Show home course in road making VI the construction con st ruction and maintenance of earth roads by LOGAN WALLER PAGE director office of public roads united stae department of agriculture OP I 1 ekht bi r iw ful lilt u about 1 04 K it K lit I 1 it s till I 1 if f until tends in ill tho illiad Ill lol I 1 M tit his 4 not including it ir loads in ill must n alid our 1 M iud i os in ill nt 1 chii lit t im M iiii h until im 1141 14 I 1 4 lit this coill toman 11 it in mull flit lit i nth at flit li ui limit bilm mil ind hat Is 14 will it ml IIII 1 in t of jr alln P leonls it batth it II II 11 IS fi f 1 it II I 1 m linit tu to olah oui calill i in hi lunes A it in c in t iki the I 1 lie I 1 it t of gr riu I 1 i I 1 ut ui in fit u I 1 lit iliin tilt anit it ith ill pit i mil 1111 lit ail itale idill alitt fill I 1 all 1141 1 4 til ill it 1 git 11 till 11 1 I fan cull li 11 in 1 1 alli lit alj oll 1 ill 1 atit of DI il in 1 il I chilli L 1111 11 nils un it ith kriet A oa 04 I 1 x 0 f FT or T Y ASP AND MAINT A 11 RID ROAD ill in ihil weana of beis iu ili tin the Is ii quite chioti ali it tilt lit it Is ia useless to tin t to d lant to li biniom nioM oui airth londs 1 his Is 1 it ii lih 11 i 1 11 lit eilf gt gi cooil dattil load ad lq 19 illi hie ati i ping tone to a told loid q iho I 1 emeli toad load li foundation lui loi all fuhrt improvements N th ith plang plain tur for the he futine tho the larth arth lond cau can le IK at once omo A oni J putatively Ively outlay f foi ill ilan tierce to keep it lit in bhago until 4 nie life foi faither with n hard sui mn face ono one of tho most mo zt frequent fa lilt om mil i beulh eloids Is tnt thit chev mo ile lo loatee atel elicio tle then should not li oiada anre too aften st p it alit ike li Is pout ot 01 en entirely I 1 tk iny ini tind tile seldom ji nt it tho the most Imora blk in 11 1 1 dat sitt siti it cato thit th it ani 14 or f wrt to it 11 laititi laige extent is 14 out tf if alln he alln I 1 it at lit I 1 III of alit loudd it t r le if anso of if tin flit niini chich hlll 1111 it aie bateu litt u iu ili itle ile tit nl ing IK them mou call IN lo 10 juad lunac i I 1 lv ow I 1 itsou or of short e alons Ll licie mid thet instead of gaii 01 it s app it op hill it 1 Is i ofin ft falle fb sible lle to lo 90 10 atomic it on oil it 11 faslli graild without it hout tile als 11 tilt of out ont oi 01 to hilk on oil it 11 lilt w of load mill frequently hores li ures to dran dart ahrie alir e of 01 foul foai ns 81 inich to macket ti i they could alian dia i it tin flit tild old load it takes tip ap four times time 3 at much liomel to ln lids IW 4 nn nii 10 pr lier vent rent aride 4 a ns 4 on it lo 10 IPA PI ell catli h to nl should abne nt lea leat least t six IN amir of ouch each dj da SL bicili hii will tind lots alch impede the divan di ving tic nc tion t f t alio lit ain ann should le be i 1 amod t d the toti u a mill nd htiu t st tet iu n esposti ps eq should to as as possible biti rind timena I 1 lit roads Is 13 not w w tier csir n ns it of moli tine 1 I nettled to keep dall the dust but allm few of out oui bartla evja hiie len dignified ly by gilr nv lin blitch could ie be con coil till liol 0 1 o tl ett A I 1 rood gol enith iolj ine ildie none tins ever beon built 1 like ilka en i inc n horast ahli b 11 lift emr len fu 1111 tit n balth ui th owl ninal st I 1 ie e inilla lilt just nd na a or einck load must be built and beij it ii il alq I 1 leica tire are in ili order to the best re alt i tile hie filat and last afi at lu ill load Is 14 drainage ahls of course inuit be to milt the ot of soll soil aud and whore where alio foll f oll Is heavy sud aud retentive care mut tie be taken to set get arld of the mater ater and complete for chii put pui poo the roadway must be lapsed eight ei ili i to ebirt thirty laches abbie e the ditches and well crowned so 80 that the inciter ater mill flon freel breeb to the side bide ditch ei the side ditches should be of am pie size elze and provided mith sufficient fall to arol properly erly care for the hen heaviest 1 rains ordinarily tile the only ditches needed are those maire math a tood load ici aper which ore are wide and comptom timely shallow calverta CiAr erts of sufficient capacity benl hon lil l be plodded piol ded at low ion places ur or for nat ural water watercourse coure stood aud atia term cott ul tile do note not as a general rule make satisfactory the first will soon decay and the latter Is N liable to break uness it Js Is very carefully laid stone or ton acte culverts cu lverts are tho the best befit find and cheapest in the tha long run nin the main things to beir in ili mind la in build d lag ing diverts I rt it are that they should have nt capacity to quickly dispose of the maximum flow of rainwater oud and that they tire are ghen sufficient fall fail to keep keel themi themselves elres clean Inere increased aged fall also increases tile the capacity but if much fall Is given the spillway spill wili should be paved nud and the outlet nod intake pin pi with ith sul suitable table wing m alli all all material subject to decay such la is sod brags jasd or weeds weed and vegetable mold must be carefully ex excluded clouded the aim must always be to build a road wa aa ns aa solid find and impervious to luro ure ns povl possible ble flow avei e I 1 bonice surf are ol 01 underground dundei ground anut be gut rid of except in sandy or auy vc I 1 arld teg legions lons water mater Is the grent enemy of arth roads the die parth load can be cion ed cd nud and ditched with mith a rond road to chine or wi al pr and nut not with picks aud and shovels ea 3 nud find plow p a bilk load impei cin pei with sul suitable table power md op critor will do the work of eimil int u aith picks find and do 1 it bet ter r the lond ba bf used when tho lie roll Is damp io ho that tho the soil will lak lack and anike aake if it la is biked di 1 it takes wore more ikei to operate the wit witching chine und and further tuon niort dry ealah tind find dust letain moisture find quickie lut iut afeei rains leis tire otten often fornies on oil both sides of the load bi kincl in ili one pince idich pi events 3 storm na itei ile f biorn lo 10 it losing 0 I 1 il into I 1 I 1 i t 0 vide ti 1 da t b e r it a i i i lug u g illi it t 1 in im t alio lic r ruts t i t s ii i i i d s softening 0 f t P int n g t 1 he i 0 landway thee the e auts and shoulders uin call usually all lie bo ent liely eliminated by bv a judicious we of the h split log ding I 1 ibe he pila pi aft of good loads la Is eternal lit in ahls hla Is per hap een more inore title line of eaith loada man I 1 ha n tin till other the rains and wat ing sno scion boffen the surface more or ices and passing forms forme cuts tind and depies chese LSe if allowed ed to remain reina iii mill more matli at the next iraln and an mole moie mud and deeper butk and baiger depressions mill be formed it Is self belt evident eident therefore tint thit the lie niala thing in maintaining heava soil holl I 1 loads must be to keep the dral tinge good for this purpose Is nothing hah iunus the allt log 10 pa drag oi 01 other oilier similar devices I 1 lie principle of the action of the drag Is this the claa find and mot most heavy soils mill puddle and set pet nery hald if worked kihen aben anet et ephe dlag Is 11 essentially essentials ll a machine nelline afeei tach rain and alle the earth la Is still plastic lc but not sticky enough to adhere to the drag one ot 01 two kilps up iiii down clown the road are made with iab the drag only it i small amount of eaith Is moved just enough to fill the ruts and depressions and over tho the surface ith a thin laer of plastic clay NN bich packs erv hard bard so that the next net lain instead of finding luts and depressions depression lu in which to collect runs off leaving the surface but little affected the time and labor involved in keep ing an earth load properly dragged are small ne flolla collais if per mile poi pel year seems to be about the average cost co at in the middle iddle states the essential Is that the shall be done at the time it Is needed this ls la the point which seems seeing hardest to impress on tho the tive lago man mail the little attention tho the eaith roal road needs must be glen ghen promptly prompts tl and nt at the proper time if the best bebb results are to be obtained vv ne have become so accustomed to the old habit of doing our load work mork at our convenience that we can hardly force our ourselves selNes to realize that any thing else should be even suggested one thing la Is absolutely ceita cei talu ln and that la 19 that we mo mill never have anything like improved earth roads until K III LOO iraa DRAO to B adopt a system of continues continued conti nuen maintenance the amount of work required at the time la is usually small but it 1 to imperative that it be done promptly or not only will the tha amount be a large but the roads m ill be bad for long ong periods of time men the traffic to la not too heavy our ur earth road when properly constructed ted and rightly maintained can in n general be kept fairly good most of I 1 the ha year and passable at all times when the traffic Is very heavy the earth arth road must give way to a hard surface ur fac such ss as gravel macadam alck brick etc but even then them a 4 good earth I 1 road oad to Is a veat gain eato e ato as it provides the I 1 tor ur tag bud road |