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Show SOUTH CACHE COURIER. HYRUM, UTAH WORLD NOT YET NORMAL IN 1920 Wrangel and tjie remnants of his army were on board American, French and British warships which steamed out of the harbor as the Bolshevlkl entered the city. An agreement on the Adriatic question was reached November 10 at a s conference between the and the Italians and a treaty embodying the agreement was signed at two days later. The Assembly of the League of Nations opened its first session at Geneva November 15, Paul Hymans of Belgium being elected president. Several attempts to secure action on amendments to the covenant of the League of Nations vve?e voted down by the league assembly. Because of this action the Argentine delegates to the assembly withdrew on December 3. On December 1 Austria was admitted to the league, the first of the allies of Germany to be granted Jugo-Slnv- European Nations, Especially, Are Beset With Troubles During Period of Readjustment. PRINCIPAL REVIEWED EVENTS Failure of Senate to Ratify Peace Treaty Leaves United States Technically at War Presidential Election Holds Interest. By DONALD F. BIGGS. The world throughout the year 1020 passing through the troublesome period of readjustment and reaction that began with the close of the World war. Of all the great powers that had been involved In the conflict, the United States alone remained technically in Va state of war with Germany through the failure of the senate to ratify the peace treaty. For all practical purposes, however, the United States was at peace and conditions In this country were more nearly normal than in most of the nations of Europe which had accepted the settlements agreed upon by the peace conference at Paris. Although the great war had ended, the world was not at peace in 1020. Territorial disputes and jealousies growing out of the war resulted in a large number of minor conflicts. Ra-pall- o Was FOREIGN AFFAIRS . on November 21, following the murder of 14 British officers, a force of troops raided a football game and fired upon the crowd, killing and wounding a large number of persons. A political upheaval came In Greece with the defeat In the general election on November 14 of the party headed s by Premier Venizelos. Premier resigned on November 17 and George Rhallis, former premier and leader among the followers of Constantine, formed a new cabinet. On December 4 the Greek people, In a plebiscite voted for the return of King Constantine. On December 19 Constantine returned to Athens In triumph. The Irish situation neared a crisis during the closing weeks of the year. Wholesale arrests were made by the British authorities during the last weeks of November, among those taken being Arthur Griffith, acting president of the Irish republic and many other Irish leaders. On November 28 Irish plotters set fire to several large warehouses on the Liverpool water front and killed two men. Martial law was proclaimed In south Ireland on December 10 and two days later a large part of the business district of Cork was burned In reprisal, It was claimed, for Sinn Fein raids. Venl-zelo- g With continual strife, amounting virtually to civil war, In Ireland, with spasmodic revolutionary outbreaks In Germany, with movements developing at Intervals In Russia, with civil war in China and with political upheavals In France, DOMESTIC Italy, Greece and other countries, the unrest and changing conditions The year 1920 being a presidential growing out of the World war were election year, politics held the attenreflected In the disturbed Internal contion of the people of the United States ditions of many countries of the old during the greater part of the year. world In 1920. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio One of the unexpected political dewas nominated for President by the velopments of the early days of the Republicans at Chicago June 12. The Democratic national convention at year was the failure of Premier to obtain election as presiSan Francisco nominated Governor dent of France upon the expiration of James M. Cox of Ohio on July 5 on the term of President Poincare. Paul the ballot. Deschanel was elected on January 17 In the election on November 2, the INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS and the following day Clemenceaus Republican national ticket was elected The World war was formally ended cabinet resigned. Alexandre Miller-an- by an overwhelming majority, receivformed a new cabinet at the re- ing 414 electoral votes while the DemoJanuary 10 when Germany and fourof President Poincare. cratic candidates received 117. The quest teen of the powers allied against tier The Republicans also won an overwhelmgovernment In SiIn the war exchanged ratifications of headed Admiral Alexander beria, ing majority in congress. by the Treaty of Versailles at Paris. The B. was with By winning their long fight for finally Kolchak, destroyed United States, however, was not the killing of Admiral Kolchak by So- equal suffrage, the women of the counamong the nations participating in this cial Revolutionists at Irkutsk on Feb- try gained the right to vote for all ceremony, as the treaty had not been offices in the November election. ruary 7. ratified by the senate. The Unified States Supreme court In Great Britain the government The League of Nations came into took a on January 5 upheld the constitutionfirst its definite toward stepl actual being at Paris January 16 when of wartime prohibition and the the executive council held its first settlement of the Irish question on ality Volstead enforcement act. On Janu25 to the by presenting meeting with representatives from Bel- February house of commons its Irish home ary 16 nationwide prohibition, under gium, Brazil, England, Italy, France, rule bill, providing for autonomous the eighteenth amendment to the ConJapan, Greece and Spain participatirule under a dual parliament, repre- stitution, went Into effect. ng. The railroads of the country were both the north and the south. The Bussian government made a senting On March 10 Ulster voted to accept returned to private operation on step toward securing peace with its the bill. March 1, under the terms of the warring neighbors by concluding railroad reorganization act. A new directed treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia. Several suits had been Instituted broke out In Berlin by militarists, The Turkish peace terns were com- March 13. The revolutionists gained during the early months of thfe year pleted on March 3, and a week later control of Berlin and Dr. Wolfgang attacking the validity of the eightthe Allies decided to use force to im- Kapp proclaimed himself chancellor. eenth (prohibition) amendment All these cases were taken to the United pose the terms upon Turkey, sending The revolution was short-livehowtroops to occupy Constantinople. The ever, ending in failure on the 16th States Supreme court and on June 7 allied forces occupied the Turkish when Dr. Kapp that tribunal decided that the amendresigned. capital without opposition, The Irish situation continued to at- ment and the Volstead enforcement The Poles and Ukrainians negotiattract the attention of the world. On act were constitutional. Big increases in rates were granted ed a treaty on April 27, recognizing March 19 the mayor of Cork was killthe railroads of the country by the Ukrainian independence from Russia. ed by assassins. A combined army of Poles and Ukrainln Mexico the presidential campaign interstate commerce commission July ians then launched an offensive against developed a revolution which resulted 31 to enable the roads to meet Inthe Russian Red forces, capturing eventually in the overthrow of the creased wages. The trial of the Communist Labor Kiev on May 8 and the great port of Carranza government. On April 10 the party Odessa on May 11. state of Sonora withdrew from the for leaders in Chicago, in progress several months, ended August 2 The supreme council continued Its republic and fighting between the with the conviction of 20, who were efforts to complete the peace settleSonora troops and federal forces begiven jail sentences. ments. The treaty with Hungary was gan. By April 21 nine Mexican states Sharp drops In the prices of cotton, 4 June at Versailles, Ambassa- had joined the secession movement. signed wheat and other farm products dor Wallace signing for the United The revolutionary movement gained brought States. appeals for assistance from rapidly and on May 7 President Car- the farmers of the country during the On July 7 the Bolshevik troops capranza fled from Mexico City toward tured Rovono, throwing the Poles into the eastern coast. On May 22 Car- latter part of the year. Night riders retreat on the entire front. Poland ranza,1 the fugitive president, was shot appeared In southern states in an effort to opened negotiations for an armistice and killed by troops in his escort cotton force the growers to hold their for a higher price and a moveand these continued for a week when while asleep. ment was started to secure the holding It was reported that Ruscla had orOn August 13 Mayor Terence of wheat from, the market. dered the postponement of the negoof Cork was arrested by Brittiations and the capture of Warsaw. ish troops for sedition in holding a NATIONAL LEGISLATION Bolshevist troops captured Lomza and Sinn Fein court at the City Hall. He and began a drive on was convicted by a court martial ou The continued fight over the ratificaLemberg August 1. During the next the 17th and taken to an English pris- tion of the treaty of Versailles, with two weeks they continued to advance on, where he Immediately entered up- the League of Nations covenant, reand on August 17 were within twelve on a hunger strike. Riots and In- sulting in rejection of the treaty for miles of Warsaw. The Polish capital cendiarism continued to assume more the second time, occupied the attenseemed doomed, but on the 17th the serious proportions at many points. tion of the United States senate during In the constitutional election held the early months of 1920 and monop Poles launched a great olized the attention of the and drove the Bolshevlkl back in Mexico September 5 General public, so far as congressional action was con In disorder. Heartened by the crushwas elected Obregon president. President Deschanel of France re- cerned. The Cummins-Escing blow given the Russian forces, bill, unthe roles rejected the Bolshevik pence signed September 21 because of 111 der which the railroads of the country health and on the 23rd Premier Alex- operated after their return to terms. private In the meantime, on August It, the andre Millerand was elected to succeed control, and the army reorganization French foreign office surprised the oth- him. Georges Leygues, minister of bill were the principal pieces of legiser powers by giving recognition to marine uuder Clemenceau, became pre- lation enacted before the first regular session of the Sixty-sixtGeneral Wrangels de facto govern- mier. congress After a hunger strike of 74 days, ended June 5. ment in South Russia. 7 he Water Power The Turkish peace treaty was signed which had drawn the attention of the Development bill, on August 10 by all nations concerned world, Terence MacSwlney, lord mayor which had long been pending In conexcept Serbia and the Hedjaz. Soviet of Cork, died in Brixton prison, Lon- gress, was passed by the senate JanuRussia continued Its effort to make don, October 25. Great pressure had ary 15. A similar bill had been adoptpeace with Its neighbors by signing a been brought to bear to secure Mayor ed by the house in July. 1919. The senate then turned Its attention release, but the governtreaty with Letvla and agreeing to MacSwine.vs ment to firm In stood the peace treaty. The original stand its Finland. against with terras armistice Lodge reservations were again adoptOn October 12 the Poles signed an the hunger strikers. King Alexander of Greece died on ed, with some amendments. T armistice and preliminary peace treaty October 25 as a result of a bite by a treaty, with the reservations, came w with Russia to become effective Ocpet monkey, and It was announced a vote on March 19, and for the second tober 18. the throne would be offered to time failed to secure the requisite t' that on the The cessation of hostilities Prince Paul, third son of former King thirds majority, the vote being 49 Polish fronts enabled the Bolshevfkl 85. The following Constantine. day the rejected to strengthen their other fronts. DiFierce rioting between Unionists treaty was sent back to the President. minister, war rected by Trotzky, the and Sinn Feiners broke out In North With no prospect of the early adopthe Bolshevlkl launched a violent of- Belfast, 7. tion of the treaty, resolutions declarNovember Seri Ireland, the fensive on October 81 against ous were the war at an end were Introduced disorders also at ing reported South Russian armies commanded by In both the house and the senate. where five Londonderry, policemen In General Wrangel. They succeeded were shot and many ships burned or houses, adopted the Knox senate smashing General Wrangels forces wrecked. The Irish home rule bill olutlon. President Wilson vetoed and drove on through Crimea. passed the house of commons on its resolution, however, on May 27, The Bolshevlkl forces captured Se- third A few days earlier, on reading November 11. At Dublin General May 24, 14. November bastopol counter-revolutionar- y forty-fourt- h f d Cum-mins-Es- counter-revolutio- n, d, : Mac-Swin- Brest-Litovs- counter-offensiv- e Al-va- ra h h Ident Wilson asked the senate for authority to accept the mandate for Armenia that had been offered by the supreme council. On June 1 the senate respectfully declined to give the President the authority requested. On June 3, the house voted, 343 to 3, the repeal of all war laws except the Lever act and the enemy trading act, the measure already having passed the senate, but President Wilson withheld his signature from the act and It died, with several other Important measures, with the adjournment of congress. On the day before adjournment, President Wilson vetoed the budget bill which had been passed by both houses. Congress reconvened on December 6 for the short session. President Wilson In his message, which was read the following day, recommended, that the Philippines be given their LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL age being particularly ie western part of Vera Cruz, y More than 100 persons H' many were injured and heavy damage was caused by tornadoes swept Georgia, Alabama, Indiana o? and Illinois, March 28. Three hundred persons were kilwi an explosion of a at Rothenstein. East Prussia, aJu? Another tornado caused heavy dan 1,1 I? S S&isra Fifty-nin- e ESS.'SS persons were Cherkte SayT killed C0UDly Great floods were reported "rust &! in Japan with heavy loss of fife severe earthquake In the district i of Florence, in Italy, on Septera-7- , destroyed 100 towns and killed about 400 persons. Disastrous earthquakes occurred in Chile and Central America 9, and later in the month. 19, Decern-he- r Industrial unrest which manifested Itself during the period of reaction Immediately following the war, became even more marked during the year 1920. Radical activities were Involved In some of the labor disputes In this country, but this was true to a much larger extent in the labor troubles that beset most of the countries of Europe during the greater part of the year. The first month of the year was marked, In the United States, by the abandonment of the steel workers strike which had been begun on, September 22. Peace was declared between the bituminous coal operators and miners March 31, when they signed a two-yeagreement based on an award made by the coal commission named by President Wilson. An outlaw strike of railroad switchmen began In Chicago April 15, and spread rapidly to other parts of the country. Federal officers arrested 30 leaders of the strike in Chicago, April 15, on charges of interfering with the mails and violation of the Lever act. On April 19 the joint railroad wage board created by the Cummlns-Esc- h bill, announced that it would not hear cases of men who were on strike. A new coal strike was inaugurated. In Illinois and Kansas ADril 5, five thousand men going out because of dissatisfaction with the wage awards made by the coal commission. The Railway Labor board announced Its decision on wage Increases on July 20, awarding increases of from 20 to 27 per cent to nearly 2,000,000 employees, the total increase amounting to about $600,000,000 a year, about half the raise that employees had asked. The award was accepted by the railroad unions. Serious riots occurred at Denver August 5 In connection with a street car strike, many being killed and Injured. Federal troops were .ordered to Denver to stop the disorders. The Railway Labor board made another award August 10, granting an Increase amounting to $30,000,000 a year to 75,000 railway express workers. On August 30 President Wilson approved the majority report of the anthracite wage commission, awarding wage Increases of from 17 to 20 per cent. On September 1 anthracite operators and miners signed a two-yecontract based on the award, but thousands of men remained on what they termed vacation In protest against the award. Industrial conditions grew more serious In Italy during the late summer and fall. An obstructionist campaign was started by 500,000 workmen on Augusf 22. On August 31, in Lom g hardy, 300 plants were seized by employees and workmen councils took charge of the plants. On September 14 the workmens council voted for management ' and work by the men. At the same time the workmen took over 200 chemical works and sev eral textile mills. Premier Giolitti intervened, and on September 19 the em ployers agreed to his terms of settlement, granting Increases of pay retroactive to July 15. The workmen accepted the settlement and ordered the factories returned to the owners. An Industrial crisis was precipitated In England on October 16 by, a strike of 1,000,000 coal miners. On the 28th an agreement was reached for an in crease in wages In consideration of t pledge on the part of the miners to help Increase production. The strike was called off November 3. A severe business depression was felt throughout the United States dur lng the closing weeks of the year. The trend toward lower wages was marked by the announcement of the textile mills of New England In December of a reduction In wages amounting to 22 per cent. ar , ar metal-workin- profit-sharin- g . DISASTERS The world was comparatively free from disasters causing great loss of life during 1920. Tornadoes in the United States and earthquakes In Italy and Mexico, caused the greatest destruction. Several thousand people were reported killed by a violent earth shock In central Mexico January 8, the dam NECROLOGY Death took many persons prominent in national and world affairs iu 1920 Among those who were best known or most active in their particular fields of labor, were the following: January 3, Nicholas Slcard, famous French painter; January 8, Maud worlds foremost woman violinist; January 16, Reginald DeKoven, composer and music critic; January 23, Richard L. Garner, author and Pow-el- l, Amer-lea- n explorer; January Rev. 24, Cyrus Townsend Brady, author. February 4, Edward Payson Ripley, for 24 years president of Santa Fe widely-know- railroad ; Ohio C. n Barber, organizer of the match industry; February 11, Gaby Deslys, noted French dancer; February 12, Julius Chambers, New York author and explorer; February Gen. William E. Mickle, for many years adjutant general of the United Confederate veterans; February 20, Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, U. S. N., retired, discoverer of the North 18, pole. March 1, John H. Bankhead, senior United States senator from Alabama; March 3, John J. OShea, Catholic author and editor ; March 24, Mrs. Humphry Ward, famous English novelist; March 28, Elmer Apperson, pioneer automobile manufacturer. April 1, Dr. William Martin, U. S. N., retired, yellow fever expert; April 6, Laurent Honore Marqueste, French sculptor ; April 7, Edward Harold Mott, humorist ; April 11, Ferdinand Roybet, French artist; April 15, Theodore N. Vail, pioneer in telegraph and telephone Industries ; April 20, Briton Rivijere, famous English panter; April 21, Henry Mosler, noted American painter. May 1, William Barrett Ridgely, controller of the treasury ; May 9, MetBishop John H. Vincent of the the of founder hodist Episcopal church, 11, WiMay assembly; Chautauqua lliam Dean Howells, famous American novelist ; May 16, Levi P. Morton, former vice president. June 3, Rev. Charles Augustus Stoddard of New York, author and theoChalogian ; June 13, Mme. Gabrielle actress, French rlotte Rejane, famous June 18, George W. Perkins, New York William financier; June 26, Rev. Dr. thirty more than Henry Roberts, for Presbyterian the clerk stated pf years general assembly. William C. July 4, Major General of the Gorgas, former surgeon general Joh 10, United States army; July or Arbuthnot Fisher, former first lord former 11, the British admiralty; July Napoleon Empress Eugenie, widow ofVanderbilt, K. William 22, HI; July financier and former railroad president. for-m- ex-g- o August 1, J. Frank Hanly, can ernor of Indiana and Prohibition didate for president in 1916; no 3, Isham Randolph of Chicago, ONe a engineer; August 10, James16, Sir mous Irish actor; August scieman Lockyer, eminent English former Wilson, James 26, ntist; August er secretary of agriculture ; Septem bpa ' famous Raimundo de Madrazo, ish portrait painter; September Jacob H. Schiff, American financie and philanthropist. October 2, Winthrop Murray Crane, former United States senatorC October, 5. Massachusetts; a Norris Williamson, noted English Mills, thor; October 12, Mrs. Ogdenand Paris. cial leader in New York October 13, Charles M. Alexander, mous singing evangelist. November 2, Louise Imogen ouiney, o American poet and essayist ; of her 9, Ludwig III, former king varla ; November 10, Henry noted German historian ; Novembe Franklin Fort, former governor O e New Jersey ; November 22, Nov baldi, Norwegian violinist; American Brewster. 23, Margaret November 30, Eugen writer. for pr Chafin, prohibition candidate ident in 1908 and 1912. December 8, Francis Lynde Stet eminent attorney of New Yort:j autom cember 10, Horace E. Dodge, Della Marquis bile manufacturer; e sa, brother of the pope ; Decern novelist. Olive Schreiner, Si 1iA tr..trn MeWlDAPer UDiO1 , . |