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Show Wednesday, January 7, 1976 v't . ., V I, Third In A Series ...WE STILL OUT THERE Page 4 INTERNATIONAL ,. K X t. Algiers, Algeria The terrorists who attacked the Vienna headquarters of the world oil exporters ex-porters last week and then received sanctuary in Algiers were freed Tuesday and flown out of the country, authoritative sources reported. They said the raiders were sent to a friendly Arab country. ' Beirut, Lebanon Eighty-two persons were killed last Wednesday when a Middle East Airlines jetliner crashed in a vast wasteland of the Saudi Desert inhabited only by Bedouin tribesman. Many of the victims were seeking refuge from Lerbanon's civil war. Belgrade, Yugoslavia - It has been revealed that in the last year, 200 political dissidents have been put behind bars' in an effort to eliminate opposition in Yugoslavia. X Among those imprisoned was President Tito's archrival Vladimir "Vlado" Dapceyic, a war-time war-time Tito partisan who sided with the Russians when Yugoslavia made its historic break from Moscow in 1948. . ; ; . : Western Europe - Countries throughout Western - Europe; rocked by hurricane-force winds and floods that killed more than 40 persons and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, launched a massive cleanup operation Sunday. ';'v'.- Britain topped the fatality toll with 24 dead from 100-mile-an-hour winds that swept across the country and into Western Europe on Friday and Saturday. 5 NATIONAL New York - Investigators reported they were still baffled in their hunt for a LaGuardia Airport bomber whose lethal device killed 11 persons in the city's deadliest blast in more than half a century. ' '.-.::, - "This is the worst device we've had in New York City in a good many years," said the police bomlf8tfiraflninder present o.owr structure. "Bombs-go in cycles - like jnnh Jha ' Pjsadlta&ypjfctf and wane. You get lone groups. There is no telling who this Was." ' ' v-' A . ''' : ' : Washington - Chief Justice Warren E. Burger refused on Tuesday to block a postal rate hike ' which will increase the cost of a 10-cent stamp to 13 cents. .' BE Drought to you by the Union Pacific Railroad People. 'f' bombers, then political , Washington - The U.S. Commerce Depart-'ment's Depart-'ment's digital census clock revealed Tuesday that the population of the United States passed an estimated 215 million an increase of 10 million since the 1970 census and 211 ifiillion higher than in 1870 when the country's first census was taken. - v ?; Washington - The United States Air Force was awarded Sen; William Proxmire's (D-Wis.) ''Waste of the Year" award for operating a $66 million fleet; of jets solely to transport top government officials. Washington - President Ford denied Friday f that Americans are being recruited by the U.S.' to fight in Angola but declined to give the same assurance concerning foreigners. Press Secretary Ron Nessen gave a flat assurance that no U.S. government agency, is recruiting, hiring or training American mer-,. cenaries. .. . .. ,. However, when further questioned as to V whether any non-Americans, possibly Cuban refugees, were being recruited or trained for us iir Angola, he said, "I don't have anything to SPORTS . . Minneapolis, Minn, r In a landmark decision.! Tuesday, a federal judge ruled that the National -a Football League's mandate which prohibits nnpn-m ar ket hiddine for olavers is un constitutional. The judge ,. Tl.-.l-H .. 1J nozene riuie wuuiu uui imi in mc , icaguc o com petiti ve balance or quality of play . . . ' . The ruling, in short, says players are free to u sell their services to the highest bidder. The league has said if that happens more than half its , teams could be forced to fold. , i Philadelphia - If the National Collegiate Athletic Association's January convention accepts ac-cepts the college "Super Bowl" plan already approved by the NCAA executive committee.' major college football will have a national championship tournament in 1976., T According to' the NCAA Football Feasibility, Committee, the results of 11 major bowl games along with the Top Ten poll would be used in selecting. the four teams for the final series, v viidiiuidu uic uiiiuiiicic. ucciui cimc Casale, said ".We realize that we would never get by the convention if we ii i j i i bowl competition the, UCLA ranked and previously undefeated Ohio State Burkeyes 23-10. 'rX' !' The Orange Bowl played in Miami saw powerful Oklahoma hang on to defeat Michigan 14-6 as they finished the season right where they started - ranked No. 1 in both polls. jj-if fly 8' said elimination of the r V. H,n interfered with the I, ... ,.,,, .-I ..I V! i.tuA at. .1 L. ..in Milium m men lciuncciieu 3MewnYaini6i Diaoolege-"Snl) long mirrow rodsfor use. Bruins upset the Noj'l .i i ,Jirini ; MCI.KAR At the present time there are 55 nuclear power stations licensed to operate in the U.S. and an additional 182 under construction or ordered. Utah Power & Light Company and Idaho Power Company are studying the possibility of installing jointly a nuclear unit for operation about 1990. A conventional nuclear power plant utilizes a nuclear reactor in place of the coal-fired coal-fired boiler described above to produce heat by the fissioning or splitting of udiear fue Therfe are thr?e ; UUUCOl IUCI IIJJIUUOUIC isotopes: Uranium-235. Plutonium-239. and Uranium-233 Uranium-233 The first is found in natural uranium which consists of about one percent 1-235 while the remainder is r-238 PV-239 can be manufactured by nuclear reactions from U-238. and U-233 U-233 is similarly manufactured from Thorium-232 . The nuclear fuel cycle Consists of removing the , uranium from its ore through 'milling The resulting ' uranium oxide, called yellowiake. is refined and sent to an enrichment plant where the ratio of U-235 to U- 238 is increased by removal of some "238s iThe- enriched in a nuclear core of a reactor. Alter "burning" in the 'reactor, the spent fuel must he reprocessed 1o recover the 'useful fuel and PU-239 The amount of energy required to prepare the nuclear fuel for a (reactor is about 1-20 of the amount of energy which can .he produced from the fuel. ', One pound of uranium-235 has the energy equivalent to 7two and one-half million pounds of coal s An example of fission is one in which a neutron hits a i fissionable nucleus of U-235 to i produce barium and krypton plus two neutrons. The masses of the reactants is .greater than that of the products so that the dif- ' ference goes into kinetic motion of the product par- ', tides, most of which ends up ,.with the neutrons' These neutrons are slowed down in . light water cooled reactors by thewater itself thus heating r the water to 500 degrees F or they may be slowed down in ( the graphite of gas cooled reactors where the heat is removed at 1200 degrees F by a suitable gas such as helium. Light water reactors are the dominant type in the Unijted States and come in two? varieties; pressurized and boiling. A pressurized water reactor maintains high pressure on the water so that steam is not produced in the reactor core. The hot pressurized water is transferred tran-sferred to a separate steam generation heat exchanger where steam is produced. A boiling water reactor allows the steam to be produced directly in the core and eliminates the steam generator. ; " -The remainder of the nuclear power plant is very similar to the coal-fired plant described above and would include ' a turbine and generator. The efficiency of a Might water nuclear plant is about 30 percent as compared to the 35 to 38 percent ef- 1 ficiency of modern coal-fired plants mainly because of the lower operating temperature and pressure of the nuclear ' plants of about 500 degrees F arld 1000 psig. ! , Today, commercial ' nuclear plants range in size : from 300 MW to 1270 MW and iost about $450 per kilowatt in Conversion Alternatives By Dr. Val A. 1974. The lead time for construction is about 10 to 12 years. The Nation's first large demonstration gas cooled ; reactor has been built at Fort St. Vrain near Denver, Colo. It will begin operation soon and promises to be more , efficient and inherently safer. Design work is underway for a gas-cooled reactor in which the hot helium gas from the core is sent to a closed-cycle gas turbine rather than to a steam cycle A breeder reactor. Experimental Breeder Reactor I. supplied the first nuclear power generated electricity on Dec. 20. 1951 in Idaho. What is the difference between the reactors used in today's nuclear power plants and the breeder reactor, and why has there been sq much talk recently about the need for a breeder reactor? With present water or gas-cooled reactors, only about one percent- of the energy in uranium resources is being utilized so that the world uranium fuel supply will not last much longer than oil or gas. The breeder converts 60 to 70 percent of the U-238 to PU239 which is a fuel for reactors and would increase the life-time of our uranium reserves by 1000 to 2000 years. . , i-"" ""-h1- Russia flBdy France ;actid . , have: 300 MW breeder demonstration plants in operation. Great Britain is finishing construction on a 300 MW demonstration plant and Germany and Japan have broken ground for their demonstran plants. In spite of the fact that the U S. was the pioneer in breeder reactors, our Nation's first large -300 MW breeder reactor plant is not scheduled before 1983.. The plant will use a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) in which liquid sodium is used in the place of water or gas for heat transfer. tran-sfer. The construction site is on the Ginch River near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The Nation's utilities, both investor in-vestor owned and public agencies, have pledged $250 million to this . first U.S. breeder reactor demonstration demon-stration plant. About 130 of the Nation's utilities are also funding design studies for a Gas Cooled Fast Breeder neacior as an alternative 10 the LMFBR. Many questions have been raised about nuclear safety and nuclear wastes. There has not been a single nuclear related death at any of the Nation's licensed nuclear power plants and no member of the public has been exposed ex-posed to any radiation injury as a result of nuclear power plant operations for the 17 years of experience in this country. This brings to more than 200 the number of commercial reactor years of safe operation. High-level nuclear waste storage is not a serious problem because the technology exists to handle wastes safely. These wastes are almost entirely a product of the spent-fuel reprocessing' pianis iu wmtii reacwr iuei us shipped for removal of the . fission fragments so that any useful fuel can be recycled to the reactors. ' Present Federal policy requires that the high-level wastes from reprocessing plants be solidified in a glass like calcined pebble.' These solidified wastes would then be stored in steel cylinders 2 feet in diameter and 10 feet ... long. Some permanent disposal concepts being J" studied include emplacement j in self-sealing geological, formations (bedded salt, ice caps, deep ocean beds, tec- Fkilayson tonic plates), space shots, and transmutation (recycling). ; The accumulated high-level high-level solid wastes to be produced in the commercial , power reactor program to the year 2000 could be placed in a cube less than 100 feet on a side. These could be handled in a'facility which, including an operations area and a buffer zone, would take a land area of 350 to 2300 acres' depending on which storage concept is chosen. GKOTHERMAL Geothermal energy is heat produced from cooling batholiths or magma which have pressed upward near the surface of the earth. Water circulates near these batholiths to form hot water ' or steam. Geothermal power plants were introduced in 1904 at Larderello, Italy and Jthe extent of operating geothermal plants as of June . . 1975 is shown in Table V. The U.S. Geological Survey has classified 15 million acres in Idaho and 4.5 million acres in Utah potential geothermal resource areas. . Geothermal exploration techniques and reservoir engineering assessments are in their infancy. A recent text outlines the present state of geothermal knowledge and Knowieaee ana Hihl.ha vwn ;. uvuv.i ii iv, ' airy- ca being used including high altitude aerial photography, passive and active seismic surveys, electrical methods of geophysical prospecting, temperature gradient wells, geochemistry of hot springs, etc. If steam is encountered in the earth with a temperature .above 350 degrees F and pressure at the well head of over 100 pounds per square inch then conventional turbine tur-bine generatosr like those used forty years ago exist to convert the geothermal steam to electrical energy with about 10 to 14 percent efficiency. The 1975 unit at the Geysers in California cost' $205 per kilowatt. The condensed con-densed steam supplies more than enough water for waste heat removal. . 1 If hot water is encountered, which is expected in 90 'percent of the future geothermal resources, then it must be hot enough, above 400 Hps reps V tn naeh tn steam for a conventional steam plant. Many of the geothermal sites will probably have water of around 300 degrees F- for which the steam cycle cannot economically compete. One proposed technology would use a secondary fluid with a low vaporization temperature tem-perature i like freon, isobutane, propane, etc. for use in a specially designed turbine. The, cost of this type of plant was estimated at $450-$600 per kilowatt in 1975. The only plant of this type is the 700 kilowatt plant in Paratunka, Russia. The estimates of the potential of geothermal energy vary widely, by almost a factor of a million. one estimate would place the total world geothermal USA Italy X ' ' New Zealand Mexico Japan m Iceland Xi '-i : la energy potential at 3x10 MW-years. MW-years. Others estimate that the United States alone has a potential Of 1.2 x 10 MW-years. MW-years. ' ' The , Federal government through ERDA is drilling wells in the Raft River Area of Idaho to develop a low temperature (300 degrees F a nd lower ) prograsm ' to assess the feasibility of using geothermal resources not now considered economical.. Since January 1972, Geothermal Kinetics, Inc. (GKI) with assistance from Utah Power & Light Company Com-pany has conducted numerous geological, geophysical,' and geochemical studies in Utah and Idaho. The results of the studies indicated three areas in Utah and an area in Idaho were promising geothermal prospects. Geothermal leases were obtained on about 133,000 acres covering - the Box Elder (Brigham tCity), Cache, and Iron Counties in Utah, and Utah Power & Light Co. holds an exclusive agreement with the Shoshone Bannock Tribe to develop geothermal resources at Fort Hall in Idaho. On Dec. Power & '26, 1973, Utah Light .Co. and ' r.itia,noi vinaHni, ta - -prmkrast-iYrtTfr an tnrtmcmn nni develon H e o t h e r m a 1 ) resources on the ; above , leases. On Feb. 20, 1974. drilling commenced on the Utah Steam Venture Davis No. 1 Well about seven miles north of Brigham City,;-Utah. City,;-Utah. The total depth of 11,005 feet was reached on June 21, 1974. The drilling pinpointed a , potentially important, geothermal zone . of alteration, but struck only the ! outer edge of what is thought to be the geothermal; reservoir. The equilibrium temperature at the bottom of the well is about 330 degrees r, dui me cnemisiry oi me well fluids i' indicate " a reservoir water temperature'' exceeding 415 degrees F laterally to the East at a shallower depth of around 6500 feet. Further geological' and geophysical studies are;; being planned to assist in completing an assessment of WT I A At 4 A.t the Brigham tJity site;'. Drilling is being planned in ! Iron County for 1975 and' further geophysical assessments are being made at Fort Hall in Idaho. Federal lands were not available for ceothermal lease and development until passage of the Geothermal' Steam Act in December 1970, ' The first Federal leases in' Utah were granted on Oct. I,1? 1974 to three oil companies ' including Phillips Petroleuni Company. Phillips has drilled a number of wells east of. Milford, Utah, in Beaver County and has located a; source of hot water. Tests will. ; soon begin to determine if the ' resource has commercial;, potential. ; ;. ; If any of the above projects : prove , successful, v,v(. a1 demonstration ' geothermal plant might follow in the . early 1980s. M,-.".J.'-)'.U'ii' 502 i 384 193 79 , -.v 43 : 13 3' Total 1,217 |