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Show THE TIMES-INDEPENDENT, sary for dustry and the development along with of in- agriculture trade. So, when the new nation was established, the Founding Fathers determined to include in the laws of the land statutes which would encourage invention and protect the inventor. During the Constitutional convention James Madison of Virginia and Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina offered the first proposais for patent and copyright laws. These suggestions, which received the indorsement and encouragement of Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, resulted in congress passing an act on August 17, 1789, which gov- his tr ti nin Sek ca p-cipraaiip-atih. cae alaagheiealt ae tapas emotes wleadaingmaeenge 9 AME LEONI os ey a 5 erned the issuance of both pat- ents and copyrights. Jefferson, Patent Examiner. During the first session of congress, applications for patents were filed by 15 inventors. At the second session it was decided to separate the two ‘"‘rights'' in the first law and on April 10, 1790, the first law, applying only to patents, was enacted. Jurisdiction ove applications under this law was given to the ‘‘Commissioners for the Promotion of Usefuf Arts." They were three members of Washington's cabinet - Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state; Henry Knox, secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph, attorney general-and the task of administering the patent law was assigned to the State department. So Jefferson became in effect the first patent examiner and his staff for this work consisted of a single clerk. Of the 15 applications made during the first year, three patents were granted. The first went to Samuel Hopkins for his method of making "Pot and Pearl Ashes,"' the second was for a machine to make candles, flour and meai (a queer combination, that !) and thé third for a method of making punches for type. The remaining 12, granted in 1791, were for the following: Improvement in distilling methods, driving piles for bridges, a threshing machine, a machine for breaking hemp, a marble cutter and polisher, a tide mill, a machine for making nails and thresh- ing wheat (another queer combination!), a method of diminishing spindle friction, a formula for making an extract of barks, an improved bedstead, a method of making boots, and a method of using cattle for propelling boats. Under this first act a total of 57 patents were granted. When the seat of government was moved to the new capital on the Potomac, Washington City, in 1800 the patent office equipment, records and models were loaded on a boat and Sailed to Georgetown where they were carted to the new quarters on Pennsylvania avenue, between Nineteenth and Twentieth Streets, at a cost to the government of $208. As the patent office grew, it became necessary to appoint a superintendent to direct its work, J. W. Thornton was the man se- of $1,400 a year, allowed a clerk at $500 and a messenger at $72 a Later Thornton was given the title of commissioner and removed the office to "Croker's 2story house'' on Eighth street. Again in 1810 the patent office was moved, this time to a famous hotel, Blodgett's on E. street, where it shared quarters with the post office department. Thornton's Great Service. Thornton deserves to be remembered gratefully by his countrymen for a deed which he per- formed during the War of 1812. When a British force captured Washington in 1814 and began burning the public buildings, Thornton went to the British major who was in charge of the burning in that section of the city, and pleaded his case so earnestly that the patent office with its records and models were spared. Twenty-two years later a force against which his eloquence would have been unavailing nullified his patriotic effort. In 1836, during the administra- tion of H. L. Ellsworth, who became commissioner of patents upon Thornton's death in 1828, a fire swept through the patent office and destroyed the accumulation of 7,000 models and all the records excepting one book. Fortunately, book a clerk home had the night taken that before the ; Matte -) add f, L: Vhitiey, Ctr Git. Laterted Mat, 119. 0 PRINTED Cvel OF SPECISICATLON im OFrics Ry t nye i * g 9 © axvzes = , Drawings of the parts which made up Eli Whitney's cotton gin. fire. As the result of this disaster a new patent office building was erected at F and Ninth streets, Northwest, and it served as the home of the patent office until 1932 when all departments of the office were moved to the new Commerce building, erected during the administration of President Hoover, former secretary of commerce. Incidentally, the patent office is the father of the department of agriculture because in 1839 the commissioner of patents was given the duty of collecting and publishing farm statistics and for many years patent office funds were used to distribute free seeds to the farmers. This arrangement continued until 1862 when the present department of agriculture was founded. The patent office, with the Smithsonian institution also served as the official United States weather bureau for a time. Its duties overlapped into the agricultural field again in 1930 when it was authorized to issue patents for new sorts of plants in the "Plant ent'"' bill for which Luther bank, the "plant wizard" Thomas A. Edison fective lobbying. In 1877 a second toll of more damaged years than did fire 200,000 or destroyed later the patent Pat- Burand some ef- took its models and three Office dis- continued its practice of requiring inventors to submit models along with their applications for patents. By this time, even with fire of 1877, there was such a great stock of them on hand that their storage became a problem. In 1925 congress passed an act changing requirements for getting a patent. Instead of requiring models and keeping them for inspection by prospective inventors, drawings and specifications of all patented inventions are now printed in small pamphlets which may be purchased at a small cost and studied at leisure. However, thousands of scientists, engineers, scholars and others visit tht examining room of the patent office in the Commerce building to pore over its records, for here is the largest single source of scientific information in the world. Roll Call of Fame. There the visitor may read the contemporary records of inventions which have profoundly affected the course of history, not only in America but in the whole world. There he may be reminded again of the inventors whose fame ranks with our statesmen and military and naval heroes. Beginning with Eli Whitney and his cotton gin, they include such names as McCormick and his reaper, Morse and the telegraph, Bell and the telephone, Fulton and the steamboat, Sholes and the typewriter, Westinghouse and the air brake, Thomas A. Edison and a score of inventions which gave to the world more than $3,000,000,000 of new property; and Orville and Wilbur Wright and the airplane. Incidentally, away back in 1822 a Philadelphia mathematician named James Bennett presented to congress this statement: "That your petitioner, having invented a machine by which a man can fly through the air-can soar to any height-steer in any direction-can start from any place and light without risk of injury; and, whereas, a like machine has never been invented in any country or age of*the world, so as to be applied to purposes of practical utility, and it is more than probable that artificial flying would not for a hundred years to come, be brought to the same degree of perfection, had not your petitioner, under Providence, accomplished it; and, as it must be evident to all that letters patent would be of little use to the inventor in consequence of various modifications or improvements which might be made, and which may extend. Bennett's petition By on the United was passed back and forth between various committees in congress. Then he was notified that no action would be taken on it because the members "had so much business of a terrestrial character before them that they felt this matter above their reach." Thereby they proved themselves "bym guessers' indeed-much worse than Bennett. He missed it by only 14 ‘years. He had said that tificial flying'? would not be fected for ‘"‘a hundred come.'' years N. C., was 1908, to : Pays it is often persuade HEALTH his patient that his shortness of breath and any one of his stenographers, because of what happened 13 y COLUMN pain in ago. His is a story of a bank that fajj heart region are not due to heart disease. The extra first beats of the and age they may be con- sidered almost a normal phenomenon."' Even swelling of the feet, when the heart is not enlarged, is practically never due to heart disease. What, then, are the symptoms we should look for in real or organic heart disease? The one outstanding symptom is shortness of breath after exertion. Yet this symptom is M very often present in i those with a normal heart. Shortness of breath on slight exertion is found in those with a blocked nose. As enough fresh air (oxygen) is not getting down to the lungs to purify the used blood breathlessness due to lack of oxyDr. Barton gen or too much carbonic acid follows. If these individuals, while exerting themselves, will breathe in and out through the mouth, in most cases they will find that the shortness of breath does not come on as soon, doing the same amount of work. Acid-Forming Foods a Cause. Another condition causing shortness of breath is eating too many acid-forming foods-meat, eggs, fish, cereals-for the amount of exercise taken. These are all nourishing foods and at least one of them should be eaten every day. Eating more fruit and vegetables is an excellent way to prevent acidosis, as this condition is commonly called. If, then, you get out of breath easily, you should first have your family physician examine your heart. If he finds it normal and no blockage of nose present, there is no cause for worry, but it would be worth while to check up on your daily food habits. xe * s Is It a Common Cold Or Is It Influenza? The voice is usu- % oa QUESTION BOx Q.-Recently I've been yawning a great deal and feeling tired in Spite of the fact that I sleep the average number of hours per night. Could you suggest a reason for this? A.-Yawning may be due to some low infection, a blocked nose, too much acid food, constipation and other conditions. It is not considered a sign of heart disease. Q.-What is the other name for Parkinson's disease? A.-It is also called paralysis agitans and shaking palsy. of a character which p respect and righteousness ahead persnal gain and legal loopholes, John M. Smith, Wisconsin's 5 treasurer, is as simple as his and proud of it. Earning $5,000 annually, he kee only $1,200-less than $25 wee The bulk of his earnings, $3 goes to the depositors of the J; berman's bank of Shell Lake, Wj where he signed a declaration of limited liability before liquidatj began 13 years ago. heart is another symptom that causes alarm, yet ‘‘after middle Depositors He daily manages millions of q lars as treasurer of one of the tion's largest states, but q pocket any more salary than q¢ ee eee , = SSB stands difficult for the | TQDAY'S y "arper- The date of the Wrights' first successful flight at Kitty Hawk body, 4 bridges during those hours with 8, roll expenses totaling $11,36 war department denied the city's s tition for closing drawbridge fy, 10 p. m. to 6 a, m. Union.) ally more affected by a cold than by influenza. The suddenness and the great prostration then are the outstanding symptoms in influenza-symptoms which can be readily recognized. However, whether Symptoms are due to the common cold or to influenza, the treatment is the same- rest and heat. The same complications - bronchitis, pneumonia and broncho-pneumonia - can develop from either a cold or influenza. petitioner's reof the invention shall be conferred States. disease up thick mucus. that portion of the earth's atmosphere which presses on the United States, or so far as their granting your quest, the honor HEART months passed vessels five only eight first the During 1939 Service.) BARTON Newspaper Be the great influenza epidemic of 1918-19, a cold in the head was called a cold, but now it is not unusual for many to tell their friends and neighbors that they have just had an attack of influenza, when, as a matter of fact, they have been suffering with just ‘‘the common cold."' How are you to know whether the symptoms-sneezing, chills, fever- are due to influenza or the common cold? In the absence of an epidemic of influenza, it should be remembered that the common cold is given its name because it is so common-the commonest ailment known. How to Diagnose Each. The early symptoms of the common cold are sneezing, burning and stuffiness of the nose, first a thin watery discharge which "‘thickens'' and "‘plugs'' the nose, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms come on gradually, and patient is not greatly prostrated. The early symptoms of influenza are different in that the symptoms come on suddenly; perhaps one or two days after exposure the patient may fall from severe prostration. The cough in influenza is hard and dry, and little or nothing is brought up from bronchial tubes even after a severe coughing spell, whereas in the common cold, as noted above, there is first a profuse watery discharge from the nose and later the patient is able to cough never would have been thought of had not the way first been opened by your petitioner. He therefore solicits a special act of the Congress of the United States to secure to him and his heirs for the term of 40 years, or for such other term as in their wisdom may be deemed just, the right of steering flying machines through jurisdiction W. over Fort Point channel, altho costs the city $2,200 per boat, at the head of the list as a cause of death, and this fact is known to almost every- ULY 31 of this year marks the 150th anniversary of a red letter day on the American calendar. It was not the date of a great military or naval victory nor of a significant event in our social or political history. What took place on that day does not, in itself, seem important. For it was simply this: On July 31, 1790, the United States of America granted to one Samuel Hopkins of Vermont a patent for a method of making ‘‘Pot and Pearl Ashes.'' But this was the first of more than 2,000,000 patents which have been issued since that time, and written between the lines of the records of those 2,000,000 patents is the story of the inventive genius which has p e tn ea e sof an An employee of the Smithsonian institution holds the mode made possible an economic invention whieh was an "improvement in the method of lifting vessels system capitalized at billions over shoals.'' The patent, issued May 22, 1849, was granted to of dollars and has given the an inventor from Illinois, named Abraham Lincoln. (Yes, THE United States its position as Abraham Lincoln.) the greatest industrial and lected and he was given a salary the destruction wrought by the year. JAMES by Western Service says B > =a S By ELMO SCOTT WATSON The American patent system had its genesis in that "Yankee ingenuity'' which began to manifest itself early in the history of English colonization of North America. Nearly 300 years ago (in October, 1641) the Massachusetts Bay colony granted to Samuel Winslow a patent ‘"‘for a period of 10 years, for a new method of manufacturing salt." This was followed by similar grants in other colonies, but mainly in New England, to promote the manufacture of iron, the building of grist mills and various other enterprises neces- DR. department awe By (Released Continue war must continue to furnish drawh service at night on three bridg, ugh The Stepmother's Duty Is to-Wait (Bell Syndicate-WNU (Released by Western Newspaper Union.) business nation in the world. Norris Says: Kathleen Must FEES= First Patent Was Issued 150 Years Ago: Since Then Uncle Sam Has Granted More Than 2,000,000 to His Inventive Sons The The little thing seems if her father starts to talk to have to me, an uncanny she must go instinct for making around the table veg and ne cli into his lap. HOTELS By KATHLEEN NORRIS VERY marriage is a KE separate problem and a separate lifework. June brides might as well get that truth through their exquisitely waved young heads right here and now. If wedding vows were for six months or one year nothing in the new life would seem so serious. Jean would remind her dear old friendsina laughing aside that ‘‘after Christmas'' she would be free for bridge and lunches and long evenings of gossip again! John would be more loverlike than even in engagement days because so soon he must lose this dear little affectionate companion. But both know that marriage is a long-term contract. Unless things really go wrong Jean and John will be together when Jean is a wrinkled little old lady, and John's teeth and hair and eyes have all been artificially reinforced. Fifty years! At any age that seems a long, long time, and at 27 and 22 it sounds like the clang of a jail door. Right Start Important. That's why it is so important to start right, with a good heroic mixture of unselfishness, silence, selfcontrol, humor. That's why it pays to sacrifice a good many things, to put the family into second place, to give up intimate chattering old friends, and girlhood's habits of reading books until the dinner is actually announced, or nibbling candy so that one doesn't want dinner, or coming in late of an afternoon, or yawning at breakfast, or forgetting toast until it burns, or making mild jokes at John's expense. These things don't sound important, but like every other business, marriage has got to be built upon a sound foundation of mutual respect and consideration, as well as upon young love, and like every other trifle in the beginning, these trifles have a horrifying fashion of growing strong and menacing if they are let grow. Jean Davis, married last Christmas, writes me of her special problem, and spatters the beautifully written, and expressed letter with tears. A Five-Year-Old Problem. "I'm 24 and Rod's 37," says the letter. ‘‘He's stunning, and I'm not pretty. He's rich, and I was his office secretary. His people all have homes on the lake, in summer; my father has an agency for a patent oven device. ‘She did pretty well for herself,' everyone said, when I married Rod. "And so I did, in everything that affects him and myself. We are ideally mated, ideally happy. Or we would be, except for Doris. Doris is his daughter, five years old. Her mother died when she was born, and two aunts and a grandmother have had her since. Rod wants her with us now, and for his sake I am glad to have her. "I've always liked children, always gotten along with them. But I never saw a child like this one. She is a pale, determined little girl, completely spoiled. Everything causes a fight, everything causes a scene. She will wear a blue dress; she won't wear her white shoes; she won't take a bath, or when she's in the tub she won't get out. A Constant Battle, "The little thing seems to have an uncanny instinct for making trouble; if her father starts to talk to me, she must go around the table and climb into his lap. She isn't affectionate, but she can stir him so with wistful references to ‘my own Mummy' that his heart melts toward her. SSR ESSE LEG Shortness of Breath Due to Several Causes MOAB, UTAH Every week-end she spends with her grandmother and aunts, and every Monday she comes back completely demoralized, with STEPMOTHER A newly married girl comes to Kathleen Norris for advice on a vital problem: her husband had a daughter by his first wife from whom he was separated by death. The little girl is almost unmanageable, putting a continual strain on a norma ly happy relationship between the young woman and her husband. Kathleen Norris analyzes this problem and tells the young wife how it can be solved. some good reason for not going to school. "My own hope has always been for a houseful of children. But yesterday Rod said that it hurt him to think of anyone ever making Doris feel second. If ours could be a boy, he said, it might be different. But if it was a little sister it might upset her psychologically. At least, he said, that's what one of his sisters told him. "TIT honestly think Rod would be happier if we left the child with his mother. But he hates to admit it. And so the screaming and crying go on. If I dress her, ‘Jean hurt me!' If I fix her lunch ‘it tastes horrid!' When the aunts come she flies to them and clings panting, and of course Rod and casual visitors draw their own conclusions. I want to do my duty by her, and see that she's decently dressed for school, does her homework, eats at least a part of what she should, gets to bed at some reasonable hour. Can you help me see the right way?'"' Jean, perhaps I can. For you're not the first stepmother who contradicts all the old fairy-stories by being a gentle and well-disposed human being who wants to give a beloved husband's children a break. Go Indifferent. And first of all, I think you must aba@hdon any idea of controlling or influencing Doris at present. Just suddenly go good-natured and com- pletely indifferent. visits them a matter of from she month. 70 E. Reasonable Rates; day Completely furnished, No. KODAK Temple, FINISHING poi a Roll Developed and 16 prints prints 25c. REX PHOTO :: OFFICE dip her 16 Reapafectic 25¢ Ogden Utahiied, we wet peact EQUIPMENT USED adding EX., 35 desks and chairs, mch's, safes, bk W. Broadway, Salt ins thus vl passe § maid we ymed| stress, ACOUSTICON empera wnfidenc Dna Jt b alder Hearing Aids Since 1902 New Vacuum Tubes or Carbon Aids, Both Air and Bone Conduction, ACOUSTICON R. 268 So. State H. INSTITUTE Craig, St. nto be € 4 ready f Mer. Salt Lake City, U/ ito-ca: te invil er wit BABY CHICKS DENVER BLOOD All HATCHED TESTED CHIC heavies, Leghorns, and cas, A de, $5.95; AA, AAA, $6.95: Heavy Mixed, repaid, guargnteed th b urrOUn a NEW AND typewriters, S. L. DESK ns On. ne th Salt Lake, 16 PRINTS 25¢ JuanaW he gar ptherin Mi delivery. ‘ "COLORADO HATCHERY, Deaver a y blo is this INEXPENSIVE MEALS bt, Carn The best food in Salt Lake ts served by pu & The MAYFLOWER CAFE = at 154 South Main-POPULAR PRICED ‘te Tere Luncheons, Dinners KODAK and Sandwiches tring a Monica FINISHING te hou: te little PHOTO-KRAFT ws to b ECONOMY FILM SERVICE Any Roll Developed with 8 Quality Prints- - - - Extra Prints - - «2 «© s Wrap coin and film carefully SCHRAMM-JOHNSON m Juana ear this? bo Man :nora, ut trust| DRUGS ic ha: PHOTO-KRAFT-Box 749 Salt Lake City, UYoseo¢ Utah iteegad is father THE DEAFENED SAY- im Tl AUREX IS BETTER! take #20 Because clothing friction noises are el and re inated. Performs perfectly in any Don or while in motion. Free Audiometer test) bis at home or office. Ca -R. E. MORRIS & ASSOCIATES}ea tn 504 Judge Building know Salt Lake Cityity a Ta Alfred 8 over, aber 0 is aly j ee st uy the sar Was HOTEL BEN LOMOND).* Altre the b OGDEN, by the UTAH ¥ Ns Sava; 5 DS | 350 Rooms-350 Baths - $2.00 to "awin her Family Rooms for 4 persons : Air Cooled Lounge and Lobby j ba they Grill Room. Coffee Home will. Spoiled children May grow into discontented and twisted childhood, but they sooner er later stop the teasing, tantrums, spoiling of clothes and scorning of food. They must, if they are to live at all. I've known a great maty tyrants of five who like Doris have been spoiled ‘by a Series of circumstances. Temple. or RICHMOND, at odd hours fact, HOTEL tr, with all sorts of demands. And of the whole distracted circle you will be the only one still smiling and remote. Order Out of Chaos. By all means have children. Go straight ahead and fill your nursery with girls and boys. With every one of them you strengthen your own position and rationalize hers. At 10 Doris will be an orderly little creature, perhaps silent and jealous and embittered in her small soul, but grown out of her baby @onSense. If you can wait for that hour, and befriend her in the meanwhile in steady, gentle, patient ways, you will reap a rich reward. It seems too had for grown-u ps to have to scheme against a small girl in this fashion. But the mischief is not of your choosing, and Doris must learn common sense sooner or later. As RENO, NEVADA, stop at the GOLDEN-Reno's largest and most popular hotel. -__ APARTMENT Block week If she asks you for help dressing, make no comment. If she refuses her normal food and demands specialties, leave it to her father and the cook. If her nurse-supposing her to have one, you don't say,-appeals to you, pass the appeal straight on to father, grandmother, aunts. If she's rude, smile. If she demands her father's attention, concede it amiably. If he questions you about her, say leniently that she's only a small girl after all, and she'll grow wiser. This course cannot fail. It removes you entirely from the scene of combat and places responsibility where it belongs. Once you adopt it, the more outrageously Doris acts the better for you. Her best clothes will be speedily destroyed, her grandmother and aunts will grow tired of a more-spoiled-than-ever child who When in HOTEL Shop Tap Exchange-Optimists-"20-30 Chamber Hotel of Commerce Ben OGDEN, Come as T. mn WNU Rooe ot Rotary - Kiwanis-Executives and Ad t cab Lomond er Nag tel ges & haq Nori UTAH , you are & Fitzgeralé ug eeeeOOOOOt - Week No. 4031 - SALT| : ‘ le |