Show j RECORDS INHIGHPEED I Development of Sped Coequal With That of Safety I 0HE ItEMAEKABBE RECORDS Great Evolutions in the Power of Locomotives Loco-motives and Steamships Horses and What They have Accomplished Accom-plished in Running and Trotting The Best Records on the Track Rowing Row-ing Yachting and Blcyclln g 4 NEW YORK July 3It may be tru that the race is not always to the swift but it is also true that the nations that have laid out the best roads and built the Tastesc ships have been dominant since I the dawn of history r The development of tho present high rates of speed has taken place entirely within the present century The first passenger railway was operated Between Stockton and Darlington England in 1825 a Stephenson locomotive being used I The road was twelve miles long and the trip one way was made in two hours i 0 t d 1d V III 1 1 GEORGE STEPHENSOX AND THE no JET AS ORIGINALLY BUILT When it was predicted that the enormous rate of twelve miles an hour might some ime be attained the suggestion was promptly frowned down When the Liverpool and Manchester railway was opened in 1829 the famous locomotive Rocket made thirty miles an hour on her trial trip ran regularly at a rate of twen 1 tvfive miles and occasionally when behind be-hind time reached thirtyfive mile speed In 1S2S Peter Cooper of New York built a queer little lor ive which made a trial trip at Bait i i Mr Cooper himself L him-self handling throle She made thirteen mileF in hour erage speed and spurted tc ighteen and Mr Coope had to keep dc vn the safety valve with his qwn hand to keep ei ugh steam up The use of this enic an not contin ued She was only a fraction above one horsepower horse-power but her trial demonstrated that the trucks of the Baltimore Ohio which had been built by Mr Cooper were suited to the steam locomotive In 1829 the Stourbridce Lion an English built machine was tried at Honesdale Pa found to be too heavy for the tracks and so abandoned In 1831 the Mohawk t Hudson railroad now a part of the Jtew York Central system began to use steam over its rails The first train run was drawn by the DeWitt Clinton and is now shown in duplicate at the Worlds v fair Tee famous locomotive John Bull was start d on the Camden and Amboy in 1832 and is now a part of the Chicago exhibit of the Pennsylvania road Both these engines were worked regularly at about 18 to 20 miles an hour and the development de-velopment of speed from that time was rapid I Speed records have never been care I 0 Ij k r 1t J < r 4 = r I 1 The favannah 1819 2 The Adriatic 3 The Campania 4 The Paris iully kept by the railroads but at least I forty years ago the I mile a ininutt rate I i had been reached in more than on instance i in-stance il The best regular run for a long distance I dis-tance is now made by the famous Empire State express which runs daily on the New York Central railroad from New York to Buffalo a distance of 439 a miles in S hours and 40 minutes This I calls for an average speed of 52J j miles an hour and of course for I I A dally dashes that are much faster The I r rain rarely reaches Buffalo behind the schedule though on some days it has had I to make up as much as halt an hour of lost time Its recent phenomenal performances I I per-formances began on May 9 of the present I I year shortly after the much talked of engine 993 was put in commission On I that day the train had lost 25 minutes when reached Syracuse no phenomenal I speed was made between Syracuse and Rochester but from Rochester to Buffao I sistyuine miles the average speed was more than a mile a minute the time between J be-tween stations being 68 minutes The five miles between Looneyville and Grimes j clUe were made in 3i minutes and one mile between Grimesville and the Forks k in 35 seconds or faster than 102 miles an hour Singularly enouch on the same day a heavy train on the Pennsylvania covered the ninetytwo miles between J Philadelphia and New York in 100 minutes min-utes On May 11 993 broke her own record doing a mile in 32 seconds a speed which continued for an hour would reachU2 miles S The best recorded single mile before the Emoiro States recent performances was made by an engine on the Philadelphia i Heading road in 1891 which did a mile in 295 seconds > > a little faster than 8QS miles an hour HOW MODEBN ENGINES ABE MADE The development higli railroad speeds has been brought about through the perfection per-fection of the principles adopted in Stephensons Rocket in which were the essential features of the double cylinders 9 the multiflue boilers and the exhaust draught To this must be added the general gen-eral butsteady improvement of the road j bed or as the English call itt it-t 6 tpermaneat way and The more perfect construction of engines In the engines of the Empire State express ex-press the extra grate surface ifi got by lengtheningthe firebox which placed betrweenfibe drivers Most fast English engines havo but one pair of drivers while American engines have two Advantage Ad-vantage > is claimed for each plan of course but the fact is probably that each is best for the conditions it has to meet it is now only a question of time and improvement of roadbeds when most railroads will run far faster regular trains than have hitherto been operated This is trnewhether electricity is introduced on long lines of rail or not for outside of three or Jour of the trunk lines the rails are not heavy enough nor the ballast good enough nor the lines straight enough to warrant the highest rates of speed attainable by the present locomotives I locomo-tives There is no doubt that locomotives may be operated by electricity at as great speed as by steam for it is only a question ques-tion of revolution of drivers and economy of fuel THE GROWTH OF THE STEAMSHIP There have been far more radical changes in the application of steam power to locomotion on the water than on the land The first working steamboat was built by Robert Fulton in 1807 as all the world knows and river navigation developed devel-oped rapidly Ocean navigation by steam was not accomplished however for several years after that time The first transatlantic steam voyage was made by the Savannah a New York built ship from Savannah Georgia in 1819 This ship used sails as well as steam which was applied by sidewheels and consumed twentytwo days in making mak-ing the voyage She was a queer craf and made such slow time at such a great expense that she never made a second voyage The Royal William crossed the Atlantic from Quebec in 1831 but she was not a success either In fact no successful transatlantic voyages were made until 1838 wheu the Sirius built at London and the Great Western built at Bristol crossed both arriving in New York April 23 1838 The first successful regular transatlantic transatlan-tic trips were made in 1840 by the ships of the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet line founded by Samuel Sam-uel Cunard of Halifax It is a mercy that this string of words has since been by general consent displaced by The Cunard line under whichtitle its marvelous mar-velous vessels still ply between Liverpool and New York and Liverpool and Boston Bos-ton The Cunard ships did not at first make New York but chose Boston for the American terminus stopping both ways at Halifax The Britannia Acadia Caledonia and Columbia made regular trips the Britannia reaching Boston July 4 after a voyage of fourteen days and eight hours The earlier rivals of the Cunard line were unsuccessful but the Collins American line won in speed and comfort This line was started in 1849 and was to receive a subsidy from the United States government of 858000 a year provided its boats made better time than the Cunard boats The time of the Collins boats averaged 11 days 10 hours as against 12 days 19 hours and26 minutes by the Cunarders and the subsidy sub-sidy was given The expense however of running at the Collins speed with the imperfect engines of the day and the loss of the Arctic which came in collision with a French ship off Cape Race in September Septem-ber 1854 and the Pacific which left Liverpool Liv-erpool June 23 1856 and was never more heard or killed the enterprise Since then a number of other successful transatlantic steamship lines have arisen the Inmannow the American linethe White Star the HamburgAmerican the North German Lloyd the French line and others Each of these lines has sailed some wonderfully fast ships and each has contributed to the gradual approach to perfection in ocean travel The Campania is now the fastest craft afloat as she I showed by her recent east bound trip in 6 days 17 hours 27 minutes The best I east bound time before this was made by the New York in 5 days 19 hours 57 minutes in August 1S92 I RECORDS OF OCEAN SPEED The following table shows how ocean I speed has been developed on the Queens town coarse during the past dozen I years D Jr M I Oct ISSl Arizona Guton 9 7 Cl Nay 1833 Alaska j 4 H June 1882 Alaska Of 7 1 51 May 1883 Alaska 6 C3 41 I Sept 1883 Alaska II uu 6 21 4v Sept 1885 Alaska G 16 3t Oct 1SS4 Oregon 6 10 lC Aug 1885 Etrurla Cunardo 653 May 1887 UmbrIa II 644 May ISIS Etruria 6 1 it Sept isis Etruria u 6 1 St May Ifc89 Cityof Paris loman 5 23 Aug ISSt City of Paris 5 19 If Aug 1SPO Teutonic White Star 5 19 f Aug 1891 Majestic 5 18 Aug ib91 Teutonic I < 5 16 It July 1S93 City of Paris Inman 0 15 H Oct 1892 City ot Paris It 5 H 2 S Disputed 0 As ocean steaming has increased in speed so has the size of the boats Th Great Western was but 236 feet long had engines of SOOhorso power was of 134 tons Tmrden and cost nearly 250000 The Campania is 620 feet long cost IJ good many times as much as the Great Western the Cunard people wont say how muchhas a gross tonnage of 1250C and wjll carry 460 saloon ISO econd I cabin and 540 steerage passengers o 1180 all told besides her crew I A rough diagram appended shows the relative sizeof the Great Western and the Campania how the latterwould comr pare in size with r a row pi New York mildings she wer set down in front of hem Her stacks are twentyone feet inside diameter and a carriage and pair might be driven through them A lot of comparative statistics might be pre These figures are all for westward voyages voy-ages and take no note of the time made by the German and French ships The record over the Southampton route eastward is held by the Fuerst Bismarck Bis-marck which mcde the voyage in July 892 in 6 days 11 hours and 59 minutes Her fastest westward trip was made in I April of the same year in 15 minutes less I II I ior i I 4 t t I I = i 1 j IL as 1 The OrIginal Grasshopper Engine 2 Wmans Crab 3 Do Witt Clinton Train 1S31 This course being 300 miles longer than the Qneenstown course the Fuerst Bismarck Bis-marck has almost as good a record as the Paris It is not possible in the space at command to more than allude to the recent re-cent development of speed in naval ves vels or the magnificent work that has been done on long voyages by the ships that ply on the Pacific ocean between San Francisco and China or by the vessels of the P 011 and other lines that ply between European ports and the East Indies pared concerning her but one example must suffice allowing fifty passengers to the car it would take two trains of seven cars each and one of eight to carry her full complement of passengers if they reachediitsTRaxtBium butrttoere must be a limit to the shortening of the time on the transatlantic ferry and we may reasonably look for inventive genius to turn itself in the direction of further coal economy and perhaps the application of some power other than steam rather than to continued efforts for greater ocean J speed THE SPEED OF HORSES 1 Of all contests speed for amusement those of horses are undoubtedly the most popular Running races have always been the favorite form of horse speeding in t England and on the continent and trotting has never secured a foothold in I I any of the Epglish colopies In the j United States it has had its entire development I It de-velopment and that during the last fifty years f Lady Suffolk was the first trotter to electrify the sporting world by a phenomenally phe-nomenally fast mile over a measured course which she did in 1815 The following fol-lowing table kindly furnished by Mr Busby of the Spirit of the Times shows how the trotting time has sin e been xe duced I Horse Driver Course Date Time LadYSuffolk Da id Bryan Beacon Hoboken I Hobo-ken Oct 13 1815 2t2914 I Pelham William TVnelen Centervllle NY JulyS 1849 925 Highland Maid F J Nodine Centerville N I Y June 15 1853 227 Flora Temple Hiram Woodruff Union East N Y Sept 3 1856 224 1 I Flora Temple James D McMann Kalamo zoo Mich Oct 151859 31934 I Dexter Budd Doble Riverside Park Boston July 301837 219 l I 1 93 1893 2 Great Northern Railway Flyer 4 Compound Engine should all desire to continue their journey I to the city of the Worlds fair on her next arrival in New York I The increased speed of ocean vessels has been brought about by the substitution of the screw for the side wheel the compound com-pound or double engine for the single Iron for wood and steel for iron in hull construction the triple for the double engine the double for the single screw improved boilers and furnaces and increased creased power from time to time It is or course folly in these days to say that the development of anything has I Dexter Budd Doblc Buffalo N Y Aug 14 1867 2 174 Goldsmith Maid Budd Doble Milwaukee Wis Sept 6 1871 217 Goldsmith Maid William H Doble Mystic Park Boston June 9 1872 210 > f Goldsmith Maid Budd Doble East Saginaw Mich July 16 1874 210 Goldsmith Maid Budd DOblo Buffalo N Y Aug 7 1874 215V Goldsmith Maid Budd Doble Rochester N Y Aug 12 1874214 = 1 GoMsmith Maid Bndd Doble Boston Masss Sept 2 1871 214 Rarus John Splan Buffalo N Y Aug 3 I 1876 2 1314 St Julien v Orrin Hlcfcok Oakland Cal Oct 25 1879 212JJ I Maud S William Ball Rochester N Y Aug12 lS80t2llI St Julien Orrin HIckok Rochester N Y Aug 12 ItSU 21134 I St JuHen Orrin Hickok Hartford Conn i AUR 27 18SX2Mii Maud S W W BaJr Chicago Driving Park i Sept 18 1880 21034 Maud S W W Bair PiUsburg Pa July 13 1831 210 i Maud S W W Bair Rochester N Y Aug 11 1881 210M JayEyeSee Edwin Either Providence R I Aug 1 1881 310 Maud S W W BalrCleveland 0 Aug 2 1881 2091 Maud S W W Bair Lexington Ky Nov 11 1884209 Maud S W W Bair Cleveland 0 July 30 1S85 2OSJ Sunol Charles Marvin Stockton Cal Oct 20 1891 2C8M Nancy Hangs Budd Doble Chicago Aug 17 1892 2071A Nancy Hanks Budd Doole olcdependcnce la Aug 31 1891 20514 Naucy Hanks Budd Doble Terro Haute Ind Sept 28 1892201 The rapid reduction of time during 1892 was undoubtedly due to the introduction of the kiteshaped track in which much more of the course is straight than in the old round or oval tracks and the socalled I bicycle sulky in which pneumatic I tires and ball bearings are used Sunols time208 is still the best with the ordinary ordi-nary sulky and it is hardly likely that I under similar conditions Nancy Hanks though a wonderful mare could have bettered the time of Maud S To no man in America does the trotting turf owe so much as to Robert Bonnor though when he bought a record breaker he never allowed al-lowed the animal to trot again for money But he has devoted years of time and thousands of dollars to the breeding of fast trotters and his study of the horses foot has led to far more scientific shoeing and consequent increase of trotting speed than was before practiced The pacer is nearly allied to the trotter but there has not been the same interest in pacing contests as in trotting nor have the records been kept so carefully i Last year however much interest was I aroused in the minds of all horsemen by tho wonderful pacing time of 204 made I on September 29 by the bay gelding Mascot h Mas-cot and it is likely that attempts to break this record at this gait will be made during the present year The stallion record for xrotting is held bv Stamboul at 207 It is not possible in the space at command com-mand to give so complete a table of the best records made by running horses as I by trotters Time records are not so carefully care-fully kept in England as in America and the running horse is at his best in Eng land The best recorded mile records in America are I Monmouth Park N J Aug 28 I 1890 Salvator at 4 years carrying 110 pounds made a mile on a straight track I inl35K On the same track Aug 13 1892 Kil deer at 4 years carrying 91 pounds made a mile in 137i At Sbeepshead Bay June 28 1892 Major Domo at 5 years carrying 116 pounds madea mile on a circular track 13915 At Columbus Ga Nov 2 1892 Helen Nichols at 2 years carrying 87 pounds made a mile on a circular track in l4Us best time forthat age I SPEED IN ROWING Of speed congests between men rowing is perhaps the most popular Crew rac iI i I t IVt t t il 1 t uL MA54crao4t 5ALvArs358 Fastest HorsesTrotting Pacing and Running insr and especially college crew racing undoubtedly draws larger crowds than any other acquatic struggles The records are so voluminous that only a few of the best can be given On July 11 161 Edwin Hedley rowed 440 yards straightaway in 57 seconds at Newark N JOn J-On August 9 1889 the Atalanta Boat club eight oars rowed one and onehalf miles straightaway in 7 minutes and 41 seconds at Pullman Ill Better time than that was made by the Cornell university crew in 703 at Philadelphia July 4 1889 but the conditions were unfair the current cur-rent running very strong On June 211S91 the Columbia college freshman crew eight oars rowed two miles straightaway at New London Conn in 9 minutes and 41 seconds On June 29 1888 the Yale university crew eight oars rowed two and a half miles straightaway in 12 minutes and 57 seconds On June 25 1891 at New London Conn Cornell university crew eight 1 I oars rowed three miles straightaway in 14 minutes 27K seconds On May 21892 James Stansbury single scull rowed three miles and 330 yards straightaway at Sydney N S VJ in 17 minutes 26i seconds On Nov 26 lSSi William Beach single Co scull rowed threa miles and 410 yards straightaway in 19 minutes 5i seconds in Australia On June 16 1879 Edward Hanlan single scull rowed three miles and 563 yards straightaway on the Tyne Eng land in 21 minutes and 1 second On Nov 19 ISOn Walter Brown rowed three miles and 713 yards straightaway t on the Tyne in 2150 On Sept 11 1871 Joshua Ellis Gill and Hank Ward four oars rowed four miles with a turn at Saratoga N Y in SI minutes and 40 seconds On March 29 1S73 the Cambridge University Uni-versity crew eight oars rowed four miles and 300 yards in 19 minutes and 35 seconds sec-onds The longest rowing match recorded was Sept 1516 and 17 1S75 on the Danube river 166 25 miles from BudaPesth to Comoro and back between the Egyeter tes and Nemzeti clubs time 39 hours and 22 minutes There is also much interest in running but it would take pages of this essay to give the record H M Johnson made the fastest 50 yards record 5i seconds sec-onds in New York Nov 22 18J James Quirk made the best 75 yards record at Park Hill Canada in IX seconds Oct 30 1S8S Wendell Baker holds the 80 yard record made July 1 1886 Boston in 8 seconds sec-onds H M Johnson again holds tho American 100 yard record made at Cleveland Cleve-land Ohio July 21 1886 In 9 45 seconds sec-onds W G George holds the best one mile record made in London England August 23 1886 in 412 William Lang holds tho best two mile record made at Manchester England August 11863 in 91U 911There There is not space to even mention the records made in long distance matches at running and walking The best bicycle records are equally voluminous They have all been mado within recent years oi course The first mile record on the ordinary high wheel was made in October 1877 in 5 minutes and 2 seconds by W R Pitman and this was gradually reduced to 2 minutes 25 35 seconds which speed was attained Sep tember 15 1890 by W Windle Peoria Ill On the safety wheel A Windlo made a mile in 2 minutes 22 25 seconds September 8 1891 On September 10 of the same year A A Zimmerman duplicated dupli-cated this record at Springfield Mass On October 1891 a mile was mado iu 2 minutes 15 seconds by Windle at Spring field H C Tyler made a standing mile in 208 15 In the noble sport of yachting both sail and steam America and England hold the palm There are many yachts and much sailing thereof in the waters of both Germany and France but the boats of neither of these nations are equal to the Yankee and English craft The mere mention of the old America and the numerous nu-merous international races that have been sailed for the queens cup first won by her and now held in this country is I enough to raise the enthusiasm of everyone every-one who has ever seen a contest of white winged yachts It is expected that there will be another struggle for this famous cup during the coming autumn and all true sportsmen will be glad to see the best boat bear it away in triumph 11 > MARSHALL |