Show review of the year 1930 at home and in other lands unemployment and economic depression generally prevalent steps toward world peace democrats win in united states elections south american revolutions by EDWARD W PICKARD F prosperity which was just A around the corner at the begin nang of 1030 gave the world no more than an occasional glimpse of her face during the year business depres fr ion increasing unemployment con a low prices for agricultural products and declining markets for a prevailed generally skilled observers professed to see war clouds again gathering over the balkanyi Balk ansi but notable steps were taken in the direction of world peace and disarmament the united states great britain and japan signed the london naval limitation treaty and toward the close of the year there were indications that france and italy settling their parity dispute would make it a five power pact borne progress was achieved by the preparatory disarmament commission of the league of nations the revl blon of german reparations known as the young ajan was adopted by all nations concerned and put into effect although germany was not hopeful of its ultimate success the evacuation of the rhineland by the allied forces as completed cainas chinas long bloody and confused civil war ended in victory for the na government popular and roll gitary revolutions upset the govern t ments of five latin american republics though governmental and other agencies in the united states strove throughout the year to relieve the un fortunate economic conditions results of these efforts were slow in appearing consequently the voters went to the polls in november and expressed their dissatisfaction in the customary custo miry manner there was a democratic landslide that covered most of the country and the republican party vir dually lost its control of both houses of the congress that convenes in march 1931 however the national leaders of the victorious democrats pledged thear party to operation cooperation co with the republican administration in all measures designed to bring prosperity around that corner and busl ness was reassured by the promise that there would be no attempt for come time to revise the tariff act passed in june industrial and financial distress in the united states was greatly in creased by drought that prevailed all cummer in the mississippi and ohio river states and extended as far east as the virginias national and state governments afforded speedy relief to the sufferers As winter neared numer ous organizations throughout the coun try went into action to alleviate the unemployment situation their aim being to supply those out of work with jobs rather than charity doles public building and highway projects were started and speeded up and great in du and transportation concerns bought means to increase the number of their employees all in all 1930 was not a happy year for the world international months of intensive debate diplomatic negotiation study of ex figures and mutual concessions brought forth the london naval which was signed on april 22 by the delegates of the united states great britain aspan france and italy uy this pact the first three powers agreed to the extension of the washington treaty so that the reduction and liml thelon of their navies should apply to cruisers and lesser vessels france and italy failed utterly to reach an accord as to what their relative naval strength should be consequently they subscribed to onty those parts of the london treaty that provided for a battleship building holiday and prescribed various rules designed to humanize submarine warfare france and italy held intermittent conversations during the rest of alie year but could not settle their differ ances the one insurmountable cle was italy 8 demand that her right to naval parity with prance be ad and frances flat refusal to yield point league receives arland a scheme in september the assembly of the league of rations listened politely while al arland french foreign aln ister expounded his pet scheme tor a federation of states other statesmen tta cautiously praised the plan and it was accepted in principle by the assembly and referred to a special committee which will report to the 1911 meeting twenty eight of the nations represented at geneva signed on october 2 treaty guaranteeing financial aid to any signatory state that Is the victim of aggression late in august nine of the smaller nations of held a con ference in warsaw and agreed on a concerted program of action mainly in furtherance anie of their agrarian inter ets the pact was signed by czechoslovakia finland hun gary latvia poland rumania and lithuania was absent because of her political different e with poland ance was quick to en her friendship with these states by offering credits during the year there were many indications that italy was drawing in to close operation cooperation co with germany and russia after being ratified by all the na alons concerned the young plan for reparations was put into effect on may 9 gates W mcgarrah of new york already had been elected dent of the bank for international riet created by the plan on may 19 the last of the french troops in the rhineland began moving out the evac cation being completed june 30 A separate reparations settlement was signed in april by hungary austria and alie states in the little entente frank B kellogg Keljo gg former secretary of state of the united states was elected a member of the world court in september to fill out the term of charles evans the mandate commission of the league of nations made in august its long awaited report on the palestine conflicts between jews and arabs placing the blame on great britain in the fall the british government an bounced a new policy concerning ales tine which would stop for the present any further immigration of jews into the holy land zionists everywhere protested vigorously and president chalm and other chief oell cers of the world zionists alon resigned dussias Rus sias great conspiracy story early in november the government of russia announced that it had uncovered a gigantic plot against the soviet regime in which a number of capitalistic states were said to be involved among many individuals who were alleged to have a part in the conspiracy were former premier and foreign minister arland of france and sir henri deterding british oil magnate eight russian engineers were put on trial confessed and were sentenced to terms in prison paris and london looked on the whole thing as a frame up I 1 ate in january mexico severed dip relations with russia because of alleged communist insults in tho united states the advocates of a policy of resumption of relations with the soviet government were jolted bv revelations that the latter had been selling wheat short on the american grain exchanges aiding in the deamoral of prices at the same time ll 11 became evident that the moscow government was dumping grain in the european markets at prices far below the cost of brodu alon the whole affair created a great stir here and abroad but nothing much could be done about it FOREIGN BRITAIN S labor govern mant struggled through out the year to solve the nations economic problems but found hit this could not be lone in a short time un employment continued to increase passing the two nill llon mirk in june and industrial depression was little lightened if at all however no one seemed to hae a better solution to offer than prime minister macdonald and his ministers so they held on to their power they had the aid of a national advisory council chancellor snowden devised a satisfactory budget that was by no means socialistic and parliament passed some of the legislation asked by the government two matters of vast import demanded inch attention from the brit ish empires bulera one wa the ef fort to develop the empire as an economic unit and the imperial conference which was held in london under took this task the various dominions were represented by some of their best minds and the discussions con tinned until well into november but the results were extremely disappoint ing the main issue was economic cooperation and in this nothing was ac because the dominions and the british government could not agre concerning free protection and preferential rates the empire problem of india the increasing independence of the dominions was mamaed by the tacit understanding that henceforth they shall leave the right to accredit their own diplomats to countries and may communicate with one an other and with great britain not through general but directly it was derided to breite a tribunal for the settlement of disputes the future status of india within the empire was a question that troubled tl e british the year and it was complicated by the non resistance rebellion conducted by mahatma ganahl and his numerous followers As Is their custom the communists took advantage of the sit nation to convert the revolt of the indian nationalists into riotous demonstrations und the police and military forces had to handle not only these hut aln attacks on the north frontier by and many of bis lieutenants were put in prison but their civil disobedience campaign never slackened one of its frequent manifestations was the mak tag of suit contrary to the laws the all india congress consisting largely of ganahl s adherents decided to boycott the roundtable conference arranged for late in the year because their demand was for the absolute independence of india the roundtable conference opened in london Iso vember 12 with much pomp and ceremony the native princes the hindus the moslems and even the untouchables being represented bv their ablest men and by two brilliant women the indians made it clear they would accept nothing less than dominion stains and some of them bitterly attacked the british methods of rule in india the problem before the conference and the government was so complex that there was no chance for its solution for many months one definite decision reached was that burma should be made a se pirate dominion in the canadian election on july 28 the conservatives completely upset the liberal government he aided by prime minister W L mackenzie king and secured a comfortable ma in the dominion parliament and kichard B bennett their leader be came prime alie new govern ment took steps at once to relieve tile unemployment situation and to help alie farmers one being the almost corn discontinuance of immigration from europe win As in most kotlier countries political events in germany reflected the prevailing discontent of the people and there it was aggravated by the feeling that they were oppressed by the reparations mueller and his cabinet resigned in march because of dissatisfaction with the ratification of the young plan and with the budget and financial reforms proposed dr bruening cen leader became chancellor and formed a ministry of members of the five middle parties the national so cia lists and the communists kept up continual agitation and president ihn denburg dissolved the on anly 18 in the elections which were held september 14 the socialists cia lists commonly called the fascists won a most surprising and tremendous victory they increased the number of their in the reichstag from 12 to 07 and their popular vote from than C their titular leader Is adolf hitler who being an austrian could not be elected to the reichstag france spain and italy one small provision in the finance bill brought a vote of lack of confidence in the french chamber of deputies in february and the tardieu ministry was forced to resign it was succeeded by a radical socialist cab inet formed by which was defeated on its first appearance tir dieu then was recalled and held on through a stormy bummer and tall but early in december the senate forced him and his cabinet to resign and theodore steeg undertook to form a new aln istre france maintained her position as one of the most prosperous coun tries of europe and gathered an im mense store of gold she was largely preoccupied with national defense and went ahead with her plan for a pow erful chain of fortifications on her eastern frontier gen palmo de alvera who had been dictator of spain tor more than six vears resigned on january 28 part ly under compulsion when faced with the threat of a military revolt he was succeeded by gen damaso ber eauer throughout the year there ft ere repeated strikes food riots and violent demonstrations by students and in the middle of december a serious rebellion broke out in the northern part of the country economy was the continual cry of the italian government premier mus being its spokesman and his measures toward that end were put through with thoroughness and als patch they extended to the reduction of salaries of all governmental employees who are numerous there and all employers were urged to follow suit in compensation the cost of living was brought down by the lowering of prices of food and other necessities at the same time the duce continued his program of extensive public works like drainage and restoration of waste lands giving employment to many men carol on rumanian throne carol former crown prince of ru mania with the aid of prominent ru man lans executed a startling coup in june from hla exile in france he flew to hla native oun try in an airplane and two days later the parliament declared him king and his little son who had held the title heir to the throne carol soon began planning for his coronation but his estranged wife declined to be recon died and the statesmen said the ceremony could not be held unless she were present or the marriage were dissolved As a result of this dispute premier mantu resigned in october and carol went ahead with his plans an interesting if not important event was the marriage on october 25 of king boris of bulgaria and princess glovanna daughter of the king and queen of italy latin american revolutions revolt flamed in tour bouth amer lean republics four men who had beai virtual dictators were ousted four new governments wire established As a preliminary to these events there was a revolution in the dominican republic a february the immediate cause beang the announced intention of president horacio vasquez to st ind for election reelection re after a few skirmishes was forced out of office be in succeeded temporarily by gen eral urana elections were held on may 18 and gen rafael trujillo was chosen president and inaugurated three months later bolivia was dext on the list there dr II ernando alles tried like vasquez to perpetuate tits rule and was driven from hoffke in may hy the insurgents lie was permitted to take refuge in chile and his much hated right hand man gen hans kundt of prussia fled back to his german home A mill tary junta took over the government its chief being gen carlos blanco gallindo peru followed suit in august the of the army led a movement against president augusto B cegula who had held the for more than ten years and considered himself al most irremovable lie was forced to resign turning over his powers to a military junta and later bleul col luls M cerro was made provisional president I 1 cegula had been recognized as an efficient business president and peru made great ma terdal strides during his regime but the revolutionists accused him of denial of civil liberties and also of nepotism and the site of concessions lie vas imprisoned to await trial late in august president irigoyen of was warned hy his minister of justice that a revola alon might break out immediately A few addis later the prediction was ful filled the high army and navy officers leading their commands in a revolt that speedily ousted the aged chief executive who was seriously only in buenos alres was there any popular opposition to the revolution and this ms soon quelled with some blood shed gen jose francisco chief of the insurgents became the provisional president on G irigoyen Irig ojen |