, 1920, 2,985 projects involving a total of 29,319 miles of road had been approved by the secretary of agriculture. The prelim- inary estimate of tbe cost of these projects is approximately $384,900,000, of which approximately $163,841,000 will be approved as federal aid. On the same date 2,116 projects representing approximately 15,944 miles, had either been completed or were under construction. The estimated total cost of these projects in various stages of construction and completed, is $200, 000,000. The total cost of federal-ai- d work approved by the secretary in the 19 months subsequent to the signing of the armistice and prior to July 1, 1920, which is approximately $330,000,-00exceeded by $63,000,000 the cost of all road and bridge work done by states and counties in this country in d 1915. The value of the wqrk during that period amounted to a rate, of . construction $60,000,000, equaling that of the Panama can at 0, com-piete- MAINTAINING DIRT HIGHWAY k Silage feed. Is without a peer as winter , Plant a small kind of small kirn! of a place. Organized their product a tree in a growers get more for no matter what it is. Don't leave your machinery out In the open to rust. Build a sited for it. Seed corn selection is important this year. Good ears that mature will have a real value. As timber grows scarcer year by year, that wood lot on the farm grows more and more- - valuable. ' If the instruction book which accompanied your binder is lost, better get another. It may save a lot of time later. . Farmers who complain of the methods of business men ought to read a business mans magazine and vice versa. Less friction and more harmony would be the result. , Where Patrol System It Used, Light-Blad- e Grader Is Beat Tool to Stand Heavy Work. The best tool for use on earth road maintenance is a light-blad- e grader. Where a patrol system of maintenance is used.- (his system is the very best Tbe ideal grader is one strong enough to stand the required strain when pulled by four horses in cleaning out ditches and other necessary work that Is too heavy for two horses, yet light enough and so constructed that the draft will be such that two horses can easily pull It when doing ordinary grader work. LACK INOCULATION AND LIME Cause of Failure of Many Alfalfa Seedings Reported to Iowa Experiment Station This Year, Out of 1,073 alfalfa seedings reported to the Iowa experiment station this year, 19.5 per cent failed. Of these failures, 38.7 per cent were due to lack of inoculation, lack of lime, or both. Inoculation is very important. It Is estimated that inoculation aud lime are beneficial for alfalfa on about s of the Iowa soils. pine-tenth- -- |