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Show THE SALT lake KUSUiM auiUAi jiOmu,u, tiiiii n, xhj. some specific alliance they would not come to the aid of member nations of the league. Us( eummer a final effort was made la the protocol to arrive at some solution In accordance with continental ideas. The constitution of the league was so amended.' in the protocol proposal, that it would have been difficult for any nation without the sacrifice of honor, to refuse to assist any other nation attacked- As the protocol was framed U became the raoet gigantic Insurance policy In hu man history, only incidentally tnsur ing against war. but actually insuring the satisfied nations against the challenge of those which were dissatisfied. Tbua la fact, what had happened to Mr. W llson at Pans happened to Mr MacDonald at Geneva. He, like the American president, was forced in the end to make eonceesiona totally transforming his conception, which was in truth WUsoniaa. And quit ss promptly as the people of the United Btalei had rejected the league with the covenant, the people of Great Britain refused to accept the league with the protocol. And with the British refusal the entire Wilsonian conception, not of the existence of a league, but of the character of that league, was de. - German Proposal and French Note Make Body Moral Arbiter Nations May Make De- feiisive Alliances Without Affecting Others. molished. Now, today, through the German proposals which have a British backing, a new experiment id taking form We Americana rejected the Covenant because we refused to be concerned w ith the defense of any European frontiers The British refused the By FRANK WASHINGTON. pro- tocol because they declined to be responsible for the defense of all Eu- H. SIMON DB. July 10. No M ropean frontiera But the eesential difference lies in the fact that while we dlculon 6vor can poet ot th be unconcerned about all Euroa Mcurlty pact In western Europo pean frontiers, there srec eriain fronit more inter toting or more impor tiers which sre of vital importance to tant than thtt which affeoti tht the British. NEW FORM PROPOSED. league of nations. In reality the Gar man proposal as it ia now amended of The liave, thuu. tnrugu lue mouth a a oeilUatl kiStesliUli, by the French note framed in con- new term of ouiiltacu lu piuMeu mtiiwu ference between representation of contract, out also the olattTw n.cq iter " TnanuyiuTimie ot --tne Great Britain and 'France,' ut briosu promos! is tuai tegue of the character the league changes be a oirect contract Itself, the character imparted by uieie sluu! r ranee, Germany and Britain, Presldent Wilson In the Peris con- with Belgium w uich oinds a ference, reaiserted in the protocol all three great signatory, powers to accept the which was adopted at Geneva last western settlement of the treaty of summer, but rejected by the British Versailles and to to the aid of any government Ui March of the current nation attacked go on these wantonly year. frontiera In reality it binds France Mr. Wilson's conception of the and Jtihttie to th accept Germany remains 4a which league of nations,boundary as laid down at Faria and a large measure the American con- Britain to defend h against the chalception, was of an associationtorof all lenge of either. the the peoples of the world This proposal then substitutes for preservation of peace and it was the league as the police power behind founded upon the two assumptions that there was a fair and reasonable the peace of Europe, so tar as the basis for such association and that, Knine is concerned, the joint responall nations, all peoples, once they sibility of rrance Germany and uw principle had shared Jn this new adjustment, Britain, u rqeogtfi ivould not alone hold to peace, but that nations will not undertake unoverthrow any political party, lead- limited responsibilities with respect to ers or rulers who undertook to lead foreign frontiers and that, therefore, them to war. And Mr. Wilsotr "firm- the league will never have the rely ' believed that his fourteen points sources to preserve peace by force. It charter substitutes the supplied 'the fundamental guarantee of the na- nl prnt uinul oplM Jn brok. down at Thl. conception di.closed Pari., where noIt wu clearly tber. bull of adjustment u which could uti.fy nation, with conflicting Intacta Th. peace which -- , . actually mad. did meaaurably th. vlctorlou. nation., but It lifted th. people, of the defeated waa satisfy ao thoroughly and oomplet.ly dl.uat- - at one. nation, that It waa plain that th. maintenance of peace had boom. th. duty and th. neceaetty of th. victor, and that force alone would a veil to keep the conquered nation, permanently quiet. CHANGED, ITS FORM. Thu., hardly iiad It taken form whan th. league became an a, edition of th. vlctorlou. nation, to preserve a atatu. quo created by war. In fact an alliance against th. defeated nation, and agalnat Germany really considerable state, , as th. on. capable In aom. future time of challenging the decisions registered In the treaty of Versalllea In effect, fv I the various nations, ths allies of ths war and ths gainers by the peace, t - the succession states unite within , the league of nations to guarantee to each other the permanent poises- slon of what thsy had won In the war and to pledge united action against any challenger. of the evolution This league inThs sured American withdrawal. people of thl. country were, and are, agar to associate themselves with any form of league dedicated to th. preservation of peace, but they are in avoiding any jtnt as unanimous commitment which hinds them to lm poos a system of frontiers upon a recalcitrant people as they are eager to work for peace itself. Instinctively, If perhaps with legitimate eelflah-neethey too perceived that a peace which has to be guaranteed, a peace which, whatever Its disguises. Is anImposed peace, can exist only by vlrand la not in reality , ture ofat force alL ' peaco the Europe having transformed original conception of ths league from Its American form to that form which waa In accordance . with European facta America withdrew from the field. I do not mean to suggest that there wae anything evil In the Eu-- f ropcan translation of Mr. Wilsons conception. In my judgment, the conception Itself has nothing whatever to do with European facts It was conceived throe thousand mile, from Europe and without the smallest regard for the realities of the European situation. Faced with the facts. Mr. Wilson had to chdose between abandoning nil and going home and accepting a league which was based .upon European conditions J Q x e, EVOLUTION CONTINUED. But with ths American withdrawal the evolution continued. France, Bel- -, la, Jugo-- . glum, Poland. Csec Slavla, Rumania all with the same fundamental problems, all with ths same anxieties dus to the proximity - of nations which did not accept the settlement as one of justice and only awaited a return of strength to challenge it, made their- - own separate ' contract, of alli.nce, which, whil. do-lto ths league of na-tlons were in reality no more than al- Ifances of exactly the same sort which ) had existed before the war and had been denounced on all sides as causes f of that conflagration. England, however, with th. same tn- -. .tlnct aa America, promptly shrank from th. contracts which had appalled ths Americana Wheq Russia invaded Poland and the very existence of thl. country wa at stake, Britain, so far sending ships and troops, ad. x front rlsed Poland to surrender. Moreover, when rash British support of - the Greeks bad led to disaster In Asia far Minor, France and Italy, with other Interest, than Britain, refused JR ' to support British policy and left Britain to consenl to the humiliating truce of Mudanla and the, not less r peace ot Lausanne. in practice, then, the second con., humiliating of a league broke dowwltke ception the first, America and - Britain dls- - closed the same total unwillingness s to surrender themselves to blank, cheek commitments to protect the die-tent frontiers of foreign nation; frontiers which had no concern for them. to prevent conflict, while Italy and France showed that short of t G ' S -- ;; t It follows, quite logically, that II there ran be an aaeoclatlon of nations to guarantee one state of fact, there can be no other associations to guarantee other states of facta Thus ths Uttle entente Is an association which guarantees a state of fact In the middle of Europe and the Franco-Polis- h alliancs another, which assumes responsibility for another system of frontiers. But ths distinction Is that, whlls all Interested parties accept the Rhine situation, Hungary and Bulgaria refuss to resign their hopes for a revision on ths Danube and Germany decline! to surrender her claims with respect to Danslg, the Polish corridor And upper Silesia. PROBLEMS MERGE. At this point the two problems merge, Britain Is prapared to guarn frontier and antee the r Germany joins In the compact. But if k ranee guarantees th. Polish frontier and Germany refuses to accept it, what then! It Germany attacks Poland, will ths French violation of the neutralised area In the Rhineland established by the compact constitute an offense against that compact which will bring Britain to Germany. ald.T Obviously If this were th. then Germany would have .very encouragement to attack Poland, knowing that If France Interfered Britain would become the German ally In the following etrug-glmnco-Oerma- ca, e. But at thl. point the British and French - have reached a French invasion of the Rhineland on behalf of her Polish ally will not constitute an offenee agalnat th. pact and thus bring Britain automatically Into th. matter, provided th. leagu. of nations, through appropriate machinery, .hall have pronounced the German attack upon Poland wanton nnd unprovoked. OF course, In principle, the same thing would occur If France wantonly attacked 8paln, Italy or Switzerland, but It ia well understood that this aspect Is purely academic. , But it la essential to see the evolution of the league. It no longer remains a group of nations united to guarantee peace by the combined resources of all members. It Is no longer an association of victor nation, to preserve the settlement of 191k. Its ml,lnn t no more than that of a court to which Is referred the question of the character of any breach of peace. It dose not undertake to enforce any decision, but It la charged with the duty to decide whether, eg attack 1. wanton and unprovoked. DECIDE AND QUIT, bhoulu u so uechie, uten Us function is at an euu. u, tor examine, German troops euutrea in. neutralised area v i tu, ituiueiaiiu auci Uie league ueuared tne invasion unprovoaen aua n a violation ot tu. men automatically Britisn pact, erenen, Britisn ana Belgian troops would be released to share In the task of repulsing the German invasion. Should German troops enter Pollan territory, then . the decision of tne league would permit French troops to enter the neutralised area of the Rhine without ollense to the pact and the British would be under no obligation to defend Germany, although similarly they' would be under no necessity to support France. In , conformity with this arrangement, any two or mote nations can concert to defend any frontier which exists. Ths y may enter Into a definite alliance, but the contract most be registered with the league and U Is for the league to decide whether the emergency which may arise warrants the application of the treaty of alliance. .Thus, for example, Rums- Russian attack, but U Isfor" ths leafu to xxy wbsthsr thsy arq at ah Franco-Germa- -- tacked.- If Germany attacks Poland. Britain has no other rssponatbtlky than that which it implicit in ths Covsnant of ths UsMTue. but whils in theory and this is afrsat responsibiltaftfua ity. In practics it has coins to b b without meanins, at ths and crises allowed. But Francs, bscause shs ban a Polish alliancs. has a responsibility ones ths )eaus has affirmed ths fact of an unprovoked attack-- Thus amended ths Isairus at last beyint to have some relation to ths realities of ths European situation. It Is no longer ths body Yharged with tbs defense of peso and devoid oFaU means of defending that peacd. ones it Is physiRusso-Pohu- Grsco-Turkl- Din wood ey3 y 69th Annual July SALE , ' - ' Monday Morning, 9 oclock July 13th, EXCEPTIONAL VALUES eh cally challenged. Nor are Its members saddled with responsibilities which no government could perform because no people wUl consent to jen to war mvs as its own immediate Interests are patently Imperilled. Given ths situation of 1314, when Austria issued her ultimatum to Ferbla and followed it with a yx declars-adequa- Serbian repiy the appexljjf Serbia to ths league would have necessarily resulted in the league decision that ths Austrian attack was unprovoked and that, therefore, ths Russian protection of Serbia, which would have been expressed in a treaty with a fores league registration, came into would Then the Russian mobilisation have been legal and the German declaration of war based on that mobilisation ffidkaJ.- - Francs and Brit-ai- n would have been legally entitled by virtue of their treaties to support Russia and ths German responsibility for ths war clear. With this evolution, the league loses much of its grandiose but illusory character It is no loniier Mr. Wilsons association of nations with their for resources pooled,, and defense of peacef It has nodirect reIt cannot or lation to peace war, pre vent the one nor conserve the other. It is a court which decides, but once its decision has been, uttered, then It is left for the nations which ars concerned to give force to the decision as they choose, which means Ifi practice as their Interests dictate Hers then, Is a striking compromise n and coalinenlal between European conceptions, both Voncep tions being based upon fundamental conditions and traditions. - Tha continent wanted a league which waa no mors than a military alliancs and which. In ths naturs of things, would bs an alliancs to preserve a status quo which was created by a victory and Imposed by the force of tha victors and In no wise accepted by the n vanquished as jUBt. The ll world wanted a voluntary association of all nations with fores left out and the conscience of ths peoples 'left to be the determining factors. It wanted no alliances and it refused to lend Its military, naval or financial resources to the preservation of any physical arrangement, thus fji fact surrendering the control of these resources to the superstate, which would be created. t The present arrangement has recognised the vital portions of each point of view. It deprives tha league of ail the military or authority to command naval resources- - of any nation to maintain peace, even If It regards peace as wantonly menaced. It leaves it with nothing but the right and ths duty to decide what nation or nations have violated their contracts and tnua Imperiled peace. But at the same time all nations to enter into any contracts which they may choose to make to preserve peace In any region of ths world in which they are Interested. Protect your roof Anglo-Saxo- with Asbestos Anglo-Saxo- free-wi- show that flying sparks combustible roofs cause a loss of many millions of dollars a year in America. This means little to you unless it happens to include the building which shelters your family your home,, You can take your home out of this horle rible fire risk forever with a roof of Asbestos Shingles. STATISTICS Johns-Manvil- Reproof for the last time MY ENTER- - AGREEMENTS. Great Britain, for example, because shs regards ths Rhine frontier as m vital importance to her, may enter into any form of agreement she may 'Ws care to make with Francs, with Germany or with both, to take action with one or ths other, if peace is assailed on the Rhine. Francs may do ths same with Poland on ths Vistula, with . on ths Elbe, with Belgium on the Scheldt. Ths single icondition is that ths alliance must bs defensive and cannot become operative save as ths league pronounces that ths actions of some nation have become a menace to peaces In effect ths leagues Issues Its bull of excommunication which deprives ths offending nation of all ths protections which 'belong to It, while It observes Us International obligations. The covenant made It a moral duty for all member nations to go to ths aid of one assailed; the protocol made it a legal duty; the present proposal would make it a permissive right. The covenant and the protocol merged all alliances In one com- JUOJ3L-- league. The present scheme would recognise ths right of nations to make separate alliances, but would permit only defensive alliances, which to become effective must have ths formal declaration of ths league itself. I should make It clear that ths evo lution which I am dlscursing has not taken definite form; that It is rather ths consequence of British policy, ss British policy has fallen into accord wUh French and is now seeking to' arrive at adjustment with Germany and promote adjustment between Germany and France, than the consequence of any direct formulation. But I cannot escape the conclusion that this evolution waa always , inevitable. Is logical and will ultimately arrive at some useful conclusion. So far the fatal weakness of the league has lain In ths fact that it has been based upon assumption which did violence to facts which ars fundamental. Thus, no nation will surrender Rs right to control its own policies; no nation will consent to delegate to any International body any form of control over its miliforces which would tary and naval permit their use at ths will of such a body; no natlonr will undertake indefinite responsibilities for the pres- -' ervation of frontiers which do not trMt,el which do the covenant of the affect tt. DISTRIBUTORS league assumed all of thee, thing,. Moreover, no nation will abandon the IDAHO right to make trestle, ot alliance Ab.rdMn, Gem Stat. Lumber C'o. with other nation, having ', comAmiHan Fall., Gem State Lumber Co. mon (lunger and a common. enemy. Gem 8tate Lumber Co. On the other hand, no nation can AroO, Black foot. National Park Lumber Co.. lightly- - rlek th. conaaquenee. of --an Gem State Lumber Co. uhl. advene decision by a body ahieh In Lumber Co. urtey, Gem 8ta some measure might speak for the Gem Watr Lumber Co. Dectc, moral sense of mankind. Thus. If Lumber' Co. 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