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Show THE TIMES-NEW- NEPHI, UTAH S. Waste in Gmmm&it DAIRY E4.CTS KEEPING MILK FROM SOURING IN SUMMER W If Hi" jTa Fv7tiiIK? 'X I Dnirfi!iiifc By JOHN DICKINSON m A " ,11 iTX SHERMAN RESIDENT COOLIDGE'S transfer by executive order of the bureau of mines and minerals statistics division from the Department of Vhe Interior to the Department of Commerce throws another spotlight on an anomalous situation at Washington which has long held public attention bureaucracy and the delayed reorganization of the executive departments of the federal government. This change is one of those recommended In the program of the Joint congressional committee. It was made with the approval and of Secretaries Work and Hoover of the Interior and Commerce departments. And this change was possible only beeause of the fact that the President had power to made it under authority lodged In him by the organic act creating the Department of Commerce. This is the only department to which Mich a transfer can be made by the President without action by congress. Secretary Hoover would like to reciprocate by turning over some functions to Secretary Work, but he will have to wait until congress authorizes the reorganization of the executive departments. Secretary Hoover purposes to build up in his department a comprehensive division embracing activities of the federal government's scientific and economic research In aid of industry.' Examination shows that the research work, of the Commerce department and the bureau of mines overlaps !n gasoline and lubricating oils ; In porcelain manufacture ; in fuel ; In domestic distribution and foreign trade in mineral products; In piatistlcs of the production of minerals and In safety appliances, and so on. Secres mining engitary Hoover, who Is a neer, among other things, purposes to overhaul the bureau of mines and Increase its usefulness to the mining Industry. So the transfer of the bureau of mines may be regarded as an object lesson In what ought to be Cone In the reorganization of the executive departments and isn't. Secretary Work has Just run up against another Illuminating situation, this time in Alaska. A compilation Just completed by him shows that a total of 510,407,004 was spent last year In the federal administration of the territory. Control of this expenditure was apportioned among nine of ti 1 ten executive deiiartments, the Department of State being the lonesome one. Approximately 25 Iffferent bureaus expended the appropriation made by congress for the 125 government activities In the territory. Three thousand people in, of the white populaAlnska more than tion are In the government employ. When Alexander Hamilton mapped out the executive departments he grouped the different functions devoted to the same general major purpose under single responsibility. Ever since his duy, as the nation grew and the government's activities Increased we have been busy undoing his work by dividing responsibility through the scattering of service with substantially the same major purpose among the different executive departments. New bureaus have been thrown wherever It was most convenient or where they would be most kindly received. In this way bureaucracy has become entrenched In the executive branch of the government, There are more than 200 different bureaus, boards and commissions with a total of 1)50,000 employees. In addition there are more than 40 Independent establishments directly under either the President or congress. A good deal of this bureaucracy is necessary. The unnecessary personnel Is being tut down of late years. I5ut nothing will cure the waste In government that Is the result of bad organization except reorganization. Now the reorganization of the executive departments of the federal government has been urged upon congress by every President from Roosevelt to Cofilldge. Congressional committees and commission have InvwMlgaJed and reported. Complete formu-ltp- ,j programs of reorganization have been one Is before congress now, Efficiency experts In the cabinet like Hoover and Work advocate this reorganization day In and day out But congress has never given authority to anyone to has removed put this reorganization Into effect. It cirri service from politics. It baa created the 1 world-famou- one-tent- h i M HI II n budget. It has established the classification. But until congress authorizes some one or some agency to reorganize the executive departments why, no reorganization, that's all. So we have this anomalous situation : The Executive and the heads of the executive departments urging reorganization; the rank and file of bureaucracy fighting reorganization, and congress hesitating between the two and evading the Issue. The explanation of this anomalous situation is plain. Every item In the reorganization program steps on somebody's toes. Everybody Is in favor of every item except the one which cramps his own activities. Every Item is opposed by some organized minority. Congress is lost in a babel of voices shouting approval and opposition. are essential In Organization and business. They are highly essential In government, for the government Is the greatest business underman. Bad taking yet submitted to the mind ofcomes home among industries finally to the people as a whole in the form of increased prices. And bad organization In government comes home In many more directions than even the taxes it wastes. So says Secretary Hoover in an address before the Chamber of Commerce of the United States In which he advocates "Reduction of Waste In Government by Reorganization of the Executive Department's." He first points out that as the bureaus and agencies are now grouped and organized there are two primary causes of waste. One is the confusion of basic principles. The other Is the grouping that divides responsibility. Consequently there is a lack of definite national direct waste arises from policies. Consequently . overlap and conflict-- As to the confusion of basic principles he has this to say, in part: With the growing complexity of government problems it has been necessary for congress to delegate to the executive side many secondary legislative functions in the making of regulations, and many secondary judicial functions In the enforcement of them. That Is the administrative law. And there has been the crudest mixof these and semlleglslatlve ing semijudlclal functions with purely executive functions. These semijudlclal and semlleglclatl ve duties are frequently entrusted to single officers, while purely administrative functions are often carried on by boards. All of this is exactly the reverse of the basic principles of sound administration. Boards and commissions are soundly adapted to the deliberate processes necessary to semijudlclal and semlleglslatlve and advisory functions, but they are absolutely hopeless where decisive administrative action la necessary. And likewise .most of such functions should not be entrusted to a single mind. There Is not a single successful business organization In the country that confuses such function the way we do In government. He cites the shipping board as a glaring case and says there are "other breeds of this snm son of confusloa between Individual and Joint responsibility." The federal board for vocational education and the federal power commission f.re two he names. And he continues: The same chaos of function ! carried Into other directions where administrative or executive officials are given these semijudlclal and semlleglslatlve authorities. The secretary of agriculture has been loaded with powers of a semllr iclrlatl ve and semijudlclal character In the administration of the stockyards and commodity exchanges. The secretary of commerce has semlleglslatlve and semijudlclal powers over navigation and some branches of communications, and the secretary of labor has certainly a judicial authority over matNor do these confusing ters of Immigration. functions solely reside in cabinet officers; many bureau heads have such powers. The responsibilities In decisions under these powers are at least as Important as those of Federal courts, with tnls Important difference, however, that while there Is theoretics! appeal to the court In most cases, yet practically most decisions are final. Worst of all, there are none of the safeguards as to the right of Individuals In the determination of questions submitted such as are In our conrts. Duties of this semlleglslatlve and semijudlclal character should not be Imposed upon administrative officials. In those matters where they Involve semlleglslatlve action they should not even be conferred up' n a judge, much less wpon executive cfftclals. No Individual should be at the same time legislator, policeman, prosecutor, judge and jury. Every single department, bureau and board In the entire government should bw placed upon the operating table and a cleancut separation established between semijudlclal and semlleglslatl functions on the other. The former rightly belongs to Individuals. Aa to the division of authority over services filrected to the same major purpose by scattering them through unrelated groups he says: Jy W P To Illustrate my point, I have made a partial collection of misfits and in so doing I have taken no account of either Incidental functions or semlleglslatlve or semijudlclal except so far as they have administrative agencies, functions. Number of Departments or Independent Number of Agencies in which Bureaus or they are located t Public Works Construction Agencies ...14 Conservation of National ReS sources 8 1 S Direct Aid to Industry Direct Aids to Merchant 6 Marine 14 S Direct Aids to Education 6 4 4 Direct Aids to Veterans Government of Territories and 1 4 Dependencies 1 4 Public Health Purchase of 1250,000,000 of In supplies annually every bursas of the government It is not necessary that each of these groups should become a whole executive department, each un.ter a cabinet officer; but it Is entirely feasible to of place each onefof them under the a special assistant secretary, and If supervision we were truly we him would class as an expert and Intelligent outside selection 6n political grounds. It Is entirely secondary what department these groups are In. The big thing is to bring these kindred agencies together under one leadership so that their overlapping edges can be clipped and their fights stopped. No one familiar with the internal workings of the departments will deny the direct waste which comes from overlap and friction as the result of the present lack of of la feasible activities. when soma one person Is responsible; with divided authority among the different branches of government It Is a hypothesis that evaporated soon after the perennial conferences of cabinet officers on the subject. It all costs somebody money. One of the favorite Indoor sports f our newspaper correspondents Is to ventilate these conflicts. The divided responsibility with absence of centralized authority prevents the constructive and consistent development of broad national policies in these special branches of governmental activity, for there Is by necessity of this division constant conflict of view within the government Itself. Under the present system we have different bureau policies, defthrtment policies, board policies, and We have commission policies. a bundle of divergent ideas without focus; lumber piled together does not make a house. The treatment of our national resources furnishes a good Instance. If anything is certain. It Is that the government should have a continuous, definite, and consistent policy directed to Intelligent conservation and use of national resources. But It can have no such policy so long as responsibility la spilt up among half a dozen different departments. The recent occurrences In oil leases are a fair example of what may happen by the lack of alngleheaded responsibility In such matters. No policy of real guardianship of our reserve resources will exist until we put all conservation business In the hands of an undersecretary for conservation, with the spotlight of public opinion continuously upon him. As to the forty independent establishments Sec retary Hoover has this to say: The forty governmental agenda which are now supposed to function directly under the President present another problem. Here we have four breeds wblch might be classified according to the function (hey perform. The aeml judicial, the aemlleglslatl ve, the service bureaus to all departments, and the Often enough they are straight administrative. mixed. They are supposed to act under the direct of the President. Hut It In preposterous supervision to expert that with tils multitude of higher obligacan tions the President give them anything like matter of fart, these adequate supervision. As Independent 'tabllshments conduct their activities with very little supervision or The last group, the straight administrative, expend a a ss billion half as much year the total nenrly of five of the departments under cabinet offtcers. If for no other reason, this group should be placed directly In the departments In order that the President may exercise through hlscsblnet the guidance and control of the adminlatraiive arm of the gov. ernment. And the President. alreRdy overworked In major policies, must be relieved of detail. "What we need," cnnrlnrtc Secretary Hoovrr, "is three primary reforms: First, to gnmp together all agencies having the same predominant major purpose under the same administrative supervision; second, to separate the seniljudiciul and semlleglslntive and advisory functions from the administrative functions, placing the former under the Joint minds, the latter under single responsibility, and tblrd, we should relieve the President of a vast amount of direct administrative Ihbor. "I do not expect that the federal irovernment will ever be a model of organization, bnV I bars aspirations to see It Improve. If milk la to be kept from sourln? during shipment In the hot aummei months, it should be cooled as soon at it Is drawn from the cow, advises tin dairy department of the New Jer-.e- j agricultural experiment station. Th followjng tips for the dairyman are added: 1. Have the tank water at 40 de grees Fahrenheit or lower befort milking. In addition at least twt pounds of Ice Is needed for every gal Ion of milk to be stored If the milk it cooled over the surface cooler to Fahrenheit or below. 2. Start water running through tin Burface cooler. For every gallon of milk cooled, ten or fifteen gallons 01 water should pass through the cooler. 8. Pour milk over the cooler at soon as drawn from the cow. Coo' cream as soon as separated. 4. Milk should flow slowly over tb cooler and be cooled to within thret degrees of the temperature of th water. 0. When a can Is filled from the ur face cooler, set It into the tank Imine dlately. Always have Ice In the tonl when cream or milk Is being stored unless the water Is below 45 degree Fahrenheit. The water should read to the necks of the cans. 6. Keep cans In storage tank untl' ready to ship. During hauling, pro tect them with blankets or felt Jackets The cooling tank Is best made witl. a layer of cork between a dou ble shell of concrete. One made of plank Is next best. Tanks of plain concrete or metal require more Ice for cooling. Provide a tight cover. A tank capacity of three gallons of water for each gallon of milk Is necessary when Ice Is used. Otherwise, double the capacity Is required. The cans should be set in the tank on a rack so that the water can circulate under them. Arrange a drain so that the tank can be emptied and cleaned frequently. Water should enter the tank near the bottom. Good Pasture Helps Out Cost of Producing Milk Lower prices for dairy products now prevailing makes it all the more necessary to reduce the cost of production. Feed cost in most cases Is the big gest single factor Influencing cost of milk production, and one problem before the dalrymaa at this season of the year Is how best to keep his cows producing heavily throughout the summer months at the lowest cost A pasture which Is both luxuriant In growth and also of value during the late summer and early fall months is the logical solution of this problem. Good pasture during the spring, summer and fall months prevents the necessity of feeding hay in the lot. and the hauling of that hay. It eliminates the problem of hauling manure at a time of the year when most dairymen are busiest and It provides, with the addition of a small grain ration, a succulent balanced food' resulting in heavy production at a very low cost. Pasture mixtures, such as are suggested by the Colorado state dairy commissioner, bnsed on his 14 years of experimental work will, when permanently established, cut down the cost of summer feeding and labor expense and keep the cows producing well during the hot months. A letter asking for this Information may save many a dollar otherwise .spent for feed. IT. It. Lascelles, Field man, State Dairy Commissioner. New Herd Testing Plan Succeeds in New Jersey Many New Jersey dairy fanners wh have heretofore had only their pur breds tested for productivity are no Including nil of the milking herd. Thlr Is the result of a plan developed bj the college of agriculture during th past year whereby grade as well a pure-brestock may be given the regu lar advanced registry test. A large number of dairymen hav reached the belief that the use of purel bred sires for herd improvement valueless unlf ss the productivity of the offspring Is measured by proper tests In this way low producers cn be d" tected and eliminated from the herd The advanced registry test Is the de velopment of 25 years under actual farm conditions and hns bee-- accepted by the Dairy Science association and all breed associations as reliable and accurate. Py Including nil cows In the tests In stead of only the pure breds. dairymen have reduced tbe year's test cost pe animal, figures shew at the nfflre ot the superintendent of advanced resils try. New Jersey State College of Agrl culture. d Proper Feed for Herd Bull Proper feeding of the herd bull Is Just as Important as the proper feed Ing of the milk cows. Too often th spoiled or musty hay Is put to one sld to be fed to the bull. Again, we find dairymen giving the waste feed, left by other animals, to the herd sire Alt of which is a poor practice. Th herd bull old enough for servlcs should be fed enough tA keep him In a vigorous, healthy condition, free from excess fat. Most breeders feed their regular grain mixture. AMERICAN LESION (Cop for Thli Department Supplied by th American Leion Nw Servlco.) VETERANS' BUREAU WILL AID LEGION Rapid strides are being made by the American Legion in its progrum of ar- rangements for caring for the orphaned and dependent children of World war veterans, it was announced at national headquarters of the Legion. Numerous significant dovelopments have taken place recently. Detailed plans are being worked out for of the United States Veterans' bureau with the Legion In tu'.i work. Maj. Davis O. Arnold, newly appointed national guardianship officer in the bureau, at a meeting of the national children's welfare committee of the Legion, the Auxiliary and the Forty and Eight recently, endorsed the work being dime. Major Arnold told of an Investigation being made by his division Into he care of minor children wards of the bureau. He suited that a complete list of children of veterans who nre In hospitals Is being assembled and assistance will he given through the Post Oillce department In locating veternns' children who cannot be found at their last known addresses. A board of nine directors to have executive direction of the child welfare work has been appointed, three by National Commander James A. Drain ; three by Mrs. O. D. Ollphant, national president of the Auxiliary ; and three by George Dobson, chef de chemin de fer of the Forty and Eight.' The members are: Fred D. McCarthy, Minnesota; George A. Withers, Kansas; Mark T. McKee, Michigan, chairman ; Mrs. S. E. Hudson, Texas; Mrs. A. H. Hoffman, Iowa, secretary; Mrs. Itay Callihan, Kansas ; George Dobson, New Jersey; George F. Plant, Wisconsin, vice chairman ; Herb E. Michaels, Ohio. The fourth cottage at the regional children's billet at Otter Lake, Michigan, was opened recently. The cornerstone for a new unit, to cost $35,000, has been laid. children can now be cared Eighty-sifor at Otter Lake. The billet at Clarksboro, N. J.r has been opened. Twenty-sichildren can be accommodated there. The billet la In charge of a board headed by Eugene Pattieon, commander of tha. New Jef-se- y Other members are department. Dr. Iredell J. Wyckoff, Pennsylvania; Jay M. Holmes, Delaware; II. Findley French, Maryland ; Nigel - Cholmeley-JoneNew York ; Mrs. E. B. Garrison, hospital-administratio- n x x s, New York, Construction work is now under way at the billet at Legionvllle, near Independence, Kan. The work Is under the direction of a board recently appointed. The members are: National Vice Commander Frank H. McFarland, Kansas, chairman; Mrs. Ray Callihan, Kansas; Charles S. Hoffman, Kansas; Jay Scovel, Kansas; W. J. Johnson, Texas; J. Ed C Fischer, Nebraska; Morton David, Colorado; Frank T. Douglas, Oahoma ; Ralph Lloyd Jones, Iowa ; Carl R. Mandigo, Missouri, and Dr. W. U. Brooksher, Jr., Arkansas. Miss Emily Puschner, formerly agent for the board of children's guardians at St. Louis, Mo., Is now a case worker In the child welfare division. Indiana War Memorial Turned Over Jo Legion With representatives of every state present, the first unit of Indiana's war memorial project was recently dedicated and turned over to the American Legion as a national headquarters building. The ceremonies attendant on the dedication were simple and Impressive. A parade which Included the massed colors of each state department of the Legion began the program. National Commander James A. Drain led the way with Gov. Ed Jackson of Indiana. The national executive committee from each department followed. In brief addresses, Governor Jackson proffered the building and Commander Drain accepted. The program was adiocast. The building Is a four-storaffair with Grecian simplicity of line and declared to be one of the most beautiful structures In Indiana. It has been thoroughly furnished In kerplng with the tone. Each department Including those abroad have sperlal desks with the state seal. Special permission was obtained from the French government for the use of the French senl on the desk to he used by the committeeman from France. Hanging In the executive lobby is the famous war picture, "America," by RerU-Mepainter for the ministry of war In France In 1018. y l. Elaborate Decoraltont Street decorations during the American Legion national convention tt b held at Omaha, Neb., In October will bt the most elaborate the convention has ever been greeted with, according to plans under way by the decoration committee. The feature of the decoration scheme as planned will be ths Jeweled "Legion Arch," In the center of the city. Uniform decorations by business houses arrd In the residence Jistricts are being planned, while down-tow- n streets will be a max ( color and lights. multi-colore- d |