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Show toss OF CANAL TooSteep Grades WATER! TT Are Sometimes ""Respohsibte forieaksT TT lffiRTY R HENRY" When Ditches Are Built Through Gravelly Soils Seepage Losses Are Naturally Heavy Unless Measures Are Taken to V 1 HAVE IT There is not an irrigating canal in 'hi country from which there is not more or less loss of uater in transit These losses are generally spoken of By seepage and evaporation. However, it has been demonstrated that the evaporation losses as ton pared to those caused by seepage are so light that they may be disregarded. The loss by seepage unusually occurs from the character of t(he soil through which the canals run. says the Denver -- Field and Farm. Wheir-thiis a finely Divided sandy loam such as occurs in many places the losses from this cause are generally light, but when the 'canals are built"' through "soils- - r V' ' - as caused " t uous measures are adopted to prevent them. In other places much water Is lost along parts of the canals where the excavation has been through seamy basaltic rock or decomposed sandstone. Too steep grades sometimes are responsible for much seepage This condition is found on some oi the smaller early ditches built through gravelly soil We have heard it argued that when the water is to be conducted through gravel or a porous formation it should go fast, but in canals built on this theory the velocities are such as to prevent silting of the channels and thus actually promote seepage. In the construction of canals many tills are made across short gullies or depressions, where to follow the contour of the land would 'necessitate wide detours; and frequently the upper banks are either omitted or destroyed which allows the water to spread out over the land above the canal and form lakes." In cases where the fills are of considerable height quite large areas of land are sometimes flooded and below such lakes are Invariably found heavy seepage losses, large enough often to run in small streams away from the eanal To prevent these losses the upper banks of the canals have been built up- so as to prevent the formation of the lakes. On the canals where the difficulty Is due to "gravelly soil it has been the practice to some extent to excavate a foot or so below grade and then fill In with clay or fine material, so as to form a puddle. The elay is tamped in the bottom, and then the bottom and sides are plastered several Inches thick with a mortar formed of the clay In plastic state. This is then covered with a layer of gravel to prevent washing. The results of this work are quite satisfactory, but It Is difficult to find suitable clay for the purpose and cement has to be used which Is more expensive but considerably more durable. Some measurements have been - made on our canals to learn the extent ef seepage, but on the smaller ditches It Is almostm possible to get any reliable results on account of the numerous diversions which there Is no satisfactory means of measuring; and if "these are shut off along a stretch two er three miles long, the extra water Will cause such a rise In the canal below as to be dangerous. The loss often amounts to fifty per cent, and this Is more than any business caa stand. ' f '- dls-ease- s. one-sixt- h i w Loosening the subsoil allows rains to soak tn.J Planting In straight rows is better than planting in raised beds. Good seed corn is one of the most Important factors In producing a good rteld. No man ean tell whether corn will grow or not, without making a germination test Planting only such vegetables as are liked by the family Is better than planting a great variety. To kill Canada thistles in, a field, put the field In some cultivated crop and keep the weeds down. It does not pay to devote land for long periods io pasture and the production of hay. - Eleven pounds of alfalfa . Is worth as much in feeding value as ten pounds of bran, and it cost bat half - . high-price-d tsjmuch. - - t Breaking ground In winter makes the ground more loose and mellow bran spring breaking. It also destroys - sieet Larvae. Pasturing grass too soon or too tard is n expensive way of saving lehd;. It costs several times U mount of feed saved. -- vNV V vt i V' Si J 1 n "X j I! vNvOfcwS rluwii ami a a tan man met onn Uuy, down cat tlown Im (ha road and tlKhnil It la hard," ha murmured, "to hope away W hen a man auk a, only to b' denied, have tried In m hundred witya and itmra To lie of ua ami to gain renown, Hut 1 m ever driven front door to door And hooted at aa a cnreli-adown." A Amt thn 'l'5 f,' yvfT V, a p , a I been seeking," tha wlaa man aid, "To allow my wtt and to prove my hare Ion worth aprnadlhg glee where It ahould ba pread. By banishing care and by leaving mirth; But the people Hava turned and they By "A ' x 1 would not hear, Beraune they've agreed that 1 must b wlaa; My wit flnata off n the atifloaphera And a hop that I long have treasured dlna & Tha clown and tha wlaa man trudged away. Ami the wise man apoka with many Mi I: I - Protection of Crops. The one question above' all others over which the farmer, fruit grower, and gardener should show concern is the protection of his crops from the attacks of insect pests and fungus It Is estimated that over of the years crops of the country are destroyed through the depredations of plant diseases. It stands the farmer well la hand to protect his crops from the liability of Injury by practicing spraying at the right time or the treating of farm seed before planting rr i ' nearly pure gravel the seepage losses re natunlly very heavy unless stren- $ AOTTOUID V Prevent HOWLAND .. ... X ' )et. 'j (! While tha clown grew much lo aay . Concerning probleina real. 4 - J f"' V eauaetj, un- - "I i ;u 4 that Tha wlee man ceased to. be wise a while. Forgetting the reputation he had; The xkiwib. with never a atnlrk or amlle. Waa solemnly wlaa and both wera glad. Stalls ZrBZP?T7DT?fC grave and had ' v Couldnt Understand - It "Yes, it Is most remarkable. Tou see the hull town is decorated, don't you?" "I have noticed that the flags are all flying and that there is a good deal of bunting displayed." What Is tbe occasion of It? "Ebeneier Klnley Is coming back after havin' been away for 20 yeara. He went out west and made millions Got elected governor of some state out there and then went to the United States senate. It's tbe curiousest case $ver heard of. Oh, but other men have done the same thing. In fact, most of the from the" western states went out there from the east." what "I know;" but this 1 mean." "It seems to me that It is perfectly-natura- l for Pumpklnvllle to celebrate In honor of ber most eminent eon when"hereturnr after an absence of 20 yeara." Gosh, you don't understand It 'at alL. He used to give slngln' lessons to nearly all' tbe girls in this town." 1 ten-ato- rs INCE negotiations t have already been the management ofthe Panama exposition and commonwealth of California with the city of Philadelphia to obtain the Liberty Bell as one of the exhibits for that occasion, and since it seems that the crack in the bell is extending, a deflnlte settlement' of the question as to whether the relic should be permitted to travel any more appears to be about due, and just now, when the anniversary of the nation's Independence Is upon us, is a reasonable time for discussion of the matter. Wilfred Jordan, curator of the Independence Hall Museum, measured the second crack before the bells last journey and then meisured It again after Its return. He found that It had increased In length to a slight degree. No one knows Just when this second crack occurred, and opinions differ; but compared to the old crack It Is of recent origin and Is diso tinctly visible. Mr. Jordan, however, was the first-tcall attention to a long and almost invisible extension of the second crack and finds that it now reaches way around the bell, from the end of the old original fracture, which was chiseled out In 1846 in an attempt to make the bell sound properly. Putting an end to the bells pilgrimages would In no sense at all be due to a disinclination of the people or councils of Philadelphia to allow the west to view and possess the sacred relic even for .a short tlme,Indeed Philadelphia would bs only too glad to send It, for since the bell has already helped by Its travels to lessen the sectional feelings between tbs north and south, so it would help unit the citizens of our republic who live on the Atlantic seaboard with those who live openedby -' ' one-thir- d on :I the Pacific. Little do either sections realise how Intimately the bell Is connected with the consummation of our nation, early political ideals and with tha fondest of Its Impulses in Colonial day a This old bronze relic not only helped to proclaim Independence, but for yean befon 1776 nag loud to celebnte the hopes of the people and rang low to Intone their woes! Upon its sides is this inscription: "And proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the .Inhabitants thereof. Lev. 25, 10. A strange Providence indeed wrote that Inscription on its crown many yean before tts throbbing clangon and melodious eloquence bad aught at all to do with liberty! Announcing proclamations of war and treaties of peace; welcoming the arrival and bidding Godspeed to departing notables; proclaiming some accession of the English royal family to the throne And the secession therefrom of the American colonies! Its more customary use. however, a s as to call the members of the assembly of and afternoon together at the mornlnf ions and to announce the opening of the . urts , The bell echoed the hopes of the people's hearts and Its melodious "Bon Voyage sounded over tbe Delaware as be sailed away. When the planing and splitting mills were closed and the manufacture of iron and steel prod ucts was prohibited by sets of parliament In Pennsylvania and the king's arrow was affixed -upon pine tree and the trade of tha coionles in all parts of the world restrained, tbe bell was again tolled to assemble the people In the state house yard to protest against such outrages. Thus did tbe bell, long before the Revolution, become the beloved symbol of truth and freedom, reinforcing with pugnacious and violent peals, tha cry of determined citizens, in the largest political wrote, March 10, 1753: meeting held up to that time In the state house Though the news of our new bell cracking Is yard, that none of the ship "Polly's detestable not very agreeable to us, we concluded to send it tea," that had just been brought Into tbe port, back by Captain Budden, who had brought It from should be funneled down their throats with par London last August, but he could not take It on liament duty mixed with it." board, upon which two Ingenious workmen underWhen the port of Boston was closed In May, took to cast It here, and I am just now informed 1774, and the heart of tbe country was growing heavier a lth Its affliction, the bell was once more they have this day opened the mould and have got a good bell, which, I confess,' pleases me very carefully muffled and tolled In a solemn and promuch, that we should first venture upon and sucphetic manner, both to announce the closing of ceed In the greatest bell cast, for aught 1 know. the port and, a little later, to call a meeting to In English America. The mould was finished In relieve suffering In Boston on account of the a very masterly manner, and the letters, I am restriction of Us trade. told, are better than (on) the old one. When we As the conflict with England approached the broke up the metal our Judges here generally bell was rung more and more; its use became a matter of course, and then, on April 25, 1775, agreed it was too high and brittle, and cast several little bells out of to try the sound and just after tbe reports came to Philadelphia of the Battle of Lexington, It rang wildly to assemble strength, and fixed upon a mixture of an ounce and a half of copper to the pound of the old bell, g.OOO people1 In th state house yard and tain and In this proportion we now have It. spire their souls to a resolution pledging their Herman Pasa, from the Island of Malta, and all to the cause of liberty. Jacob Stow, a son of Charles Stow, the doorkeepIt rang also to assemble the Continental con er of the assembly, were the two ingenious workgress to Its dally sesslonsTboth at Carpenter's men referred to in the above letter. After the hall and Independence hall, and, finally. Its crown second casting of the bell it was again bung and ing achleyement, the one wild, defiant and joyful tested in the spring of 1753. More defects were ringing that, more than all the previous reverbera soon found, however. The American casters, tions it made, gave It the aacred name of "The Pass and Stow, who were not bell founders by Liberty Bell," occurred on July 8 (and not the trade at all. had pat too much copper in the metal 4th, as is generally believed), after the Declaraso that its sound was Impaired. Disappointed tion of Independence had been1 adopted. with that failure and also nettled at the gibes of This greatest of Its Jubilees called the citizens their townsmen concerning It, they asked permistogether in the yard to hear read In the stentorian sion to cast the beU a second time. Thomas Lestones of John Nixon the first public proclamation ter, the original maker of it, also offered his of tbe Declaration, and never did tbe old wooden services, bat the authorities decided to allow rafters of the state house steeple rock and tremPass and Stow to proceed again, and thus the ble with more sympathetic vibration than at Uhls third and present casting was made, and again time. the bell was raised; this t!m in the state house When returned to the old state house steeple steeple Itself. That operation was completed by agaiii one of Its first uses was to ring upon tha the end of August of 1753, when tha American announcement of the surrender of Lord Cornwal casters were paid 60 13s. 5d. for their labors. 11s, In October, 1781, and In the following month Then began its chimes, August 27. 1753, when to toll In welcoming Washington to the city. A It called the assembly together,- - ringing out the year and a half jater It helped to proclaim the old, ringing In the new; sounding its melodies for treaty of peace with Great Britain, and la Decern- Innumerable public and private events during her, 1799, it was muffled for the'first time In many e more than of years. years, though not to mourn tor lost liberty or The first individual for whom it rang was Frankover tyrannical deeds, but" to lend its almost lin; sent "boms to England to ask redress for bushed musk: to the funeral solemnities of Wash-- ' the grievances of the colonies in February, 1757. lngton himself. ' Despite the fact that the Liberty Bell is one of the most treasured of national relics, it is not originally an American product, but a foreign impoYtation; and Imported from England, too, where It was first cast according to the order given In October, 1751, by the superintendents of the state house of the Province of Pennsylvania now Inde- pendencs Hal!.' Thomas Lester of White Chapel, London, cast the beU, and by August, 1752, It arrived In Philadelphia and was erected on trusses In the state, house yard. Wblli being tolled end tested early In September of the same year It was cracked by the clapper, though by no unusually powerful stroke. Concerning this accident. Isaac Morris ir . four-scor- Penn-ylvani- - blow-out- s -- Worrltd. worried about something, senator, said the Inqulal-tiv- e young widow. ' "What is the trou- ble? I hope they have not decided to investigate that story about money having been used to bring about your election?" "Oh, no, no. my dear young lady. I don't care anything about that. Im quite sure they wtll not be able to prove anything on me, but I've had awfully poor luck In arranging Chau, . tauqua datea this year. "You seem to be . , Opinion of a Patriot "Senator," asked the Innocent young thing, "do you think there will be any chance to bring things home from Europe .without' having them pawed over by Inspectors after the tariff la" revised?" f replied the "My deaf young lady, statesmanf I dont look - for any change in the tariff that wtll bring about a reduction In the number of government officeholders. I'm far too optimistic a patriot for that Justice. "Two weeks ago Bunker, who was accused of having tried Uo bribe a member of the legislature, was complaining that the public wouldnt give him Juitice. "Whats he doing now? "Trying to discover a technicality through which he may escape the Justice that the .public wishes lo hand 9 him. Willing to Do Her Best. ""Please dont come too near me." I've been eating greea she - said onions." he "I'm very sorry, replied, sitting In a chair across tbe room from her. "Of course, she' added, "1 could get you one If you care for U." - |