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Show THE SAUNA SUN, SAUNA. UTAH Speaker May Be Cause t-- John Arthurs of Set Working Poorly Dead Spots Still Cause of Trouble Mineral Deposits and Radio Shadows Among Theories Advanced. J. BURNSIDE speaking, the reason for broadcasting Is to gain an audience. The idea is much the same as that behind a newspaper. The puper prints news and other interesting information to draw the attention of the reader and gain an audience with him, so that advertising or news of commercial value may be set before him in a pleasant and inviting way. So it is with the broadcaster. He gains the attention of the public and pleases by means of entertaining and educational programs and then commercializes this attention by advertising in an agreeable and engaging way. The value of the newspaper as a' commercial medium lies In its audience, its circulation. And in the case of tiie broadcasting station its value lies in the size of its audience, its the territory over which "coverage it can be reliably heard. By CARROL Generally Station Must Reach Out Good programs, well presented, are worthless commercially if they do not reach the listeners. Therefore, coverage is important above all. else. It Is useless to go on with the play if the vurtaln is not raised, even though the house be sold to the doors. Coverage depends upon the power of the broadcasting station and the density of population of the terri;ory surrounding the station. These can be taken Into consideration when the station is erected, but there is one joker to the proposition that never shows up until the station is completed and in operation. That is the elusive dead spot." Because of this phenomenon the broadcasting stations whose programs are heard in foreign countries are sometimes unheard in certain localities only a few miles distant from the station. Why? Weil, at present no particular reason for these dead Sevspots has been demonstrated. eral theories have been advanced to prove that the cuuse may be laid to mineral deposits at or near the dead shadows caused by spot, radio mountain ranges, etc., over the dead spot, and other ideas, numerous but unsubstantiated. But, while t tie reasons and proofs are lacking, tiie dead spots" are very much In evidence. Tiie solution is not to worry about why they are present, but how to get around their detrimental effects. In 1921 tiie Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing company erected Its New England station, WBZ, in Springfield, Muss. This station was to have the New England states for Its coverage, as well as adjacent Canadian provinces. Tiie station met with popular approval and its signals were often henrd In every state of the Union and province of Canada. fac--to- The Dead Spot In Boston. coverage was much hotter than expected, except for one spot and this, Ironically, was the most important find densely populated spot in New England- - tiie city of Boston. WllZs signal, will Id loud 'and dear on nil sides of tlds great city, was weak and unreliable on tiie loud speakers of the listeners In Boston. First, the power of WBZ was increased and though this added to tiie reports of reception In distant places It did not appreciably affect the reception in Boston. Tiie final solution to tiie problem was an engineering feat of no small Importance. A second station, WBZA, was erected with only sufficient power to reach the listeners of Boston. The program being sent out from WBZ in Springfield was from transmitted simultaneously . WBZA so that Boston was receiving tiie program sent out by WBZ, but the signal was actually coming from WBZA. This WBZA was Just an auxiliary or booster" station. Congestion Caused Change. Tills booster was temporarily opthnn erated on a different that of WBZ and the system then operated as two stations putting out the same program at the same time, but on different frequencies. About this time the wave-ban- d crowding situation arose and the synchronization of WBZ-WBZreleased the extra wave channel occupied by WBZA, yet, still retaining the advan-t..- , s of this stations booster action. Tlius the first successful operation et two stations In synchronism on tiie was achieved. WBZ same wave-lengt- h in Springfield and WBZA in Boston ere now operated in synchronism, transmitting the same program on the same wave-lengtsimultaneously. Another impossibility had been accomplished and another milestone in radio and scientific history had been passed. wave-lengt- h h d Soldering Irons Tim half-poun- d soldering iron used for general soldering work Is too large for (be fine operations of a radio set, end for this purpose a quarter-pound copper should he used, with a long point drawn out on it, preferably with one aide of the point Inch wid? and the other slightly narrower. one-quart- The loud speaker is quite often at fault when the set fails to operate. Tills is a very sensitive instrument and easily gets out of adjustment, and trouble will be experienced if it is Make sure moved about frequently. that tiie positive cord of tiie loud speaker Is connected to the positive Side of tiie loud speaker Jack connections. Tiie cord tip marked with a red tracer must go to the positive side. Cone speakers may get out of order and sound rattly due to weather conditions. This can be remedied if there is some way of tightening the paper( cone by resetting the phone unit On the normdjustable horn-typ- e speaker there Is usually one or two gaskets between the diaphragm and shell of the phone unit. If the magnets are not strong enough, they fail to actuate the diaphragm properly, and weak tones are the result To remedy this, remove one of- the gaskets or screw the cup down tighter, so as to bring tiie diaphragm closer to the magnets. The adjusting knob of the other type often slips, and turning It seems to have no effect on the volume; In this case the setscrew should he loosened and set to a different position, until reception is Improved. After repeated adjustments the diaphragm may become warped, and the only remedy for this Is to remove it and level It on a perfectly flat surface. Game Leg tfcr- .- Slope in Alberta Where Erosion Has Exposed Ancient Skeletons. (Prepared by the National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.) brush-covere- n sun-buke- d e flesh-eater- There are no fewer thnn 20 types of radio vacuum tubes manufactured under one trade name. This gives some idea as to how many different uses there are for vacuum tubes. By EDGAR T. MONFORT -- - - was so sensitive JOHN ARTHUR his limp. Yet it was such the days of our jungle the quest of big game has to man, his appreciaTo properly drain tiie cells of a tion of the sport being' measured storage battery, tiie sealed top should chiefly by tiie size of the game and be removed and tiie plates taken out. the difficulty of obtaining It. Then tiie jars can be emptied. Do not Today we must go to Africa for the attempt to drain tiie electrolyte from biggest game.. but there was a time tiie buttery through i tie vent provided lu tiie dim, distant past when Amerfor filling. During tiie life of a batica produced animals larger than any tery quite a portion of tiie active ma- now living. That was so long ago that terial constituting the plates will be nothing remains of these creatures, exshed and will drop to tiie' bottom of cept their bones, and they are turned the cells In the space provided for It. to stone. In time, quite a hit of it collects and The animals are dinosaurs; for the if tiie buttery is turned upside down moment we will call them lizards not to drain the solution and wash out the the creeping, crawling kind, but huge cells, this sediment will naturally fall reptiles that stalked upright through with tiie liquid, lodge between the tiie jungles, rivaling In size the eleplates and form short circuits wfiich phant. the hippotamus and the rhinocwill eventually ruin the battery. It, eros. will be found practically impossible Tiie place Is Alberta, Canada, and to remove it all from between the the time of their existence 3,000,000 water. plates, even by flushing with years ago. Between the Great Lakes and the Radio Operator Loses Rocky mountains, just north of the Station When in Haste Canadian boundury lies a vast area of There Is much to be learned from level land, prairie in the east and forested near the mountains, with a narwatching the average radio operator row Intervening section that is find to is If he ids set trying tuning East of tiie timbered belt an station or one a little the central part of Alberta 1$ level as to seems he usual his range, beyond can-se- e as far and dotted here the eye violate all the simple rules of radio and there by small glacial lakes, where and to proceed on altogether different lines than in the case of fishing for nest countless numbers of ducks and geese. his local stutlou. Twenty-fiv- e One of tiie most common mistakes years ago this level seche makes Is to assume Hint because tion was prairie land covered with a luxuriant growtli of grass, on which lie does not hear a station immedior set on his Is not air grazed comparatively few cattle, with the it ately will not reach for it. The chances a ranch building here and there, but Today tiie are, however, that lie has gotten the sparsely settled withal. station during one of those periods country Is covered by a network of when tiie announcer lias asked his railroads, and near the railroads most audience to stand by. It Is a fact that ttf the available land Is homesteaded. A number of small rivers drain this the slow-tune- r usually gets tiie staarea, uniting in the province of Altion. berta to form the Saskatchewan, which flows into Lake Winnipeg. The Move Will Radio Fans Red Deer river is one of these tributo Death Valley Now? taries that rises In tiie mountains Is Death valley, far below sea level north of Banff. Numbers of lesser streamy fed by mountain snows and in California, the best place in the world to operate a radio set? A set prairie lakes join it, making an irrebottom of sistible stream thnt has cut through wns taken to tiie the valley recently and attached to a the prairie land, forming a miniature grand canyon, a mile wide at the top temporary aerial. Tiie operator tuned and from two to five hundred feet for various Pacific coast brouilcast stations and got them with ease. When deep. lie attempted distance the very first Fossils of Four Periods. station he got was PWX, Although black, fertile soil forms Havana, Culm. Tills astonishing fmti the surface of the country, the earth indicated that Hie peculiar California below Is composed of horizontal layers depression Is a sort of radio bowl. of clay and sandstone, and a Journey Tills may prove a helpful factor In of 2o0 miles 'down the river reveals future radio development. four distinct geologic periods in the canyon walls. The strata representing these periods overlap like shingles on Surgical Forceps Are a roof, and in each are preserved the Handy in Radio Work fossil remains of animals and plants A very handy tool for the radio kit which enable us to picture former conbox Is a surgical Instrument known as ditions and life during past ages. a hemostatic forceps. The handles are Where these rocks flank the mounprovided with a spring lock, which tains they are tilted at an angle of grasps any object and Immediately several degrees, which shows that they locks It in a strong grip, if desired, were laid down before the complete and can be quickly released by a elevation of the Rocky mountains. slight side pressure on the handles. This formation Is called tiie Iierre. Tiie forceps are very useful in solNear tiie close of the Ilerre a part dering, holding a screw by the head was elevated of the Inland sea-floIn hole down a far and starting It in ocean and became a land-mas- s the above the bottom of the set, and for picking of low altitude a vast stretch up small objects from the most inacdelta and coastal of jungle-covere- d cessible places. swamp, Interspersed with bayous and lagoons. Loud Speaker Hint In the fresh and partly salt or brackish water lake and river beds of this Most radio sets are turned on tot, period are preserved leaf impressions loudly, with the result that tiie reound of a variety of trees, rare teeth and voice and music produced imrsh and raucous and echo badly. fragmentary hones of mammals, and numerous remains of a great variety To avoid such unsatisfactory result u of reptiles. This is known as the Juin a small apartment or house, the dith (Belly) River formation. volume control should be turned down so thnt tiie voice of an announcer isSubsequently this area again sank below the sen for a long lime and 400 sues from the loud speaker with the same intensity as ordinary human feet of deposits accumulated. Then a long period of elevation bespeech.. gan, the rocks and fossils showing a gradual change from salt to brackish Clean Battery After Charging water conditions, which near the top Immediately after the battery is became quite fresh. These beds, over charged, clean around the top of the 700 feet thick, are known na the Edbattery. Acid sprayed about during monton formation. the charge may thus be nyevented In these marshes of prehistoric from seeping through and Injuring the times dwelt a host of reptiles, some cells. large, some small, and of various but and forms, Many Types of Tubes - (Copyright) Must Not Turn Battery SINCE Upside Down to Drain long-rang- ati t s herb-eater- all sharing certain characters in common and known as dinosaurs. Not any were close.y related to any living reptile, yet they had some characters common to the lizards, crocodiles and birds. That great numbers of these crea tures lived in the ancient marshes Is evident from the numerous remains found in the rocks. In a single quarry, of which there are many on the Red Deer river, bones representing several hundred individuals have been washed out of tiie bank, and more or less complete skeletons and Individual bones are scattered all through the strata. l. Climate Was At that time southern Canada and the northern parf of the United States enjoyed a climate similar to that of Florida, for fig fruits and palm leaves are often found In tlmse same rocks. Numerous ooal vein; and petrified wood bespeak the tropical abundance of the vegetation. Along the Red Deer river, in places the canyon walls are nearly perpendicular, and the river winds In its narrow valley two to five hundred feet below the prairie, touching one side, then crossing to the other, so that It is impossible to follow up or down its course any great distance, even on horseback. For many years the American of Natural History of New York city made a systematic collection of fossils along this river, sending an expedition there every summer, and each succeeding expedition returned with notable resul' . As the only feasible way to work these banks is from a boat, the parties proceeded to the town n of Red Deer, where the railroad crosses the river. There, with the aid of several carpenters, a flatboat, 12 by 30 feet, was constructed, similar to a Western ferJ ryboat. This boat was capable of carrying ten tons with safety. Supplied witli a seasons provisions, lumber for boxes, and plaster for encasing bones, the fossil cruises started down the canyon. At intervals the party tied up the boat and went ashore to search the banks, that fossils might not be overlooked. No large fossils were found in rocks of the Paskapoo age, but as soon as the Edmonton rocks appeared in the banks large bones of dinosaurs became numerous, and in the picturesque exposures at the mouth of Big Valley they were especially abundant. At the foot of a butte lie scattered fragments of bone, and on tiie rlvuletJ scarred hillside other fragments appear, as we trace them up the waterways. Finally, ten, twenty, or thirty other pieces protrude from the bank, and this 13 our lead. Cautiously the explorer follows In from the exposed surface, uncovering the bone with crooked awl and whisk-broocareful not to disturb the bone Itself; for, although stone. It Is usually checked and fractured In many places by former disturbance of Its bed or crystallizing of mineral salts, and Is rarely strong enough to permit removal. Every Fragment Gathered. Other bones may appear In the course of this preliminary work, and. If the find is desirable, the next step is carefully to gather every fragment, large and small, that has weathered out and fallen down tiie hillside; for when restored in the laboratory one of these pieces may be the critical point of a species. in the determination Then with pick and shovel the heavy ledges above are removed, and often a team and scraper and dynamite are used when a large excavation is to he As the hone layer is apmade. proached the work Is more carefully done, with ever In mind the probable position of the hones of the skeleton. A false stroke of the pick In excavation may cause days of mending In the laboratory and might destroy some delicate hone. When tiie hones are uncovered nnd brushed clean they are saturated with shellac till all small pieces adhere to each other; then the dirt Is taken away from the sides, more shellac apMu-seu- m Calgary-Ed-monto- .feet-nbov- e, and finally each bone stands little pedestal. If the specimen is a skeleton It is plied, on a next determined where the bones may he separated or broken to cause mast damage, and each part is covered first with tissue paper, nnd then with two or three layers of plaster-or-pari- s bandages strips of burlap dipped in plaster. When this Is set nnd thoroughly hard, the block is undermined and turned over and bandages are applied to the lower surface to form complete plaster jacket an honorable limp so honorably won. Injured in the leg during the war, somehow the operation to repair the accident had not been entirely successful and for a long time be had used crutches at last he had learned to get along with a stick, and for awhile had hoped eventually to abandon even that, but as the years passed he realized that It would never be. He was doomed to hobble through life. lie was walking down the street one day when he dropped the magazine he was carrying under his arm and with a stiff knee stooping down so he had to was next stand beside his prostrate magazine, Ignomlnlously sprawling on the sidewalk, and wait for a kind passerby to hand It to him. Florence Evans, walking Jauntily along the street in her little blue flannel dress with the blue felt hat to match, saw the mishap from a distance and hurried to restore the book to Us owner. Thank you, he said, embarrassed as he always was under these circumstances. Got a game knee and stoopings too much of a stunt for me." He tried to laugh It off. I think youre game!" she came back at him, to speak of It so lightly. Then by the flush of ills dark, handsome face she knew that she had said the wrong thing. She put a timid hand on his coat sleeve. I mean, I mean It isnt bad. Nobody notices It, I mean but Im gorry. She said it so wistfully as she walked along beside him that It made his heart jump, and he cursed his lameness the more. My names John Arthur," he said after a moment, if I may introduce myself." Not the Penningtons John Arthur! Why, everybody in that family simply adores youi Theyve written me such reams about you And Im willing to bet youre Miss back from Peggy Hampton Just Europe where you went to acquire knowledge." Exactly that ! she laughed. Why, we know each other already, dont we? I should say so! I should have rec- - crffzefi ytu from their '(scription, but I Just wasnt expecting to see you iif moinenL I thought you werent due in until next week. Yes, but I was exempt from final exams because I was good. So I cam over early, and when mother and dad saw me they couldnt believe their eyes. She was a charming little trick, he thought, trotting along by his side so amazingly small beside his huge frame that it made her look like a very animated doll. They parted at the next street corner and Arthur stood with bared head. Of course, I dont think that I could cut anyone out or anything like that, he stammered. Just friends but if I might call once in awhile 1 ... 7 I Just wish youd call twice In awhile, she smiled warmly. "It would . be' fun." And that evening after Peggy went to bed she kept wondering and wondering when he would come. lie was so delightful and so and even the limp somehow made him more attractive to her. She pitied him and wanted to mother him. From the very first visit they got along famously together. Knowing many of the same people, loving the same authors, they had no difficulty in finding tilings to talk about They would spend the long lazy summer afternoons as together buddying they called It reading a book or Just idling the time away. It was toward the end of summer. He was leaning against a tree with his legs stretched out In front of him, the g book they had Just tossed face down on the grass, the smart roadster parked at the side of the pike. "Id give ten years of my life not to have this, he said tapping his leg with his cane. Oil, but Jack, she protested, slipping her hand in his, I might never have met you if It hadnt been for that and the magazine." I wish to heaven we hadnt met!" he said at last between stiff lips and Peggy, affronted, fell back. Oh, well, if you feel that way," she said coolly. Oh, Peggy, my Lord, you dont know Im wild about you. But a fellow in my fix cant And Peggy, all smiles and warmth in a second, her face alight with happiness, did a most unmaidenly thing. She crept up into his arms and drew them about her. "Maybe you dont know how to propose," slie said mischievously a moment later, but I do and sometimes, if a girl wants a man its her only chance of getting him." Oh, Peggy," he said, his voice husky with feeling, Peggy, do you really believe you could stand It? she scoffed. Stand it? Why somehow I dont know how to put It into words, but it just seems to make me you more." Well, hanged if I dont love my old game leg after that! he laughed, and after all it was what brought ns together. . good-lookin- been-readin- g A New Slip enDid yon know that a Ifteen-cen- t will Diamond of Dyes duplicate velope any delicate tint that may be the vogue In dainty underwear? Keep your oldest lingerie, stockings, too, la the shade of the hour. Its easy if you only nse a true dye. Dont streak your nice things with synthetic tints. Dye or tint anything; dresses, or drapes. Yon can work wonders with few, Inexpensive Diamond Dyes (true dyes). New colors right over the old. Any kind of material. FREE: Call at your druggists and get a free Diamond Dye Cyclopedia. Valuable suggestions, simple directions. Piece goods color samples. Or, big illustrated book Color Craft free from DIAMOND DYES. Dept NO. Burlington, Vermont Diamond Dyes Just Dip to T I NT, or Boil to DYE Islands Mid-Atlant- ic The plan you mentioned for an Island in the Atlantic seems quite There are feasible, writes J. It. C. plateaus considerably 'less than a thousand feet deep, I understand, and on one of these a few hundred old iron steamships laden with concrete coflld be sunk. When the surface was reached the space between these ships could be filled in with sardine tins, old spark plugs and Thus used safety razor blades. Island stations could be made for aviators to land on. They also could be used to isolate young fellows who are learning to play the saxophone. T In fair weather or foul, zero nights or rainy days, I have always found that my car starts instantly and performs perfeedy with Cham- pion Spark Plugs theyre dependable. Champion U the better spark plug because of id double-nobe- fiiiiman d ite core its two-piecoiutmctton and its special analysis electrodeu Champion X for Ford 6(y Cfuimfnon Care other than Ford 75 Champion SparI(Plugs TOLEDO, OHIO For your protection be sure the 11 Champions you buy are in.il the original Champion carton. JJ Too Much Cure Banker Doctor, six months ago you advised me to take up golf to get my mind off my work. Doctor Yes. Banker Well, for goodness sake, to get it back prescribe something ' . . again. Common sense extracts more solid comfort from life than genius does: |