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Show ? Thursday, 0rtnl THE WEEKLY REFLEX TAGE TWO In air transport, as in any other, the safety of the passengers depends ultimately, of course, upon the men operating it. The physical fitness, mental alertness and practiced skill of the man behind the wheel in an automobile, in the pilot house of a ship locomotive or In the. cab of whether much determines of pretty iRecent Celebration of National Air Travel Week Dramatized the Amazing Development or not you'll reach your destiSince a nation safely if you travel by land Airplane Transportation of Passengers, Mail and Express During the 10 Years or water. The same thing is true Famous Author Paid $400 for a Flight from Los Angeles to New York. if you travel by air. But if you have an idea that 0 Waiters Nswapnpar Union. you are entrusting your life to a "knight of the air," a dashing, By ELMO SCOTT WATSON fellow, given to thousand doing spectacular stunts and taking chances forget it! That may SEVERAL enjoyed, have been true in the post-wa- r s first time, the period of aviation but it isnt true 2,000,000 Now "Fly Through the Air With the Greatest of Ease" Mortal of History MEXICO Columbus , Aztec Indian lived under a mixed monarchy-democrac- y in which might was not always right . O Long before schools sriauatei an ancient realization 'dream of. mankind. They "flew through the air with the greatest of easenot on the flying trapeze, nor yet on Aladdins magic carpet, but aird in swift, the ultimate are that planes in comfort and safety. This "mass flight of at least 50,000 people was a part of the observance of National Air Travel Week, sponsored by the aviation industry of the country, including the 21 domestic air transport lines to celeand the tenth brate year jubilee of air transportation and call to the attention of the nation the spectacular growth of a service which has risen in 10 years from an extremely small industry, chiefly dependent on air mail, to one which now carries more than 2,000,000 passengers every year plus millions of pounds of air mail and express. devil-may-ca- . multi-engine- well-kno- LJ. . 'jj' v I V. coast-to-coa- .- 1. & V. V w, x coast-to-coa- r V vv. mall-passeng- st er alngle-englne- ed "three-mlle-a-minut- twin-engine- e" all-met- d, low-win- twin-engin- adventurers. They paid $400 for a transcontinental ticket, sat upright in a small metal chair with little upholstery; their plane landed every few hundred miles for fuel; little food, if any, was served; and the journey took 33 hours. In 1938, at the beginning of the second decade the flight between New York and Los Angeles or San Francisco has been reduced to an overnight journey in a large, comfortable berth aboard a d transport. The air fare has been reduced to less than $130. The passenger enjoys a hot meal that is served without any extra cost. The business man journeying from his New York office to the Pacific coast does not lose a single business hour In spanning the continent. Fares Cut In Half. In a decade air fares in the United States have been reduced from an average of 12 cents a mile to 5V4 cents, while speed has been more than doubled and comforts not even thought of in those days have made air travel a luxury form of transportation. Si- coast-to-coa- st sound-proofe- coast-to-coa- st full-cour-se ps?v' ? J i ,i ' 1 K' X va.M V .A; multi-engine- st V 0' - .- single-engine- coast-to-coa- t ' - st multi-engine- , 4'A' 'At tsssyir A St, . The remarkable advance In air transportation is visualized by the pictures of the various types of airplanes that have been flown in service since 1928. The first d service requiring S3 hoars, was flown with a ahown at came the Next the biplane top. plane with a cruising speed of 103 miles an hoar. In 1933 air transportation was revolutionised with the Introduction of the worlds first g monoplane. The bottom picture shows the latest refinement of the type with n top speed of 212 miles an hoar. multi-engine- d) fatal V 3 fufeL was a man who, if he had 2,000 hours of experience, was regarded as a veteran airman. He knew little about night flying and had no faith in theories that some day airplanes could be controlled entirely by Instruments in his cockpit. The average pilot in command of a big n airliner today is a highly professional man who has journeyed a million miles or more in the sky aboard transport planes. He is a technical man, too, understanding that he has been provided with an airplane in perfect condition, every proven aid to the science of air navigation, and with corps of ground workers who are studying weather reports, communicating with him by radio and generally directing the orderly procedure of his flight with marked efficiency. Frequent Examinations. Todays pilot Is n perfect physical specimen. He undergoes a thorough physical examination on an average of every three months. He leads a normal, retiring life when hes not putting in his maximum of 83 hours in the air each month. ,The average air line captain has his own home and flower garden, plays a good game of golf, is a camera enthusiast and spends as much time as possible with his wife and children. He Is a solid citizen in his community and Is a great student, alwsys seeking to improve and strengthen his knowledge of air line flying. Often you can find him at his terminal flying a training device that simulates every conceivable flight characteristic of an airplane, even to the guidance of airplanes by directive radio beams. The cockpit of an air liner has grown to a scientific office where the pilot has been provided with proper tools to accomplish his work. The cockpit of 1928 boasted of sparse instruments and a few controls. Todays air line has an automatic "robot" pilot, for example, that is capable of guiding the airplane in the same precise manner that the human pilot docs. Hence, the human pilot cah turn over command of the plane to the robot pilot at any taKl I a Ji 12-to- y multi-engine- o' 3 Id , n, single-engine- GiwKitcenTv re now. The average pilot of 1923 4 multi-engine- To anyone who knows anything about the history of aviation in this country, the question immediately arises, "Why call it the tenth anniversary of air transportation? If I remember rightly, they were flying the mall 20 years ago, in 1918, and the first transcontinental service was begun in 1924 and within two years passengers were being carried. Why didnt we celebrate this tenth anniversary two years ago, in 19367". The answer is this; Its true that passengers were being carried by airplane in 1926 but in that year air transport was still an experiment. The air lines then in existence were using d small planes and they definitely did not encourage passenger traffic. These lines existed mainly to transport the mail and when they did take passengers, these passengers rode on the mail sacks or crouched down in small, cramped cockpits. The pilots of these ships werent any too happy to have a passenger along and be made to feel the extra responsibility for his safety. Llndy Points the Way. Then came the year 1927. otherwise Llndy," "Lucky Charles A. Lindbergh, a former air mail pilot, made the flight across the Atlantic and the whole world "flung his name against the stars." The impetus given to aviation was immediate. By the end of that year air transportation was emerging from the experimental stage. One factor which hastened it was the develd opment of the larger flight equipment. These powerful motors meant a larger margin of safety in carrying passengers. Then came another historic! event, but one not so widely known, although it was widely recalled during the recent celebration of National Air Travel Week. John Monk Saunders, a American author, paid ticket be$400 for a one-watween Los Angeles and New York and became the first pay passenger aboard the first regular d scheduled flight in a transport plane. That marked the real beginning of modern passenger air transport. As a matter of fact, Saunders was only one of 47,840 Americans who traveled by air that year. But not all of these were flown d in ships. Most of the small operators were still flyd ing small ships since the only foundation needed for starting an airline in those days was to have a few pilots, a plane or two and a place to fly to. In 1923 the air lines had a total d of 323 single and m and service flew a transports total of 10,673,450 miles. In 1933 JUsi 10 years Jalcr7 tne air Unes have about 386 transports (all and during 1937 flew the astonishing total of 76, 996,163 miles, carrying. i,267,5S0 passengers. In fact, one of the most amazing of all of air transports accomplishments has been its steady expansion during a decade that has been marked by the contraction and retrenchment of other lines of industry. i Pioneer Passengers. But it is in the "human element," the side of the business, that the most interesting example of progress is noted. The first travelers were true iffho ni of Pan-America- ! 7004 ms nVe 33-Ho- ur r. MV weldini graduates v , I .'-- ' ' v I. "'ft'- 1 "C' " sifirw . Col. Charles A. Lindbergh when ll he was an pilot and flew the first mail plane on the St. o line In 1926. air-taa- Louis-Chicag- multaneously, with decrease in fare, faster schedules and greater comfort, the industry has written a record of safe, dependable operation in view of the tremendous increase in flying, which is a standard for the world, With the Inception of this vast air line system the number of Seats available for passenger consumption have increased from 600 in 1923 to 3,600 in 1933. In 1938 a total of 447,716,419 seat miles were flown hy the nations ed air lines. Ten years ago an average of 131 passengers per day rode on air line planes. Today sees 3,200 persons board United States airline ships daily. Safer Than Automobiles. Safety has, of course increased tremendously In recent years, the best example being that in 1923, the air lines flew only 943,476 miles per fatal accident as compared with 13,214,301 miles per fatal accident In 1937. Safety has reached the point that on a mileage travel basis, a person is safer, on a modern transport plane than he is driving his own automobile between the same cit Jes today. The air line plane of 1923 had an average speed of 90 miles an hour. This was an exceptionally swift pace, but not the xenith by any means. Manufacturers set to work to build faster equipment. By 1933 some of the air lines were operating planes with cruising speeds of three miles a minute. At the turn of the' first decade the average air line plane cruises at 200 miles an hour. Little or nothing was known about the supercharging of engines in 1923 for that reason air line planes flew low, between one and two thousand feet. A flight above 4,000 feet was really high flying. Rough air was usually the rule at these low altitudes and approximately 10 per cent Of the air travelers were troubled by air sickness. Little or nothing was known about the scientific ventilation of airplane cabins and it was not uncommon for a cabin to be filled with motor fumes. Heating of cabins was accomplished directly from engine ex- -' hausts. The ships of 1923 carried a limited amount of fuel and had to land every few hundred miles for gas. The modern plane today has a cruising range of 1,000 to 1,500 miles flying at 10,000 feet, where - well-appoint- ed non-sto- Pilot W. L. Smith ready to start on the first flight of the transcontinental air mail service July 1, 1924. time. All Instruments are in duplicate and the pilot can guide his airplane by looking at his Motors have reached such a high degree of perfection that emergency landings because of motor difficulties are virtually unknown. Todays transports are capable of taking off and flying with only one engine operating. New type propellers have been perfected that greatly reduce motor noise. Weather has long been an ac- factor in air. hri dWasari early handP knowledged r' ing, booming noise of the throbbing' motors of 1923 has been eliminated by soundproofing and the cabins are ventilated by the constant flow of fresh; filtered air. Steamheating is automatically controlled and the cabin of the modern transport has the atmosphere of a living room. Long-rang- e flying came in vogue a few years ago and today some of the domestic routes are p operating flights of 900 miles. But even this is not the epitome. The Douglas planes of today have bona fide cruising ranges of 1,500 miles and test flights of nearly 2,000 miles without even stopping for fuel have been made. j iwsrt Soclaty, Prepared by National OaofrapWe Washlnctoo, D. C. WNU Barvici. AZTEC warriors generally RelUs of a civilization which antedated the coming of the Spaniards are shown here The pyramids of the sun and the moon of San Juan Teotihua can, photographed from the air , give imposing evidence of the industry and ability of the ancient builders , cap to schedule efficiency! The system of weather reporting in 1923 was far from satisfactory and pilots were not provided with y radio communication so that, like today, they could receive weather trends. Because nothing was known about instrument flying, schedule after schedule had to be cancelled. Weather is today still a factor in schedule efficiency, but not the great problem it was 10 years ago because much has been learned about the science of meteorology as applied to aviation. The airlines still have complete safety as its goal and when weather conditions of extreme proportions arise, flights are cancelled. two-wa- Pattern A wore armor made from 1 quilted cotton, three-fourtto an inch and a half thick, soaked in brine. Sometimes the legs also were encased in quilted armor and ,the outside of the entire suit a slave was frequently covered with it was entirely possible for own. of his The to slaves have feathers, plates of gold, of of owner of e slaves labor could not silver. The feathers played sell It to another person without the an important part in that they consent of the laborer. formed ah elastic layer on the The organization of the city was hs outside of the quilted cotton and made it even more effective protection. The protection offered by such apparel was so effective against arrows and javelins that the Spaniards adopted and wore it. The use of feathers also madq possible a differentiation of costume that indicated various subdivisions and companies in the military forces. Some uniforms had white and red feathers, others blue and yellow; some were green, and others simulated actual birds. Sonje groups wore animal skins over their armor or painted it to Warriors of resemble animals.' merit wore headdresses, half mask, half helmet, many of which imitated the heads of jaguars, mountain lions, wolves, snakes, birds, and other creatures. The principal leaders and war chiefs were distinguished by the cut of their hair, by lip and nose plugs, by their wide and flowing manUes, and by towering plumes of green feathers. The ordinary dress of the priests was black; even their bodies were stained black. But the color of the sacrificial priest was red. On the occasion of certain ceremonies various priests represented different gods and dressed accordingly. The habitaUons of the farmers and poorer classes were wattle and daub with thatched roofs. Many of the houses were erected piles because of the swampy condition of the city and the frequent floods. The walls of the structures in Tenochtitlan and other towns around the lake were covered with white plaster or were colored a dull, rich red. . From all accounts It was Indeed a beautiful place. The green of Its numerous trees, the sparkling blue waters of the surrounding lake and many canals, the gay splashes of color from flower beds on the roof tops and in the gardens, the multitude of canoes loaded with products from the field and garden, and the brightly hued garments of the populace, all contrasted with the white and dull red of the buildings to make an enchanting scene. The daily life of the people was a busy one. Women were occupied with numerous household duties. The rooms and courtyards were carefully swept and cleaned. Corn, or maize. .was ground to make meal for the tortillas, even as It is ground today In many parts of Mexico. There were rich sauces and other foods to prepare. The older men taught the young boys. When they became older they were sent to schools and prepared for either the priesthood or the military service, or were apprenticed to merchants or artisans There were schools for girls as welL but unfeirtay-enflntcoiof the religious orders their education was not so rigorous as that at the boys. Girls were married between the ages of 11 and 18, all arrangements being made by their parents or priests. 61U. Towels that are I vet k ferent make kitchen chores What fun to embroideries self in simple stitches colors. Make a set foreji j Theyre welcome gifts! 6113 contains a transfer 6 motifs averaging -- U. E p pa j inches; materials needd; tions of stitches; color sd To obtain this patten, i cents in stamps or coins preferred) to The Sewing ( Household Arts Dept., 25S I elaborate. After settling on the islands the Aztecs separated the area into four quarters. In each of these was a phratry composed of kindred peoples or those of common descent. There were 20 Kin to a phratry. Each Kin elected and deposed its own officers, consisting of a governor and a group, of "Elder Broth ers, or council. At the head of each phratry was a war captain. These four .captains served on the great council of the tribe in company with one representative from each Kin, Elder Brothers, and certain of the temple priests. There was a Smaller council, composed of one speaker from each Kin, which met every 20 daya In a directing and judicial capacity. At the head of- the entire tribal organization were the Chief of Men and the Snake Woman." The Chief of Men, elected by the council, was the executive officer. He later became the king or emperor. Toward the end of the Aztec dominance In the Valley there was a definite lineal descent of the office of Chief of Men, but even then he was voted upon by the council. New York, N. St, Y. Please write your dress and pattern number p! NERVOUS Do you feel io nerrota jrot eutki Are you eroea and irritable! lay three deareet to you! 11 your aerate are ea edfialr you need a food centra! ijnita a Lydia E. Pinkhami VefttWhCa, peiaUt for wmn. For over 60 yeara one aoaiala other how to fo tmilin tbna Pinkhnma Compound. It kelp aa up more phyairel ntuUnet ik a calm qui term c ntrvts ud Um hi Iron nnnoyinc lymptonu vbd 4 company (emala functional Skate Why not civ it a cbanct a te Over one million women law a reportint wonderful btnefiutnuh. I Compound. - What' We Share Not what we give, but share for the gift withe giver is bare. LowelL t A Three Days' Cr Is Your DangerS, Crime and Punishment how man? vt No you have tried for your a. cough, chest cold, orrelief y you may get Creomulslon. Serious trcc. ' eamet be brewing and you with to take a chanceCreomuli less potent than goes right to the seatof and aids nature to 005 the Inflamed XDUCOUJ Of There were two major divisions of crime among the Aztecs. One was the crime against a persons own group, the other an offense against another group. The group to which an offender belonged was obligated to see that he was brought to justice. Murder was punishable brc-tation- i and toloosen and ) laden phlegm. Even if other remedimM dont be discouraged, tr? Early American Beauty , junoolbsde.prejlsf-The-tca- a S v ' ' msobtaJned. Cream word, ask for it same on the bottle U Cb and youll get the 8 and the refief you n La WNU W Every Moment There Is not a moment some duty. Cicero. GHAMSt to Amnz'nu SluoVJJ, Hoc Conditions Duo to Uwu. Irtubin. , loorat(nbitlou aiek hrednehtx carefully carved knives uke thesef the domineering priests of Aztec times cut out the hearts of sacrificial by death. Intemperance, except for those who had attained to the of 70 years, also carried the age death decree. Theft had varying degrees of punishment, according to the Pf Jthe Jioler goode-iathe number of offenses charged against the individual. The stealing of gold or silver was a major crime and offenders were flayed. h priest who broke --the law was put to death. Slanderers were d by their own Kin. They had their lips cut off. Democratic Government The legislative power was vested 13 Whether the entire 2 ryler- - H down the laws organization and stipulated th. was a monarchy or a democracy penaltiea lor is violations of his edicts. largely a matter of definition. Even Each after the inheritance of office be- phratry had a magistrate, elected came established, men were nom- for personal ability and integrity. The Aztecs were remarkable inally elected to their positions and their day and age; in fact, were for when not satisfactory were suousted. perior to some There were slaves, but modern governnot slaves In the present they were ments. because there was an impartial treatment tense of the word. The accepted labor of brought before the of all cases in this group belonged to anpeople magistrtes. The other, but their persons did not, and lowliest laborer and the richest noble were accorded equal justice. If wo teuhtd. refund tb pnrehnta toLr. T to. tkw . ,mlrnature pun-ishe- ft d W Ui&Spedt Youcandependontf; , dal sales the annotate our town colouuis of this P3!1 money mn r readers. It alway patod3 the .who advertise, if1 not afraid of chandise or tieirP au IT rt |