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Show THE UINTAH BASIN FARMER How to Get Rid of All Weevils When fumigating large ties of seeds, use from 8 to 20 quantipounds of carbon disulphid per 1,000 cubic feet of space to be fumigated, the1 amount varying with the tightness of ' the container and the temperature. gallon. Heavy Damage Wrought to Beans and Peas by Many Outdoor Banks Little Insects. for Vegetable Storage (Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.) The annual board bill of the bean and pea weevils reaches a total of many millions. Furthermore, on account of heavy damages wrought by these' Insects, farmers have sharply reduced the acreage devoted to beans and peas. In numerous cases abandoning the commercial production of those crops for others. Contrary to a widely current belief, bean and pea weevils do not develop spontaneously from the germ of the seed. As the bean and pea pods grow, the mother weevil, which flies from the storage house where infested seed are kept to the growing crop In the field, lays eggs either on the outside of the pods or within them. From these eggs, which appear as mere white specks, there hatch white grubs that bore through the pod Into the soft developing beans or peas. The holes through which the grubs enter the seeds are too small to be seen without a microscope. Thus many seeds that appear outwardly sound in Their reality harbor weevil grubs. presence is usually not discovered until as adult weevils they burrow their way to freedom, leaving a hole about of an inch in diameter. Leguminous Crops Injured. Injury to leguminous crops is caused by a number of insects. Those commonly found in supplies of beans, peas, cowpeas, or lentils in this country Include the pea weevil, the common bean weevil, the bean weevil, and the lentil weevil. With the exception of the pea weevil and the lentil weevil the weevils attacking beans and cow peas produce generation after generation in dried seeds in storage as well as on the growing plants. Since the pea weevil, which attacks peas, cannot breed in dried seeds, peas intended for planting may be held over for one year In tight paper bags so that the weevils that emerge cannot live but will die before the second spring. If weevils are found in peas, or beans, they can be readily killed by fumigation with carbon Water-tigh- t barrels make convenient receptacles in which to store and fumigate small quantities of these crops. Fill the barrels to within a few inches of the top with seeds, pour one cup or more of carbon dlsulphld on the seed3 in each barrel, and then cover with a double thickness of heavy wrapping paper tied tight around the top, or with several sacks weighted down with boards. A wooden cover is also useful in keeping in the fumes. The carbon disulphid when poured over the seeds quickly vaporizes, and the gas, being heavier than air, sinks to the bottom of the container, filling all the air spaces. Fumigation requires from 24 to 43 hours. It is better to use too much carbon disulphid than not enough. Well dried seeds properly fumigated with carbon disulphid are not damaged either as food or as seed to be planted. Temperature for Fumigating. A favorable temperature for fumigating with this chemical is 75 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. In fumigating with carbon disulphid care must be taken to make sure that there is no lire in the room or nearby, even lighted cigars, lighted lanterns, or the spark from an electric fixture, as the gas Is explosive and Inflammable, when coming Into contact with fire in any form. Carbon disulphid is purchased as a liquid In iron drums or. tin cans and weighs about 10ft pounds per one-sixteen- th four-spotte- d cow-pea- s, Location Is of Great Importance. Well-Drain- ed (Prepared by the United States Department of Agricult are.) Outdoor banks or pits offer a cheap means of storing vegetables. The conical pit Is used commonly for such vegetables as potatoes, carrots, beets, turnips, salsify, parsnips, and head3 of cabbage. When such vegetables are to be stored In outdoor pits, they should be prepared in the same manner as if to be placed in a basement storage room or an outside storage cellar. It Is Important that a d location be chosen. The vegetables to be stored may be piled on the surface of the ground or a circular excavation six or eight inches deep may be made for them. There should be left around the base of the pit a shallow trench with an outlet for carrying off the water. The excavation should be lined on the bottom with straw or similar material. On this litter the vegetables should be placed in a conical or tapering pile and covered with straw or like material. A layer of dirt two to three inches thick should then be added. With the approach of winter the dirt covering should be increased to a thickness of several Inches, its depth depending upon the severity of the winter. During extremely cold weather a supplementary covering of straw, corn fodder, or manure should be added. Small pits may be sufficiently ventilated by allowing the straw between the vegetables and the dirt to extend through the dirt at the top of the pile. This should be covered with a board or piece of tin held In place by a stone to protect it from rain. Ventilation of the larger pits may be secured by placing two or three pieces of rough boards or stakes up through the center of the pile of vegetables so that a flue Is formed. This flue Is capped by a trough formed of two pieces of board nailed together at right angles. In finishing the pit the dirt should be firmed with the back of the shovel in order to make it as nearly waterproof as possible. On account of the difficulty in getting vegetables out of a pit in winter, particularly when the ground Is frozen, several small pits instead of a single large one should be used. It is well also to store a small quantity of several kinds of vegetables in the same pit, separating them with straw, leaves or similar material. Under this arrangement it is possible at one operation to empty an entire pit and provide a temporary supply of several vegetables. These may be kept in a basement storage room or other suitable place until used. well-draine- Value of Root Crops as Succulent Feed for Cow In sections of the United States where corn Is adapted, it Is the favorite crop for making silage, being easy to handle and on fertile land gives ungood yields. There are conditions der which it Is not advisable to make silage, the number of cows kept being too small. Root crops which can be preserved through the winter without in siloing are a source of succulence ration. Of the different the dairy-cos furnish the root crops, kinds Other greatest yield per acre. carrots may of beets and turnips and also be used. Turnips, however, should bebe fed after milking rather than In the flavor bad fore, as they cause a before products if fed Immediately w mnngel-wurzel- milking. Value of Family Living on Farm small potatoes, and overripe or undersized fruits, frequently have little or no market value, and garden vegetaStability and Safety of bles in many localities cannot be marRural Life. keted. Their use by the farmer's family does not materially reduce the cash (Prepared by the United States Department Income. On the other hand, the farm of Ajrlcultui e.) An Important factor in the stability home requires liberal quantities of and safety of the farming business such products as butter, eggs, and and of rural life exists in the housing hogs. The value of the family living from facilities, and the fuel and food received from the home farm by the the farm as compared with the farm farmer and his family in connection income varies with the change in price with the operation of the farm, says levels of agricultural commodities. In the United States Department of Ag- 1918 and 1919 the value of the famriculture. This observation is made ily living from the farm was only In analyzing farm business surveys about h as much as the farm conducted during the years 1'JiS to income, but In 1921 and 1922, because 1922, inclusive, covering 7,738 farms of a decrease in the prices of farm d situated In 30 localities in 21 states. products, it had increased to Income. These farms represent varying types as much as the farm of agriculture and are operated under Value of Family Living. different topographic, soil, climatic, The value of the family living from and marketing conditions. They com- the farm ranged from nothing to over prise dairy farms in New England and $1,000. This variation was found Wisconsin, cotton plantations of the among families In the same locality southern states, citrus groves and with a somewhat less variation among early truck farms of Florida, orchards different localities. Even in localities of the Shenandoah valley in Virginia where the farmer concentrated upon and near Niagara Falls in New York, nonfood crops, such as cotton, the grain and live stock farms of the corn farm contributed directly to the food belt, grain farms and grazing in the requirements of his family, through Great Plains region, extensive wheat crop and animal side lines. Where difarms in the Palouse country of Idaho versified farming was practiced, the and Washington and in northern Ore- pantry of the farm home was supplied n gon, and farms under Irrigation in the with an abundance of West and Northwest. food. Six Vital Items. The value of the family living from Six items constituted 92 per cent of the farm on about 70 per cent of the the value of the family living from farms varied from $200 to $800. In a the farm, namely: house rent, fuel, few localities the farm income averdairy products, poultry and eggs, pork aged less than $1,000 per farm, even and lard, and fruit and vegetables. in the palmy years of 1918 and 1919. Food made up 61 per cent of the fam- In others the average for that period ily living from the farm, and house exceeded $4,000. The average size of rent and fuel 36 per cent and 3 per the farms ranged from less than 100 cent, respectively. The cow, the hog, acres in some sections to more than and the hen ranked In the order named 1,000 acres in others. In their contributions to the family The value of the family living from farm is, of course, more constant the first stood while among larder, pork than the farm income, as the farmthe meats consumed. Some commodities entering Into the ers family have first call upon food family living from the farm, such as supplies whether abundant or 6horL Some Important Factors in one-fift- one-thir- home-grow- VELVET BEANS ARE EXCELLENT RATION FOR FATTENING STEERS (Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.) Velvet beans and com silage in equal quantities form a satisfactory ration for fattening steers. In such a ration velvet beans may be economically substituted for cottonseed meal, provided they do not cost more than half as much per pound (in the pod) as that product. These facts were established in feeding experiments conducted In Mississippi by the United States Department of Agriculture in with the state agricultural experiment station, and in similar investigations carried on by the department at its experimental farm at Beltsville, Md. In one of the experiments native steers showing no evidence of improved blood were used. feeder In all the others, The experiwere steers employed. ments were undertaken primarily to determine the value of velvet beans Two pounds of velvet beans (In the pod) were found to be about equal in feeding value to one pound of cottonseed meal. When the whole velvet beans were substituted for cottonseed meal in the ration for the steers, as much silage only about was eaten, he large amount of rough-ag- e formed by the bean hulls being responsible for the reduced consumption of silage. Whole velvet beans when soaked are more palatable than the dry beans, but the latter are more economical when high-grad- e wo-thir- ds the labor required for soaking them is considered. Grinding of velvet beans Is not advisable, since it renders them less palatable and impairs their keeping quality. While from 5 to 10 per cent less of ground velvet beans than of dry whole velvet beans are required to produce 100 pounds of gain, this saving does not compensate for the cost of grinding. Furthermore, ground velvet beans are so unpalatable that steers when fed with com silage or sorgo silage as compared with cottonseed meal when similarly fed, and also whether velvet beans should be fed whole or ground, dry or soaked, will not eat enough of them to make good gains. In the course of the experiments It was found that cottonseed meal is more palatable than velvet beans In any form, and that It produces more rapid, though not more economical gains than velvet beans. The payability of velvet beans may be Improved by the addition of a small quantity of cottonseed meal to the beans. Tha most economical form in which to feed velvet beans Is in the pod without soaking. Velvet beans of the speckled variety are much higher in feeding value and more palatable than several varieties which have a very thick pod, and consequently a low shelling percentage. Velvet beans of this variety are, moreover, a valuable protein concentrate. thin-podde- d, |