| Show r J If I 1 COSTS OF THE THE WORLD WAtt WAR I Advance data published by courtesy o of the Encyclopedia n t Americana II U. INDIRECT WAR COSTS Loss of oZ human life life Since a as Pr Professor profess fessor the loss 0 of Bogart so truthfully says human life and the race deterioration re resulting ro suiting from war are the most appalling and permanent costs of the war warS for lor the thew affect not merely the present but ard Lt traceable through future generations the deaths resulting from the European war deserve first consideration In any attempted tabulation of ot tho Indirect costs of that great struggle Professor Bogart cites official reports by the major majol belligerents and semiofficial reports by most of or the tho minor belligerents to provo prove that of ot the tho soldiers who took part in the thc European war made the SUpreme su su- su premo preme sacrifice These appalling figures figure become even cven more appalling when It i Is remembered that the death toll toil of all ol of the tho wars fought during the preceding 12 years beginning with the Napoleonic war of 1790 and ending with the Balkan Balker war of ot 1912 13 was only about one half as great The tragic story of pf the deaths death resulting from the European war var however however how hOw- ever does not stop with the known dead To that painfully long list must be added according to various arlous statisticians 50 O per pet percent percent cent of the soldiers reported as prisoners prison ers or missing to account for those who were so mutilated that they could not be Identified or who were so blown to pieces that not even a trace of ot them Wem was as left The prisoners or missing list at the time the reports above re referred referred referred re- re to were given out embraced names Fifty percent of that number number num num- ber would add to the fatal casualty casualty casualty cas cas- lists and bring the known and presumed presumed presumed pre pre- dead among the soldiers up to IC Before one can recover train from the shock occasioned by the contemplation tion of so many deaths deaths' among the very flower of ot the worlds manhood one learns from Professor Bogart that to the deaths among the soldiers must be added more Inore to cover the deaths civilians resulting from causes among the attributable directly or Indirectly to war All AU wars have been accompanied by an Increase In In the civilian death rate but as Professor Bogart says It re remained re re- for the great world war to establish establish establish lish a new record In this as In In Inso so many other aspects Various causes were re re- re Famine and cold cost hundreds hundreds hun hundreds of ot thousands of ot lives Epidemics took their toll toll the the Spanish Influenza responsibility for which has been laid atthe atthe at atthe the wars war's door door Is Is said to have caused deaths of which oc occurred curre l In the United d States More than Armenians Syrians Jews and Greeks are are said to have been massacred while the war raged third One-third of ot the population of Poland Is said to have been wiped out Russians are said to the Rumanians Rumanians Rumanians Ru Ru- have perished deaths among numbered Germany also lost while deaths deaths' from I famine in n Austria and Serbia numbered nearly In the occupied areas ot at France there was a tremendous Increase I In the death rate In Belgium strange as It may seem the Increase was nothing I like Uke so pronounced Approximately fishermen and sailors lost their lives In mined waters or from other causes for which the war waif wai was directly ble In determining the value ot of the human bunian lives lost during the war Professor Bogart has adopted the figures of ot M. M the noted French actuary who ten social years ago estimated the average value of ot an Individual in the six leading g countries to be as follows United States England Germany France 2900 Hungary Austria-Hungary 2750 Rus Russia la 2020 After saying that these valuations probably err on the side of underestimation tion Professor Bogart ext extends their ap application application ap- ap by affixing the French valuation valuation valuation tion to Belgium and the Russian valuation tion flon to and the minor belligerents Using these valuations in conjunction with the casualty lists he gives the following following following fol fol- fol- fol lowing table to show the costs costs' of ot the war re resulting from deaths among the soldiers CAPIT CAPITALIZED VALUE OF LOSS OF LIFE Known dead Presumed dead dead Country Country- Country Country- Lives Lost Value United States England Germany France Austria Hun Russia L r Belgium Italy Serbia Rumania Greece reece Portugal Japan Turkey Bulgaria 57 Estimated loss resulting from de deaths among civilIans civilians civilians civil civil- ians the number of ot such deaths being supposed to equal the number of ot deaths in the armies armies Total Fatal valuation of oi lives lost Property losses losses Estimating Estimating the losses I t of af t the European war growing out of ot the destruction of ot and damage to property is isan isan isan an exceedingly difficult task Very few ot of the authorities agree upon the subject Professor Protessor Bogart estimates the total property losses at placing the losses losses' osse on land at and the maritime losses at et The Tue vessels sunk totaling gross tons represent a loss of ot and the cargoes l sung ung with the vessels a a loss of ot The land losses are divided among the different countries countries countries coun coun- tries as follows PROPERTY LOSSES ON LAND Belgium France Franc 10 Russia Poland Serbia Albania and Montenegro Montenegro Montenegro Mon- Mon East Prussia Austria and Ukraine Italy a. a Rumania British empire i Germany Total The following table compiled by Professor Protessor Pro Pro- fessor Bogart from various sources shows the gross tonnage of ot seagoing merchant vessels lost between August 1 1 1914 and November 11 11 1918 GROSS TONNAGE OF SEAGOING MERCHANT VESSELS LOST Enemy Marine I S 5 Country of ot registry registry- Action Risk United States Great Britain Norway Italy Italy France Denmark Sweden I Greece Greece- Russia Holland Spain Portugal Belgium f Japan Brazil Argentine Uruguay Peru Peru 1419 Rumania Persia Allies and and ne neutrals 1 Germany Austria Turkey Total all countries Grand total of ot all Loss In production one production One of the big In Indirect Indirect In- In direct costs of ot the war was the loss In production growing out of ot the withdrawal of ot millions of ot men from rom commercial pursuits pursuits pur put suits for service In the and navies In 1917 there were men under tinder arms Professor Bogart believes that an an average of served sen-ed In the thea a armed med forces during each of ot the four tour and anda a a. hal half j ears of ot the war Ascribing to toan th these men an af average earning r capacity t. t V f 1 f X 5 v 5 of ot a a. year he estimates s the loss In production resulting from their withdrawal withdrawal with with- from civil pursuits at 5 War Var relief costs The costs The reu relief t work made necessary by the war is estimated to have ave cost all aU of ot which was raised by voluntary subscriptions Statistics Statistics Statistics Sta Sta- are available only for tor the English speaking nations The expenditures of the United States far exceeded thosa of all other countries Canada considering her population made mado exceedingly liberal contributions England also spent large sums for war relief as did each of ot her various colonies In addition to Canada United States The States The contributions of the United States toward War ar relief totaled and were distributed through the various organizations as follows AMERICAN WAR RELIEF EXPENDITURES 1 v 5 American Red lIed Cross i Young foung Mens Men's Christian asso asso- cl ci elation tion jr c f. f Young Women's sO lation I I Knights of Columbus Jewish welfare board American Library association association association tion War Var camp community ser ser- service service vice 51 Salvation Army S I 0 United drive of 1918 f. f Rockefeller foundation e Belgian Beglan relief private contributions contributions con con- S Other contributions estimated ted Total According ot Professor Protessor Bogart the actual ac ac- ac ual expenditures of ot the Rockefeller foundation totaled but of ot this amount was contri contributed to the American Red Cross and appears in tn its figures About was contributed to different philanthropies sand and to the united war work fund In addition to the expenditures mentioned mentioned mentioned men men- above congress appropriated for forthe forthe forthe the relief of ot starving Europeans 1000 only of which l however how how- however 0 h ever was a disbursed for f free charity iy The remainder according to the report of ot Herbert C. C Hoover head of ot the American relief administration w was wa's s loaned to various various various va va- va- va rious European governments each of ot which executed notes for the amount loaned it These notes have have been been en turned over to to the United States treasury The loans were as follows Ef f LOANS BY AMERICAN R ASSOCIATION TION J Poland u. u Czecho Slovakia Czecho-Slovakia f. f Armenia Russia W St Esthonia rW T Lithuania f 1 Finland f 1 1 f ar Total r It I Great Britain and colonies The s The con- con Countries S United States s 1 I Great Britain 3 3 British colonies Canada I Australia India i 1 1 New Zealand t j. j S South Africa I t France 6 G. G Russia 4 41 Italy 2 Belgium lr 5 Germany If 1 1 i Hungary Austria 1 11 Turkey Bulgaria f a 1 o of Great Britain and her colonies colonies col col- onies onles to war relief totaled according to I available statistics as as follows fol tol- lows UNITED KINGDOM WAR tAR tARI RELIEF EXPENDITURES I England Red Cross fund fund 4 4 S Prince of ot Wales relief rIt c fund 16 r. r r Canada New Zealand AUstralia S SOuth luth Africa Newfoundland India Total While as as stated above no figures for fot other countries countries' are available it Is belIeved be- be be believed that their expenditures coupled with certain certain unreported expenditures or ot Great Britain were sufficient to bring the total costs of ot war relief up to tol the he es estimated estimated es es- figure of ot Cost of ot war to neutral nations nations Accord Ing to Professor Protessor Bogart's estimate the war cost the neutral nations This represents represents' the sums expended by them In gu guarding their theli frontiers and otherwise oth oth- oth- oth maintaining their neutrality andare andare and andare expenditures ex ex- are reflected in their Increased public The following table shows the cost of f the war to each of ot the neutrals neutrals neu neu- COST OF WAR TO NEUTRAL t rL NATIONS Aib s. s Holland HoIland Switzerland Sweden I. I S I Norway Denmark Other ther countries Total t. t Conclusion The Conclusion The total costs of the war direct and Indirect may be summarized as follows C DIRECT AND AND INDIRECT i COSTS OF THE WAR f I Direct costs costs r Indirect cos costs cost s S 5 S Value of ot human lives lost 0 Of i CI Civilians Soldiers r. r c v Value of ot property lost lostOn On land On sea S SLoss Loss in proS pro- pro S J S 0 War relief Loss to y neutrals J S Grand total total The writer acknowledges his Indebtedness Indebted Indebted- ness floss to Professor Bogart for or much of ot the Information In this article and for his kind permission to make free use of his Direct and Indirect Costs of ot the Great World War f A. A H. H r. r Managing Editor Encyclopedia Amen Ameri cana I NATI NATIONAL NAL DEBTS DEBTS BEFORE AND AND AFTER THE EUROPEAN WAR Before Before After Atter Increase 12 2 2 I I Totals These figures r relating lating to the national debts of ot the different belligerents were supplied by bv O. O P. P Austin statistician of ot the National City Bank of ot New York I October 1917 I |
