Show ly V f 71 v f i ir STRONG CONCRETE CULVERT BUILT AT MODERATE COST good roods are one of the essentials to runners la traveling from place te place whether on business or by A J sager it r b the wagon ways that the farmers generally pass from place to eteoe for or tor pleasure and those vaa appear today tar chaa we should expect to a them with the great wealth and advanced the people have attained the farming class that has had charge ol 01 the public roads lor the last years or more has been slow to lera that the oh made by nature through grinding or with some humus or vegetable matter when it is wet and mixed up is mud and when very dry and orn by public travel Is dust says a writer in hoards dairyman for six months out of a year it an earty oad la properly constructed with crowned center for surface drainage and deep side ditches tor by add ing a new soil each year or as often as worn out the earth or soil road will ha good until the bad roads season then it will he out of commas slon as it la to day but if the road engineers will go deeper into the bot torn of the ditches after the and surface the road grade alter any system the perfectly crowned surface will compact and with a trail road drag to go over the road after a long continuous rainstorm th new subsoil road material will coalesce and press together in a compacted mass and make the next quality to a sand clay gravel or stone road for light traffic on the lees traveled crossroads civilization owes few greater debts than that to john luden macadam the historian macaulay tells us that of all inventions the alphabet and printing press alone excepted those road water soaked tha crown can be too great BO that the traffic keeps continually in the middle of tha road wearing the middle out hollow and retaining the water until evaporation takes place instead ol 01 shedding it into the ditches again if the earth Is piled too high in the middle the side slopes will be into the side ditches which not only damages the road but fills up the side ditches the crown should be more on steep grades than on the more level portions since on the grades the line ot steepest descent Is not perpendicular cular to length of the road and consequently the water in getting from the center of the road to the side ditches travels obliquely down the road grade instead 0 following the track and washing the hill length wise another cause of failure Is the want of thorough mixing there may be a proper amount of sand and clay placed upon the road yet it it is not thor hughly and mixed to alon in every place the road Is not likely to withstand public traffic it will become loose in some places and muddy in others such variations may occur every few feet and even at the same place one wheel track being in loose sand and the other in mud where this condition occurs more good tough clay should be rated in the first and more sharp sand in tha second section frost Is another cause of failure and one more difficult to deal with than any heretofore mentioned ind should be treated when the dounda alon Is wet with tile failure Is sometimes due to the kind of sand selected iaione except A substantial culvert inventions that bridge distance have done the most for civilization lord i bacon said there be three things that make the nation great and pros berous a fertile soil busy workshops and easy conveyance tor man and goods from place to place macadam defined the road as an artificial flooring forming a strong smooth solid surface capable of car ryang the greatest weight over which carriages may pass without meeting any impediment many failures have been made in the building of sand clay roads and the first cause of failure Is the want of perfect drainage it Is customary to give to the sand clay road a little greater crown than Is given to a macadam or stone or gravel road especially where the grade Is above three per cent it the subsoil upon which the road la built Is clay it Is important that the bottom of the side ditches should he 18 inches or more below the crowd or mid lie of the traveled track the better the sur face Is cared for I 1 e the smoother the surface Is kept the less the crown required the more level the road other things being equal the easier to travel on it there la not enough crown the water cannot easily reach the side ditches and hence the sand made up of angular grains is adapted to band clay roal mailing sand with grains which are worn kofl round or sand which has been ground up by the action of wheels or gatei until very fine la unsatisfactory and often worthless when the road sur face becomes worn and dusty in dry weather or muddy in wet weather there should be added more good tough clay and coarse sharp band which will add cementing material and may be made hard by sprinkling and rolling or by dragging with a road drag after every heavy long continued rain just as the material begins to dry sufficiently to work smooth under the drag the use 0 round band should be avoided as a perfect bond cannot be effective and the road can not resist the rolling action of wheels the tendency being much the same as when pressure Is applied to a masa of marbles care should always be taken to select the sharpest and clean est sand that can be found clays containing iron and lime are the best and sedimentary or chalk clays as they are commonly known are the poorest for road building pur poses because of the tact that tha particular clay has rarely iron or allm sufficient to cement or bind the material together |