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Show dairy and poultry. 'NTE RESTING CHAPTERS FOR OUR RURAL HEADERS. Row Successful firmen Operate ThU Ilrpartmrot of the (arm A Few Hints u to the (are of Lite Stock anil Poultry. Poultry Note. The time being near when many of our readers will be shipping poultry to market, it may not be amiss to call their attention to a few thing3 the market demands. As most ptopie arr aware by this time the heads s!iouU: not be cut oft of fowls to be seat to city markets. Neither ?iioin1 th it, testines or crops be taken out. Also the killing should not be lone In the old-fashioned way of wringing u,e neck. The killing must be done by opening the veins of the neck or b an incision in the mouth that will allow al-low the fowl to bU-ed to death. Whether the bird is to be scaidel or dry picked will depend on ti e mirket to which they are to be sect, if the trade is local scalding is still useu and is probVuiy preferred. Some people peo-ple insist on having birds that have been picked after scalding. When the birds are to i.e turned over to tsUiy- pers who intend in turn to send then; to the city markets dry picking is iu order. IT the birds are to be s -aided it is recommended to have the water near the boiling point but not actually boiling. This is Miposrd to rnke the feathers easy to pull with.ru cc king the skin. As a matter jf fa t we doubt very much if thiie is any particular par-ticular rule that H popularly followed. follow-ed. Most of the fols that are scalded are scalded in water that is llrea-ly at the boil:ng pmtit. Tin-re. is of couise great danger of allowing the birds to soak in the water. An exeit advises to dip the buds iu the water tour times. ;:tui says that that is enough. The dip;i:ii; stiuuM be ii..-ue by holding the bird by the head and hs, so they will nut be dipped into the water with the rest of the bird. Dipping in the head turns the color of the omb and affects the anneai-ance of the eyes. By proper feeding many cf our fowls that are marketed about holiday time couui be marketed two months earlier, while pi ices are better. lite in the fall so many fowls are thrown on the market that the prices go down to a point that gives little proht. The feeding feed-ing of some stimulating foods early in the careei of the chicks would have started a habit of growth that would have continued to have its inlluence all through the summer. Even at this late period the geuerous feeding of meaty cut bone will help the growth greatly. If that cannot ba had, give dry cut bone, which can be purchased on any market, deeding meat, where it can be had at low price, is certainly a good practice. Push the surplus birds along and get them out of the way before the market begins to fall. If more birds were fitted and sold in the late summer the consumption would be increased, and the total average aver-age price for the year would be better. As it is. ni::ny city families go without fowl during the season of very high prices. They do not make it up during dur-ing the season of low prices. It is of no advantage to the farmer to have prices high at the time of the year when he has nothing to sell. The legs and head of the fowl should be dry picked. 'and after the picking has been completed the fowl should be immersed for a few seconds in boiling water and afterward plunged Into cold water. This is to give the body a plump, firm appearance. Those that follow the prac tice of dry picking, do the work while the bodies of the birds are still warm, as they find the picking pick-ing muih easier to do at that time. When they are to be picked for a long journey, or are not to be opened at once, the b'rds must not be packed till the animal heat has gone out of them. Turkeys should always be dry picked, as the appearance is very much better when handled that way than when scalded. Ducks and geese should always al-ways be scalded. Lid the scalding will have to be for a lohger time, as it takes more time for water to penetrate and loosen the feathers of a waterfowl water-fowl than of a land bird. Some farmers farm-ers practice picking the geese and ducks before killing, so that the feathers feath-ers can be saved in the best condition, but this, is not advisable, as it leaves the flesh iu an inflamed condition, which makes the fowls hard to sell on the market. Although chickens may be singed to take off the hairs, this should not be done with ducks or geese. On account of water birds having hav-ing a large amount of oil in their skins, the application of heat gives them an oily appearance, which does not help their sale. The feathers on the head and upper part of the neck should not be picked off. After picking pick-ing the other feathers the ducks or geese should be plumped in hot water after the manner of hens. State Control of Milk Testing. The growth of the custom of paying for milk various prices iu proportion to its fat content has been rapid of late years, but the system is not yet universally uni-versally adopted, says the New York Produce Review. Willful variations of the test must be totally abandoned, and those inaccuracies which occur by reason of improper machines or appliances appli-ances must in some effective method be overcome. ' The most effective way to prevent inaccurate testing, which may occur willfully or by reason of faulty apparatus, would be by the enactment en-actment of proper state laws, compelling compell-ing the registration by competent state authorities of the apparatus used, the license of those making the tests, and the provision of penalties for a false report of tests made. Laws touching upon some of these points have been enacted in Iowa and Vermont, with good results, and the matter is worthy of consideration by legislatures of all dairy states. In Vermont it appears that since the enactment of the law relating to the testing of milk and cream the State Experiment Station has tested 9.564 milk and cream bottles bot-tles and 1,155 pipettes, and that of the old glassware, in use before the law was enacted, nearly 4 per cent was found to be Inaccurately graduated. The effect of the law has been to make a material reduction in the percentage of inaccurate apparatus. In Vermont those wh J test milk or cream for the purpose of determining its value are obliged to take out certificates; cer-tificates; of those applying for certificates certifi-cates since the law was enacted 241 received their certificates while 31 were refused; thus nearly 12 per cent of those who wanted to do this work, and to whose ignorance or knowledge milk-ellers milk-ellers would have been obliged to submit sub-mit for a just payment, were declared incompetent to perfom such work reliably re-liably and prevented by law from in-Hcting in-Hcting the results of their ignorance :pcn the public. The Roiditrr. An authority on horse thus describes de-scribes the roadster: A typical roadster should stand fmm fifteen to sixteen hands high, weigh close about 1,100 pounds, be sound and straight in every way, have a 40od, solid color, a level head, bold and resolute, reso-lute, capable and willing to road twelve miles an hour or 100 miles in ten hours, and when put upon his speed will uLow a 2:30 gait or thereabouts. there-abouts. He should not only be able but willing to do whatever is asked of him, and this without resort to spur, boot or whip. Such an animal, moving mov-ing along without paddling or straddling, strad-dling, is" in great demand, orovided he has been properly educated and abounds in nervous energy. Form, ize. color, symmetry and substance sre essentials in the make-up of a typical typ-ical 'roadster, but they do not always r.sure the road horse. To these must be added a certain individuality that is always the result of intelligent breeding. It manifests itself in what we term nervous energy, the inherited ability to get up and get there. It is true that no class of horses are so difficult to breed up to a high standard A excellence as the roadster. We cannot can-not produce hiiu from animals that invn only individual merit to reconij mend them. They must be descendants descend-ants of families noted for their extraordinary extraor-dinary qualifications along this l.ne. i'o breed the drift horse, size and -otindness are the main points to be taken into consideration; in breeding the race horse everything is sacrificed for speed; but iu producing the roadster road-ster we must look well to every point of excellence that is to be found in the make-up of all other classes of good horses. liurterial Origin of Flavor. Probably in no department of re-starch re-starch is a gi eater amount of investigation investi-gation goins forward and valuable data and actual discovery being made man in dairy science; and while some of the discoveries have been of little or no value, a wonderful amount of useful use-ful ami practical,, material has been placed in the hands of the dairymen, -says Mark Lane Express. Among the new things announced, since it has been shown how nearly ferments and flavors in butter are associated, is that if certain acids are added to sweet cream it is not necessary to wait for the development of lactic acid bacteria in the cream, but that it could be churned at once, and churned quite readily, and the true flavor secured, investigators have been at work oa this problem, and an announcement of the results has been made. The most satisfactory result came from using hydrochloric acid diluted in twice its bulk of water, and adding this in small quantities to the sweet cream. Everything Every-thing was satisfactory, except that the butter had no aroma, though it was pronounced fair and good by the judges. The butter kept well, and had a water content of 12V per cent; but the low flavor was against it, though not a trace of acid was to be detected, or found by analysis. About the most important thing brought out was that butter seems to be fully dependent upon bacteria for true flavor, rather than the food, provided that the latter is wholesome and not of a character to impart obnoxious flavors to the milk, which after all could not be called butter flavor in any sense of the word. To Prevent Bovine Tuberculosis. The International Congress of Veterinary Vet-erinary Surgeons, held recently at Baden-Baden, agreed to the following suggestions as to the prevention of tuberculosis among domestic animals: "1. The prevention of tuberculosis in cattle is urgently necessary. 2. The extinction of bovine tuberculosis by the owner (voluntary extinction) is practicable, and should be miversally aimed at. Dangerously tuberculous an-imais an-imais should be slaughtered as soon as possible, and calves and healthy animals ani-mals protected from infection. Voluntary Volun-tary extinction of bovine tuberculosis should be encouraged by the state disseminating dis-seminating correct views respecting the character of tuberculosis, its modes of infection, and the importance of tuberculin tu-berculin inoculation. Voluntary extinction ex-tinction should be supported by state grants. The best means hitherto known for the diagnosis of tuberculosis tuberculo-sis among domestic animals is tuberculin. tuber-culin. Tuberculin should only be supplied sup-plied under state control and to veterinary vet-erinary surgeons. 3. Prevention of bovine tuberculosis by the state is desirable. de-sirable. If undertaken with caution it can be carried out. will check the further fur-ther increase of the disease, and gradually grad-ually stop it. The preventi m iequires: ta) That veterinary surgeons be obliged to give notice of every case of proved tuberculosis encountered in practice. (2b) The immediate slaughter slaugh-ter of dangerously tuberculous animals (particularly those affected ith mam-mitis, mam-mitis, tuberculosis of the uterus or intestines, in-testines, as well as pulmonary tuberculosis), tubercu-losis), compensation by the state, and the prohibition of the return of buttermilk butter-milk from the co-operative dairies to the farms before sterilization." Arsenical Poisoning of Potato Leaves. In many sections where Paris green in water is applied to potatoes injuries are produced which can not be distinguished from early blight by any ordinary examination. It frequently fre-quently happens, therefore, that farmers far-mers are led to believe that their potatoes po-tatoes are affected with early blight and other diseases when the trouble has been brought on by themselves through the improper use of Paris green. Injuries resulting from the use of this substance are very apt to occur where flea beetles have eaten the foliage. foli-age. The arsenic attacks the tissues at such points, and as a result more or less circular brown spots are produced, pro-duced, having for their centers the holes eaten out by the flea beetles. Shoulder Lameness In Horses. "How can I locate shoulder lameness?" writes a Nebraska reader. When a horse is really lame in his shoulder he will drag the foot on that side and will give it an outward fling as he steps, says Rural World. One of the most practical o methods of locating shoulder lameness that the writer remembers re-members of seeing practiced was that adopted by Wade Cary. former chief of police of Council Bluffs, la. That party put a horse over a bar twelve to fourteen Inches high, and in every case of shoulder lameness it was nearly near-ly impossible for the horse to negotiate negoti-ate the step. Potect the Chicks. It does not pay to raise chicks to feed rats, skunks, minks and weasels. Provide good vermin-proof coops and so protect yourself your-self against these enemies of your biddies. bid-dies. A good, well-built coop will last for years and will pay many times over for the expense and labor invested. invest-ed. Ex. Virginia ranks first in the production produc-tion of peanuts. scientists Unearth in new Mexico the Ruins ol Hundreds ot feet Above the Bottom ol Rev. Dr. George L. Cole has returned to Los Angeles within the past few days from a trip to Arizona and New Mexico, where he has been exploriig asrain the cliff dwelling, with news of the most remarkable of all those sur- -ising discoveries. He has found the metropolis of the cliff dwellers, a vast city compared to all the other discoveries discov-eries previously unearthed, in which probably iwenty thousand of those strange people lived. More than this, he has uncovered strange skeletons which In various attributes show marked differences from any previously previous-ly found. Altogether his expedition in Its results surpasses any previous one, save only in the extent of its researches, re-searches, which, for the reason that it was unprepared for extended work, had to he postponed till another time. His discovery was due to a strange good fortune. He accidentally heard of a prospector who in scaling the cliffs of a canon near Espanola had found pome remarkable unknown dwellings. He sought and found the discoverer, and induced him to guide him to the spot, where an examination revealed treasures which surpassed his fondest expectations the remains of a great city. It lay on a tableland near the canon, about a mile and a half in length and a quarter of a mile wide. At its edge stood a granite watch tower. Back a little way rose a mound, scarcely more than fifteen feet high in any place, with broken walls standing forth here and there. This was the ruins of the aboriginal city, a vast communal dwelling, measuring 240x300 feet, which in its prime must have con- tained at least 1,600 rooms and per A SECTION OF THE CLIFF DWELLERS' ANCIENT METROPOLIS. ! haps 2.000. Between five and six thou- ; the cliff dwellers. The strange picture sand people may well have dwelt in ; writing tells still more. In some such that single building. Farther back on bit of these ancient characters as the mesa, and separated from the first shown in a photograph of one of the building by a stone wall, stood the j pictorial rocks of the Verde river, Ari-ruins Ari-ruins of a second still older pueblo, ; zona, one may see the concentric cir-atink cir-atink Into a shapeless mound. Beyond, C!es which represent the sun, the quiv-Bbattered quiv-Bbattered beyond recognition, but still ' ering lines which mean lightning, the unmistakable, were others destroyed j zigzags of the clouds, the vertical lines by some great force pressing upon which record rain, the figures of the them from above. sacred turkey, the crude representa- Even the discoverer himself had dif- tion of a human figure and innumerable ficulty in finding again the lost city, symbols in which is written the his-After his-After much wandering up and down he i tory ot evil days and happy, prosper-at prosper-at last found his bearings and led the j ous vears anQ seasons of famine, the way to a point in the cliffs where as- ; deeds and deaths of chieftains and cent wos possible. j praige of the Most Hoiy the Lord God ! It quickly became apparent why the Sun whose llfe.givlne radiance typi-city typi-city had been so long overlooked. The j fled for the cliff dwellers all that was country about was desolate and most mosi sacred inhospitable. The river bed was ap-j xhe important discovery of the skel-parently skel-parently waterless. Before beginning i etons was made ln excavating the new-the new-the climb the prospector dug a particu- . v discovered ruins. The skeletons were lar spot in the stream bed and there, at ; uncovered in number, burled in a sit-a sit-a depth of several feet, found water to ! ting position, with face to the rising : replenish the canteens. Only one who sun when he looked at the skuns he knew this secret could safely linger in j found that Vprv on ha1 . comDiete the region. The climb up the cliffs was long and difficult. A full thousand feet in altitude alti-tude had to be surmounted before the goal was reached. Many cliff caves were passed on the way, but the guide bade the party husband their wonder until the top of the cliffs was reached. The summit gained, the party found themselves close beside the watch tower of which their guide had told, j It was all-of granite blocks, of uni- ! form size. The nearest granite depos- ! its are a considerable distance, and every one of thes blocks must have j been carried with incredible labor i across the valley and up the face of the ! men and characteristically molar. The thousand-foot cliff. The tower was explanation was that these skulls had once at least sixty feet high, says Dr. I belonged to a race of grain eaters an-Cole, an-Cole, but today its height is less. j other proof of semi-civilization and The great pueblo came next. Dr. j that long continuance of the habit had Cole made a careful study of its out- developed teeth suited to the race's lines and reached the conclusion that originally the stone walls rose two stories and were surmounted by a third story of adobe. In the center was a great court, a common kitchen, where the women cooked under the open sky. From the court radiated an immense number of rooms, twelve deep and in three tiers. They averaged fourteen feet square in size. It is believed be-lieved that, as in the modern pueblos, entrance was gained only by climbing on ladders to the roof and thence descending de-scending by interior ladders and trap doors from room to room. Thus the whole building was a fortress, situated on a seemingly impregnable mesa. The stones of which the pueblo was built had been quarried from the cliff below. The blocks were regular ln size, measuring six by six by fifteen inches. Many of the walls still stood, but most had fallen or been burled by the adobe from the upper story and the miscellaneous debris of the ruin. Entrance to the individual rooms could be gained only by digging Dr. Cole excavated one small burial mound and a single room In the com- munal dwelling, but the results of this mere scratch on the surface were rich. Ancient pottery, whole and un-scratched; un-scratched; carved stone Implements and vessels, bones, a stone pipe whose carvings differ from anything ever before be-fore seen, and many other strange survivals sur-vivals of the centuries-vanished house- 0P0LIS OF THE CLIFF DWEliliERS. V.old were unearthed. Dr. Cole estimates esti-mates that it would cost about $45,000 to properly excavate the ruin and to scientifically collect all the Information Informa-tion which it could throw on the life of the cliff dwellers. It is in the hope that some university, univer-sity, scientific body or museum may undertake the exploration and that the ruins may be protected from the relic hunters and vandals that he has kept to himself the means of reaching the newly discovered pueblo and the name of the prospector who found it. A hint of why the city was abandoned aban-doned with its pottery standing in the familiar corners, its stone mortars against the wall and its mats upon the floor is found in the fact that the mound is largely of volcanic ash. Across the canon are marks of recent re-cent volcanic action. Dr. Cole believes that centuries upon centuries ago there was an outpouring of internal fires. Terrified by the sinking of the rock nlatform which had lonz been their ' home, half suffocated by smoke and i senator from Indiana, was private sec-sulphur sec-sulphur fumes, the cliff dwellers, at j retary to Gov. "Blue Jeans" Williams the very beginning of the disturbances, ; of Indiana, Gen. Manson once came filled with superstitious terror, fled, ; into the governor's office. Gen Manson never to return. The earthquakes top- was auditor of the state. He died not pled down the walls, the volcanic ash long ago in Terre Haute. He was short, buried them deep, and through all the ( but corpulent, bald of head, but ion.? ages since the dead city has awaited the coming of a civilized race that the story of the past might be read, preserved pre-served like some uncouth monster of a former epoch, frozen in the Siberian ice fields. The story is today being read. Pottery Pot-tery tells much. The accompanying photographs show pottery dug from j the ruins of ancient pueblos, and reucs 1 from the most ancient habitations of set of double teeth. There was not a single incisor to be found. At first he thought the teeth might" have been worn down by eating hard food, but skulls of individuals of both sexes and different ages were all found to show the same peculiarity. The skulls were shown to anatomists. anato-mists. They exclaimed in wonder over them, saying they knew of no existing exist-ing race which shows the same peculiarity. pecul-iarity. It was definitely settled that the front teeth were not merely worn flat. The whole shape of the front double teeth was shown to be different from that of the incisors of ordinary needs. This seems to prove that the cliff dwellers are a distinct race, entirely distant from the Indians of the plains, who have since disappeared from the face of the earth, wiped out by pestilence, pesti-lence, famine or savage war. The last of the cliff dwellers died no one knows how many centuries ago. Their ancient habitations remain, astonishing as-tonishing testimony to the social complexity com-plexity and to the development of arts and crafts among these men and women wom-en of the stone age. Some have been mercilessly despoiled by relic hunters and invaluable anthropological material mate-rial scattered before the scientists could read these torn pages of American history. his-tory. The resuts of Dr. Cole's journey have shown, however, that some of the most Interesting of these ancient ruins are as yet practically untouched. Their burial mounds are unprofaned, their picture writings whole, their crumbling walls unharmed aave by the elements. These virgin fields offer a rich har ; vest for the university, museum or society which undertakes their scien- tiflc exploration. Peary's Next Duh for the Pole. Lieut. Peary, who, as recently re-1 ported, is now encamped on North Greenland, has always had a theory that if proper precautions arc taken and proper clothing is worn there la a City in the (lids, the (anon. nothing to be feared from the extreme cold of the far north. His own recent experience, however, shows that be wa mistaken. After exerting himself to the point of exhaustion he was caught on an ice floe, far from his camp, and was obliged to spend the night under a temporary shelter. As a result his feet were so severely frost bitten that seven toes were amputated. In spite of this accident he has determined to stay in the arctic and will start early in February Febru-ary on a dash to the pole by dog sledge. In the effort he will be assisted by an entire tribe of arctic highlanders. Many explorers believa that he has better bet-ter chances of reaching his goal than any of his predecessors. IT WAS THE WRONG HAT. How Cutting Sl1i Acted as Boouierati. When James Voorhees, prominent in Washington as the actor, author. sculptor statesman, son of the late of beard, which latter was white ;i l reached to the middle of his waistcoat. The governor was nearly seven feet tall, as lank as Lincoln, with long, bony hands, odd-sized feet, and large ears. He was always clad in blue jeans, grown, spun, woven, dyed and made on his own farm near Vineennes. His chief fame was economy and the fact that he had defeated Gen. Harri- son for the office. The general was a typical western man of the world, an ex-congressman, and knew life. The governor was a farmer by profession and congressman and governor by accident. ac-cident. The day that the general visited vis-ited the governor's office he asked a political po-litical favor for a friend. The governor gov-ernor hesitated and at length refused. Thereupon the general picked up a hat, pulled it down over his ears, and stumped out of the room in rage. When he reached his own office he said: "I tell you, boys,-the old man says 'No.' That's what comes of electing a man governor who wears a No. 5 hat and a No. 9 shoe. Bah!" At this moment young Mr. Voorhees came in, suave, soft-spoken and smooth. "Gen. Man-son," Man-son," he said, "the governor desires me to present his compliments to you, and he begs me to say that he is always glad to welcome you to his office. You may have your choice of chairs, and put your feet on any desk you please, but he draws the line on your wearing ofT his new hat." "What!" exclaimed the general, as he slipped off the soft hat which fitted him so loosely. It was even so. Pittsburg Dispatch. A FILIPINO UNIFORM. it Indicates How Small the Natives Must Be. Among the interesting trophies soldiers sol-diers in the Philippines have sent to Des Moines is a uniform which Frank Merrill of company H, son of Jeremiah Jere-miah M. Merrill of 1204 East Ninth street, took from a captured Filipino and sent to his parents in this city. The uniform is patterned somewhat after the Spanish uniform, -ind is quite fantastic for use in war times. The red and yellow combinations so popular popu-lar with the Spaniards appear on the blouse of the uniform. Some idea of the inferiority of the Filipinos and their insignificance as compared with Americans can be had from the size of the uniform. It would be a good fit for a 12-year-old American boy, and it is easy to believe all that has been said concerning the diminutive Filipinos after examining their uniform. The trousers of the uniform are of red calico cal-ico and are made regular pajama style, being tied at the top with a drawstring. draw-string. Along the outer seam of the legs are stripes of bfack velvet. The blouse is made of heavy cotton material, ma-terial, which is woven with alternate pin stripes of white and black. The collar of the blouse is of red calico and is adorned in front with two stripes of yellow calico. The cuff3 of the blouse are also of red calico and bear three stripes of yellow. The front of the jacket bears six stripes of red and yellow calico combined. Altogether the costume looks as if It might have been designed by some child who had a fondness for bright colors. The sewing sew-ing on the garments has been done with a sewing machine and the blouse has been fastened with hooks and eyes and buttons similar to those in common com-mon use in this country. Des Moines Capital Accounted For. When a man grows stout, his in invest inv-est in the scales at the coal dealer's 'round the corner Increases. Tou U , a corpulent Glaswegian, weigh- ed himself the other day, and was Tery much worried to find the scales registered regis-tered 225 pounds. "Some mistake," he muttered, looking carefully at the balance bal-ance steel, and got on the platform again. For some strange reason, the scales showed an almost human fallibility, falli-bility, and somewhat astounded Tom, who looked at the numbers, only to find himself weighing 230 pounds. j "Good gracious!" he exclaimed, "there ' must be some mistake here. Is it pos- ; sible that I can increase five pounds in ! a minute?" "Xaw!" said the coal deal- j er's boy, as he surveyed the corpulent I one with disdain, "it's anxiety that's ; weighin' on ye!" Spare Moments. :-ttine Hl Iotiey's Worth. "The -chap with a mania for 'getting 'get-ting his money's worth' is a familiar character in this business," said a hotel clerk the other evening. "A few days ago a man registered here early in the morning, was assigned a room and hurried out to attend to some business. busi-ness. 1 saw no more of him until about dusk, when he dropped in to inquire in-quire for mail, and' remarked incidentally inci-dentally that he would leave on the night train. 'Very well,' I said, and made out a bill for the use of the room during the day. 'The use of the room!' he exclaimed; 'why, I haven't even opened the door!' 'I can't help that, sir,' I replied. 'It was held at your disposal, and I'll have to make the charge.' 'Then give me the key!" he roared in a fury; 'if I have to pay for using it I'll see that I get my money's worth!' He rushed upstairs, threw the bed clothing all over the floor, stamped on the pillows, emptied the water pitcher into the slop jar and crumpled up all the towels. Then he came down and paid the bill with the air of a man who has done something clever. The net cost of his performance was probably prob-ably eight or nine cents for laundry, and its chief result was to give considerable con-siderable unnecessary work to a tired chambermaid who was in nowise re- sponsible for his grievance. Yet I dare say he will boast for months how he made the hotel sweat for trying try-ing to impose upon him." New Orleans Or-leans Times-Democrat. Sluvery In Knglaud. Slavery in England is of very ancient standing. Caesar states that it existed as an institution among the Celts, and in Roman England the conquered natives na-tives were held in a state of serfdom. In Saxon and early Norman times the children of the old English peasantry and captives taken in war were sold like cattle in Bristol market, and many were exported to Scotland and Ireland. Doomsday Book states that the slaves numbered 25,000. Soon after the conquest con-quest the distinct slave class ceased to exist, and the slaves were merged with the lower class or ceorls under the general designation of villeins. These villeins in early feudal times were annexed an-nexed to the land and were divisable as goods and chattels, but in process of time the higher class of villeins gained a title to the land on which they worked, and after the reign of Richard II. we find little reference to villeinage. Although the church had early succeeded in putting an end to the English slave traffic, by the canon of the council of 1102, slavery was never abolished by any positive enactment; enact-ment; and it was not till 1660 that the last remnants of the feudal system werb finally swept away. Slavery was abolished, but slavery did not cease here, for until the time of George III. colliers were bought and sold, and if they left the estate to which they belonged be-longed they were brought back by force. It was not until the year 1775 that an act was passed by which they were declared free, and were put upon the same footing as other servants. Painted Dresses. A novel idea which has come directly from Paris is the decoration of dresses with water-color designs. Hand-painted Hand-painted mousselines are very popular for evening vear, and when a light,, graceful pattern is artistically executed the result is admirable. A dress of white mousseline was finished in this dainty manner with a vine of rich scarlet scar-let trumpet flowers, which gracefully followed the outlines of the long over-skirt, over-skirt, and showed effectively upon the low-cut bodice. Bunches of the artificial arti-ficial flowers fastened upon the left phoulc'er a 'id trailing upon tile arm served to complete a most unique and attractive toilet. Satin also is decorated deco-rated in the same style, sometimes with an introduction of silver, gold or jeweled jew-eled effects to give an added luater and brilliancy. Honest Criticism, Author Now, I want your honesi opinion. Tell me what faults you see in my book. Friend Well, for one thing, I think the covers are too far apart. New York Journal. Consumption of Apples. On an average every man, woman and child consumes about three bushels bush-els of apples per year and only a few are exported. DO THE FISHES TALK? QUEER PROPOSITION BROUGHT FORWAIID. a Both the Lnntlih Bad DramDih Cau Bark I.Ike a Dog Xhe Kel ana the Glzurd-Shad Emit Queer Sounds Whales Have Been Knowa to Cry. Piscatorial cranks are Just now parading pa-rading their knowledge on the subject of fish talk. It is freely admitted that hsh that utter sounds are not rare to a remarkable extent; but to translate these sounds into the English or any other language and be able to appreciate appre-ciate the feelings of the denizens of the deep at various thrilling stages of their uncertain careers is beyond the ken of ordinary mortals. We are told that a fisherman out at sen landed a strange fish in his boat, and that the finny captive immediately opened its mouth and began to grunt and groan so loudly as to attract attention. The fisherman took it up and was so convinced con-vinced that it was talking and begging beg-ging for liberty that he tossed it back into the brint. More musical than the noise made by any fish is said to be that of the eel. while the loudest sound uttered by a fish is that of the dogfish. Both the lungfish and the drumfihh utter singular barking sounds of peculiar resonance, and whales have been known to cry out as if for help when they have been stranded. Of the salmon and the trout little has been 'earned, so far as fish-talk on their part is concerned, but this may be due in a measure to the fact that the man with the rod has never felt inclined to devote his ear to patient listening of a well-stocked stream. If these favorite fish could talk, what tales they might unfold! What reputations might they blast! Perhaps it is best for us all that the trout is not gifted with eloquence, like the eel and gizzard-shad. Perhaps, too, it were better bet-ter for us to continue on merely a glancing acquaintance, a gastronomical acquaintance. If fishes talk they might even betray us to ourselves and take away from us the joy of our own deceptions. de-ceptions. Nevertheless, it is a question ques-tion for debate whether the noises produced by certain fish can be considered con-sidered as a language, or as expressions expres-sions of the emotions, fraught with meaning. Without a doubt we shall soon be in receipt of a batch of com munications f.'om mountain resorts and watering-paces, throwing light on the matter of fish-talk, and it is not improbable that we may learn that some Bostonian scientist has already-prepared already-prepared a table of codfish sounds and their meanings, so that a fisherman may sit still with line or net and call the fish to him at will. San Francisco News-Letter. FAMOUS IN SPORTS. There is no one who can compete with Lord de Gray of England as a sportsman. Once in Ireland, when shooting, he brought down sixteen wild geese with a two-barreled gun and in one year was responsible for the death of 15,000 birds. Lord Carnarvon is a good shot a n't recently he gave a party for the prince of WTales, at which 10.800 birds vere slaughtered in three days with only six hunters GOO birds a day to each gun. There has been some record deer-shooting deer-shooting in Scotland. Atholl forest is supposed to contain about 15,000 head of red deer, and when the prince and princess of Wales visited there in 1872 no fewer than 3,000 deer were driven before them. There is always good fishing at the duke of Richmond's place, Gordon castle, cas-tle, and Lady Caroline Lenox, who acts as hostess for her brother, is quite an expert with the rod. The Bradley Martins have one of the finest shooting estates in Scotland, and their shooting parties are always eagerly attended. Their daughter, Lady Craven, and her husband - stay with them during the season. Judging Machines. For registering the results of a foot race the human eye and voice seem sometimes painfully inadequate. Close contests of this kind will doubtless end more pleasantly when the new "judging machine," described by the Qolden Penny, comes into general use. The machine, which was irwented by an Australian, is designed to be placed at the finish line, and consists of a light metal frame partitioned into two or more divisions, each about four feet wide. On the top of the frame stands a small cabinet containing numbered divisions corresponding to the numbers num-bers of the tracks. The instant the first man passes through his division a shutter falls, disclosing his track number. The other numbers are immediately im-mediately locked, except when the machine ma-chine is set for final heats. In this case a small cylinder is attached to the machine, and a hammer head strikes a mark on the revolving cylinder cylin-der as the men finish. Thus the exact positions of all the competitors can be told to a nicety. The same inventor has originated an automatic Judging machine for bicycle races. It consists of fine, light metal strips placel in a small trench about two inches wide, which is sunk across the track at the finish. During the last lap these strips, which are coated with .enamel., are placed in position by means of a lever, and the first wheel to cross receives five marks. In crossing, however, it displaces one of the strips, and the next wheel, therefore, only receives four marks, the third three, and so on. The Goethe Anniversary. If Goethe were living he would now be 150 years old, which fact German authors and book printers have just anniver3arized. An interesting detail is that Goethe's life was one of uninterrupted unin-terrupted prosperity, and that in 1826 Motta of Stuttgart paid $60,000 for his copyrights. That would not be a large sum nowadays for men much less important im-portant than Goethe to receive; neither is it a small sum to pay for copyrights upon books some of which have been in print over fifty years. - Uncertainty of the Horse. Horse Owner Suppose the motor of your automobile gives out when you are half-way between two towns. What then? Horseless Carriage Owner Well, I wouldn't be any worse off than if I were half-way Detween two towns with a horse and buggy and the horse should die. Universal Belief. Professor "Now, Mr. Doolittle, what have you learned about your topic, the diamond?" Mr. Doollttle "That every woman believe it harmonizes exactly with , complexion," Jewelers Weekly. A QUICKSILVER FOUNTAIN. Household Flatirons float ' Ll(thtly on Its Surface. Probably the most ingenious, not to say expensive, fountain ever devised is to be seen in operation daily in the Queensland section of the Greater Britain Brit-ain exhibition. Earl's court. It has taken a clever young engineer, Charles Bright, F. R. S. E., over three months to overcome the difficulties of producing produc-ing anything like an appreciable effect on the public eye. Quicksilver or mercury mer-cury is a very difficult mineral to deal with. It is tremendously heavy, being at least four times heavier than water, has a peculiar quality of disappearing anywhere and everywhere on the slightest provocation, and is so expensive expen-sive that few can indulge in so interesting inter-esting a luxury as a quicksilver cascade. cas-cade. The metal in the Earl's court fountain falls from an upper bowl, four feet iu diameter, to a basin seven feet below. Both of these basins, ts. well as the ornamental supporting pillar, are constructed of iron, painted dull black to heighten the effect. Owing to the great cost of the mercury (2s. 6d a pound) one of the main problems was to devise the apparatus so as to get rid of any possibility of waste. Hence, anything like Niagara falls of mercury was out of the question. The top bowl is, in fact, not a bowl at all, but a table, with sixty-four small channels radiating from the center to the outward out-ward edge. From the center the quicksilver is thus distributed evenly over the edge, and drops in silvery streaks into the basin below, where, curious to relate, two household flat-irorjr flat-irorjr float about as airly as if they were ducks on a millpond a striking object lesson, proving the wonderful density of the liquid. From the lower bowl there is a drain-pipe, eighty feet long and one inch in diameter, which conveys the mercury to a tank at a slightly lower level, forming the supply sup-ply to an elevator apparatus for providing pro-viding the necessary "head" of mercury. mer-cury. The form of elevator adopted consists of a number of small, thickly set steel buckets freely suspended at intervals on an endless bicycle chain, which is conveyed through the storage tank. As each bucket dips into the latter, a tilting device insures it picking pick-ing up all the mercury which it will conveniently hold. The buckets are then carried upward to a reservoir tank some fourteen feet above, where each in turn, by means of a similar tilting arrangement, is emptied. From this upper tank the mercury is conducted con-ducted by a pipe 106 feet in length to the upper basin of the fountain. London Mail. STORIES OF THE CLERQY. A Baptist minister fishing near Cape Cod catches a strange fish, and asks the skipper: "What manner of fish is this, my good man? It has a curious appearance." "Yaas. Only been 'round here this year." "What do you call it?" "We calls 'em Baptists." "Why so?" " 'Cause they spile so quick arter they come out of the water." Nacomb Bystander. The Home Magazine recalls a good story which Dr. Newman Hall used to tell on the lecture platform. An illiterate illit-erate negro preacher said to his congregation: con-gregation: "My brethren, when de fust man, Adam, was made, he was made ob wet clay, and set up agin de palings to dry." "Do you say," said one of the congregation, "dat Adam was made ob wet clay?" "Yes, sar, I do." "WTho made the palings?" "Sit down, sar," said the preacher, sternly; stern-ly; "such questions as dat would upset any system of theology." "How Is the world using you, pastor?" pas-tor?" was asked .of a happy itinerate Methodist preacher in Georgia. "First-clasa, "First-clasa, sir, first-class." "Nothing to complain of, eh?" "Nothing at all sir nothing at all. The festival for the benefit of the new organ came out only $30 in debt; the fair for the new lightning-rod was $20 behind, and the watermelon party for the new bell was $20 short, but the parsonage didn't burn down until six weeks after the pound party praise the Lord." The Magyar Moon. There is no people in the world which has not yet achieved its independence inde-pendence that loves liberty and nationalism na-tionalism more intensely than the Magyars of Hungary. In his "Throne-Makers," "Throne-Makers," William Roscoe Thayer dwells upon the spirit which is universal univer-sal among them. Like any Magyar patriot, Kossuth could count on one of the most powerful of allies the race hatred between his countrymen and the Austrians. In the Magyar language lan-guage the very word "German" signified signi-fied vile, base, despicable. There was a Magyar proverb to the effect that "German is the only language God does not understand." The proprietor of a Hungarian theater once produced what he considered a fine piece of scenery, scen-ery, in which was represented a full moon with a round, fat, clean-shaven face. When it rose, the audience hissed and shouted: "Down with the German moon!" The manager took the hint. Next night there rose a swarthy-cheeked, black-mustached orb. Hurrahs burst from every mouth, and all cried: "Long live our true Magyar Mag-yar moon!" A Story of Cullom. Just at the busy time one day when the crowds from the department stores packed the cars a tired-looking man with a painful limp came in with the crowd at the Fifteenth street transfer station and stood clinging to a strap just in front of Senator Cullom. The senator looked up, and, seeing the weary face, instantly rose and offered his seat. The man demurred. The senator insisted. "Sit down, sit down," said he cheerily. "You mustn't stand; sit down." The man sank into the seat, and the tall Illinoisan contented himself with a strap. From beneath a great poppy-laden hat the bright eyes of a little girl near whom he stood peered up at him eagerly. At last he looked down and saw her. "Won't you take my seat?" she said, politely. The senator smiled down at her and shook his head. "No, thank you, child," he said. "You musn't ever give up your seat to a man. It sets a Dad example." Chicago Tribune. Bluejackets iu a Hansom. When two handsome, smooth-faced, smiling young bluejackets jumped Into a hansom for a little spin, they settled set-tled back Into the cushions with evident evi-dent enjoyment of sitting thus in the tern sheets instead of laboring at the oar. The cabman let down the windows win-dows on both sides to give the boys plenty of air. Then he mounted to his seat, and away they went, rounding the first corner they came to close-hauled close-hauled on the starboard tack, and sailing sail-ing down Broadway at forty knots an hour. The heart cannot always repress or account for the feelings which away it. |