Show JPAKM AND 1 GARDEN matters of interest to agriculturists om tlTHtlon Hint’ Abont Cul- -' of the Soli end Xielde Thereof — Horticulture Viticulture end Cp-to-- ITlorlculture Windmill Sdffooflk Mr Hubbell at an Irrigation convention said: In mechanics the basis of all calculations is upon the mechanical horse power which is the equivalent of 33000 pounds lifted one foot in one minute’s time yielding 33000 foot pounds All jwindmills are given by the manufacturer a certain horse power equivalent jthig capacity being predicted upon what ahe windmill is capable of doing in a wind of twenty miles per hour and Iwhich is by the way a good stiff blow And by far a stronger wind than generally prevails A more conservative average upon which to base your calculations for general purposes is not to exceed an average of more than fifteen tniles per hour It is here proper to ay that a windmill of any diameter has greater or less power as the square of the velocity of the wind in miles per bour and therefore a mill which would (develop three horse power in fifteen piles per hour would have but one and d horse power capacity when jthe wind was blowing at the rate of ten miles per hour The square of 15 is 225 the square of 10 is 100 A mill of any diameter will handle a- greater or less quantity of water as the verticle height of discharge in feet is decreased or is increased for instance a mill that will raise 100 gallons of water per minute fifty feet vertically will lift 200 feet vergallons per minute twenty-fiv- e tically or the same mill will lift fifty gallons per minute 100 feet vertically A cubic foot of water weighs approxiand pounds mately slxty-tw- o gnd contains approximately seven and one-ha- lf gallons a gallon of water weighing about eight and It will be of great personal pounds assistance if you will remember that the pumping of water is a simple meand acquire the chanical problem habit of reducing the quantity of water to be handled to so many foot pounds If you will do so it will save you from Perpetual moserious disappointment Rediscovered been not tion has yet member above all things one pound of subany substance no matter what stance lifted one foot vertically in one minute’s time or equivalent requires a mechanical force of one foot plus the friction which is due to the means over employed You can lift ’yourself as Just boot tops the fence by your easily as you can get away from ythis fixed law A great deal is said by various persons concerning their and that ability to eliminate friction means or they can that by this means' of gallons of discharge a given number of number a minute given water per feet vertically with less power that can be done by any other means of exactly It the same principle in every detail to long person any to not take ought make up his or her mind than the person making any such statements desay the liberately deceives himself to of line same thought this least Along It is proper to state that exaggerated Ideas prevail to what can be accomvarious power plished by the wind for atmospurposes The pressure of the is but 147 level sea the at phere When the pounds per square inch of twenty a at velocity wind is blowing miles per hour such a wind exerts a pressure of but two pounds per square foot of surface exposed Therefore the power of a windmill is necessarily limited by the velocity of the wind and for this reason windmills can be used for pumping water for irrigation or other purposes demanding large volumes of water to but a limited extent and In all Instances where windmills are utilized for this purpose they can be successfully used only in connection with reservoirs of ample capacities one-thir- - one-ha- lf one-thir- d to-da- ' 'An acre of ground contains 6272640 square inches If one acre of ground be covered with water one inch deep we would have a quantity of water equaling 27155 gallons or what is termed one acre Inch If the quantity of water on the one acre be Increased to thirteen inches we would have what is called one acre foot or 43560 cubic feet or 325851 gallons of water It is belt one Conceded that in the semi-ari- d foot of water per acre is necessary to Insure the growing and it seems to be established that this quantity of water will be demanded principally in two months of the season To irrigate ten acres of land requires therefore a total of 3258510 gallons of water and If all is applied in the two months it requires an average of 1625250 gallons per month Assuming that a windmill will work to its full capacity ten hours per day thirty days per month we would then need for the ten acres of ground an average of 5431 gallons per hour or 91 gallon per minute or 9 gallons per minute per acre Assuming that this quantity of water must be lifted a vertical distance of ten feet It would then require a mechanical force of 91 (the number of gallons) limes 8 pounds (the weight of one gallen of water) times 10 feet (the to 1-- 10 1-- 3 tal vertical distance raised in feet) or 7580 foot pounds which divided by 33000 foot pounds equals 229 net horse power or to determine the power required by a short method multiply the number of gallons of water to be raised per minute (91) by the total vertical height raised in feet (10) and by the constant 0002527 and we have the same result— 91xl0x0002527 equaling 229 Sufficient accuracy is possible by a still shorter method and which is one often used: Multiply the number- of gallon Per minute by the verticle height in feet point oft three decimals from the right and divide by four the quotient is a little less than the actual net horse power In the- - problem under consideration the result by short method is 91x10 equaling 910 Point off three figures from the right and divide by four tnd the result is 2275 - : ’ lldously murder od the Intruder anl proceeded to reduce him to aa nice wlCte clean skeleton as any naturalist ever had the pleasure of adding to his collection of curiosities “bone to his bone” as clean and nice as if the whol carcass had been boiled scraped and sandpapered I have seen a big bumble-be- e slip into a hive when the portals were strongly guarded by vigilant warriors and I have seen him (?) led out by the ears (?) after he had passed the guards into the dark Interior of the hive Now let some one ask the question “Do bees see?” along with the querry “Do bees hear?” Such a blunder on the part 6f the guards of the Czar’s palace would cost them their head! Babbit Gawlng Treat In a recent issue of your paper there appears a request for some one to tell what to do with apple trees that have Freaks and Eeeentrlclilee In Bee been gnawed by mice Since this quesGW Demaree In American Bee Jour- tion is of no little importance owing nal The things that bees do out of the to the fearful destruction made so general order of things as pertains to often by mice gnawing the bark off their well settled habits I think are from young trees I have thought it properly called “freaks” Those of us well to offer some suggestions of my who have handled bees for years and own which may or may not meet the observed closely their habits know views of all In the first place it has that bees some times do things that been through improper care or negcannot be reconciled to the common lect that they have been thus injured laws of reasoning or instinct Such Had B D kept the surface clean about acts are freakish— sudden starts in his trees for three feet of all seeds or action governed by no laws reasona- trash or even tramped the snow ble or instinctive down about them as soon as the I have Been a colony of bees virtually ground was covered the mice would attempt to commit suicide by refusing have given them a wide berth But to accept a queen or queen-ce- ll and this is not the question we are asked to even refuse to nurse young brood answer It Is not the “ounce of prevenSome people would be glad to say tive” that appears to be asked for but “Maybe they were too old” etc But the pound of cure If the trees have this cannot be for I have wintered not been gnawed entirely around or many a queenless colony and made even slightly and discovered soon bethem rear a queen and nurse brood fore the wood dries hard they can often until the hive was well stocked with be saved by making mud of clay putyoung brood ready for the main early ting it around and over the whole wound holding it there with some old honey harvest Last sunyner I was walking through (loth or stove pipe But when too far my apiary and discovered some bees gone I would advise a serious change hopping and crawling on the grass in In early spring as soon as the earth front of one of the hives I went up thaws out in April cut the trees either closer and found the grass for several close to the ground or a little below the feet around the entrance covered with injury and set in some choice variety scions that you have recently learnpartially paralyzed bees dragging of set themselves aimlessly about “A case ed to be superior to the tree when or now by at be would least preferred of paralysis!” exclaims the novice No the cause was a “balled queen” Bees the nurseryman who started these often sting each other in their scramble three or four years ago If the work litto ball a queen yet strange enough be properly done he will lose but will tle in but or value time frequently they do not sting the queen If his I have seen a truant swarm leave find this a blessing in disguise or crooked were scrubby the apiary and go straight to a hollow gnawed trees he are as many very trained tree and I have seen a swarm of bees poorly and in leave the apiary with “business airs” can make a great improvement and often selittle the lose end very and pass over fields and through a variety dense woods straight to a bunch of cure a much more desirable off on him in lronweeds two miles away I saw one than the tree dealer put is not strictswarm of bees pass through the largest the start If your variety a kelon of in ')Sut to sure be hardy tract of timbered land in the vicinity ly This will help well known hardness of my apiary and settle on a fence near This is not the best a farm house and was taken in by even a tender root of a sure to make long lived tree the farmer I had a swarm of bees plan but it is the best cheap way to repair take leave of my apiary— as though it the evil If the trees were as hardy as was disgusted with such quarters go not would I Duchess or Hibernal then a quarter of a mile settle on a bush cut stems any lower than Just bethe then break the cluster and make a low the providing there is a ” back to the apiary and set- chance to injury retain the hardy stem or any tle on a tree part But as a rule mice gnaw trees I once saw a swarm of bees "hived” close to the ground and it is very selby what may properly be called an ac- dom one can save even two Inches of cident (?) The swarm was struggling the trunk as mice never climb trees to in the air against a stiff gale and a gnaw the bark except when shut in a sudden gust of wind swept them to the pile of trash that is often piled about ground near the entrance of an empty tne stem In tne fall or winter Then hive and the hive acting as a “soundas a rule be had better mud up or ing board” in response to the hum of wait till early spring and graft close their wings the bees caught the sound down say three inches below the surand hived themselves My observations face so when the scion Is set it can be have led me to believe that in a state banked around with fresh earth as high of nature more swarms of bees find as the third bud If the root be good homes by the sense of hearing than in he will soon grow a fine new stem all other ways that will often be much superior to the I once saw a swarm of bees in Its one the tree dealer sold him But if flight pass near the top of a large ap- the trees were all he now desires cut ple tree and the rear part of the swarm off the stems close to' the ground and seemed to catch the sound from a hole trust to their sprouting from the stem in a dead limb of the tree and made a This will save him from being humrush for the hollow limb while the bugged by some scheming grafter or main part of the swarm was evidently let this furnish him a fine opportunity bent on going forward but the loud to practice grafting and if the scions ' burn’’ at the hoie in the limb fail he will still have a chance on the prevailed and the whole swarm attempted coming sprouts I would trust to the to enter a cavity in the limb too small sprouts if the original tree was what could not do the to accommodate half of the swarm I 1 now wanted and But grafting adds anmyself grafting smoked them out and hived them save to the tree as such I once had a swarm of bees to refrse other chance to fail to grow liable more are to stay In any hive I put them into ftubs are scions well set Would advise )han Their craze was to locate and bwMd B D to go over his trees soon and excomb on the limb they first settled on amine carefully and such as appear and finally I let a part of the swajm past recovery saw off close to the try the experiment They made a liv- ground and cover the stubs till wanted ing until the honey season was over 10 graft or to sprout in spring Thouand then starved out sands could have been saved in 1885 Bees do some things so wide of the had we sawed our old tree off mark of common sense that their Acts before warm weather close to the are both amusing and astounding to ground The greater share of trees a reasoning mind The following an thus treated would have sent up vigorexample among many that might be ous shoots and often been a great immentioned: provement on the original stem If B I sometimes leave on the hive a case D concludes to trust to sprouts let of partially filled sections with honey him reserve as many as three off the to supplement scant winter stores in most vigorous so as to better balance the breeding department of the hive the root and top I invariably retain - ‘ “bee-line- 1 Well! in some way a large grey mouse got into one of the cases above the brood nest and its escape was cut off by a full brood nest of lively bees below It occurred to me that If those bees had stopped to reflect they might have cleared a way down through the brood department to the entrance and then Bent a detachment of fierce young “buck” bees into the super with instructions to shriek and yell after that n mouse until he hied his hide— and hair down the cleared way— way to the open air and thus summarily eject him as an obstreperous tenant But they did no such thing They ma- panic-stricke- three shoots as each will aid to protect the other by shading the ground and the trunks of each other EPSON GAYLORD Apple Scab Fungus— Now is the time to spray for apple scab fungus The experimenters say that the winter is the time when the work must be begun if good results are to be expect ed for the coming year or years There are many mild days in winter that can be utilized for this purpose The spores of the fungus are cast off in the fall and find their lodgement on ‘the trunks and limbs of trees Look after the lawn REFORM OF HICKORY A CLERICAL PLAY BECAME A CONVERT AFTER LEAVING THE PRESIDENCY HU Spirit Would Flatus Up — Th Dla- -' coure Which Lad th General to FreabyterlanUm — A Good Story Which Weet th Round After HU Death - A correspondent of the Philadelphia bulletin says: Your reference to Gen Jackson’s religion and to the remark attributed to Tom Marshall that the general finally turned Presbyterian and cheated the devil ' suggests tbe story of how he became converted The clergyman who had that honor was the Rev Dr Edgar who had charge of a Presbyterian church in Nashville He had preached some sermons which Gen Jackson listened to with interest after he left the presidency and returned to the Hermitage A discourse on the manner In which Providence regulated and shaped lives and affairs of men and an Impressive application of the Idea to the general’s own career made a particularly profound Impression on his mind He sent for Dr Edgar and expressed a wish to be received into the Presbyterian church at the Hermitage at once together with his daughter The clergyman propounded to him the necessary questions concerning the convert’s frame of mind his personal experiences and his faith in the doctrines of the church Everything went smoothly and “Old Hickory” answered all the questions satisfactorily until Dr Edgar aroused the sleeping lion within him by asking: “General it is my duty to put you one more question Can you forgive all your enemies?” “Yes” replied the venerable patriot with great earnestness “I can freely forgive my political enemies but (warming up) as for those who abused me when I was serving my country in the field and those who attacked me for serving my country — no doctor that is a different case” The clergyman of course informed him that forgiveness of all men would be a necessary condition to his spiritual regeneration and entrance into the church But it required a long argument before Dr Edgar could convince him that it was a proper thing to forgive his enemies He was not long afterward admitted as a member of the church at the Hermitage and it is said that he spent a large portion of his time until his death reading the Bible He was at one time proposed as a ruling elder of the church but declined to serve and in his will he expreBBed his “I bequeath religious feeling thus: my body to the dust whence it comes and my sould to God who gave it hoping for a happy immortality through the atoning merits of our Lord Jesus Christ the savior of the world” Gen Jackson’s spirit toward his enemies would flame up however to the last and even on his dying bed It was in his last sickness that this same Presbyterian clergyman Dr Edgar was sent for and it was to him that the general made his celebrated remark on Calhoun The doctor had ventured to inquire in the course of a conversation about things in the life of his convert in the past as to what he would have done with Senator Calhoun and his I South Carolina friends if they had per- - I sisted in their scheme of nullification Instantly the general exclaimed rising I in his bed: “I would have hanged them sir as high as Haman they I would have been a terror to traitors for I all time and posterity would have pro- - I nounced it the best act of my life” His last words were that he would meet all his household both white and black I before God in heaven After his death there was a story to the effect that a Democratic merchant met a Whig merchant and said to him: “Ah it’s a good I and great man we have lost If any I man has gone to heaven Gen Jackson I has” The Whig replied that he was I not so sure of that “Well sir” was I the rejoinder “I tell you that if An- drew Jackson made up his mind to go to heaven you may depend upon it he I I I I I I I is there” Moccasins for His Bogs gentleman who has been engaged In freighting in the interior of Alaska for a number of years with dog teams says that it is absolutely necessary to have moccasins for the feet of the canines to protect them from the snow and ice The gentleman referred to Is A preparing to run a freighting outfit through to Ft McKinney in a short time and besides moccasins for the feet of his dogs he has large fur robes for them to sleep in The gentleman treats his canine friends and servants as if they were human beings and they show their appreciation of such treatment Enough for One Rapturous Youth— “Darling my salary Is 820 a week Do yu think you could live on that?” His Affianced — "Why yes George I can get along on that But what’ll you live on?” Crnel Critic The Poet — Which of my poems do you think is the best? She — I haven’t read that one yet— Harlem Life I th Ecelltlc Role Wer Filled by Clergymen A crowded audience largely composed of clergymen assembled in one of the most spacious halls in Canterbury to witness the performance of an ecclesiastical drama by the Rev Henry Cresswell entitled “The Conversion of England” says the London Standard The day was highly appropriate AU it was the anniversary of St Augustine’s consecration at Arles and the play was given in compliance with a suggestion to Dean Farrar by the late Archbishop Benson and as part of the celebration of the thirteenth centenary of St Augustine’s landing in England Although it lost considerably from the lack of proper Bcenic since accommodation and adequate stage room the drama passed off on the whole with success It consists of ten tableaux depicting the history of the conversion of England from the scene in the market place at Rome when the English slaves attracted the attention of Gregory to the meeting of Augustine and his monks with Ethelbert in Thanet the baptism of Ethelbert at Canterbury the consecration of Augustine and the consent of the British bishops to in the work of conversion The play has In it much of incidental interest and both the dresses and scenery have been carefully studied and copied from early MSS and specimens in the British museum and elsewhere and from sketches and photographs taken on the sites represented All the characters were played with much earnestness The ecclesiastical roles were filled by clergy while all taking part in it are described as prominent churchmen in the locality The scene outside the Forum at Rome and the conference at which Ethelbert granted leave to the missionaries to practice Christianity in Kent were especially impressive and the chanting of thff anthem sung by Augustine and his missionaries as they approached Canterbury was also an interesting feature of the play A second performance was given In the evening and the drama is to be repeated Any balance which may remain after payment of the heavy expenses will go to the Canterbury cathedral restoration fund AMERICAN HEIRESS IN PARIS ImfMinloiia Tided Parisian Drew Lota to Decide Who Mhoald Merry Her JJlian Bell In a letter from Paris to the Ladies’ Home Journal writes that the most shameless thing in all Europe is the marriage question and I proceeds to narrate the experiences of a rich American girl who came to Paris with letters to friends On account of her wealth she was inVited everywhere by mothers of marriageable sons but being unable to speak French was not much of a success She went to a convent to learn French and was shown much attention by the £uchess de Z who was determined tfiat her son Ihould marry her "Suddenly to the amazement of everybody the heir- ess sailed for America without a word of warning The Duchess was furious ‘You must follow her’ she said to her son ‘We cannot let so much money escape’ The son said he would bo hanged if he went to America or if he would marry such a monkey and as for her money she could go anywhere she pleased with it or words to that effect So that ended the affair of the Marquis de G When tho other impecunious young nobles heard that the Duchess no longer had any claims upon the American’s money they got together and said ‘Somebody must marry her and divide with tho rest We can’t all marry her but we can all have a share from whoever does Now we will draw lots to seo who must go to America and marry her’ The lot fell to the Baron da X but he had no money for the So all the others raised Journey what money they could and loaned It to and took his notes for it with interest payable after his He sailed away and within eight months he had married her but he hag not paid those notes his wife won’t give him the money!” him enormous marriage Got Hi Deaerts One of the rough brutes who thinks it Is fun to come up behind a friend and strike him hard between the shoulders or on the back of the neck merely as a cordial form of greeting met with his Just deserts in the'eorridor of a lio- -' tel on Chestnut st a few days ago He thought he recognized a friend and gave him a hard punch in the back saying: “Hello Jack how are you?” But it wasn’t Jack it was a stranger and an athletic one too The blow nearly took him off his feet but he turned quickly and shot his fist on the nose of the other man with a force that brought forth a torrent of blood The porters helped the cordial man to the washroom where he spent the next half hour endeavoring to stop the flow of gore and in makirig resolutions not to he so exceedingly cordial in the future The athletic man merely remarked to a friend that he had met the cordial stripe before— Philadelphia Press |