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Show THE SALINA SUN, SAUNA, UTAH OUlE O Amdhqn News Notesin j Ite a Privilege to Live 7 Utah f LEGION EPHRAIM High ranges practically all over the Mantl national forest are In exceptionally good condition at the present time, and blue bells and other flowers are out in full bloom along the Ephraim-Orangevill- road, it e Is (Copy for Thi re- UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, MOS-- . COW Imperial Augerez Bronze, No. 67400G, a mature Jersey cow belonging to the University of Idaho dairy herd the university farm here, has com- . imziAiTD. AnczrimrroirajwaR L By ELMO SCOTT WATSON ABOH DAY this year has a special significance, If we accept the state- ment of John It. Commons and his associates In the hook The History in of Labor In the United States which they say We place the beginning of the American labor movement In the year 1827 at Philadelphia.' In that 'year and place, American wage earners for the first time Joined together as a class regardless of trade lines In a contest with employers. The contest referred to was a strike of building r trade workers for a day and other Improvements In their working conditions, a strike which ended successfully for the workers. So Labor Da.y this year may be regarded as the high spot In a centennial year for organized labor and for that reason has more than passing Interest. The day Itself has a much shorter history, for It goes back only 45 years at the "most. The idea of a Labor Lay celebration was first suggested In 1S82; It was first officially proclaimed by the American Federation of Labor in 1884, but it was not until 1894 that it was first made a legal holiday and that only in the District of Columbia and The first suggestion of a Labor Day holiday was made in New York City Central Labor union in May, 1882. Its officers held that, although the country had other holidays symbolical of the military, civil and religious spirit, there was none which represented the spirit of the workingman. Accordingly it suggested the observance of the first Monday in September as a festival day with parades, picnics and speeches and staged such a celebration that year with great success. Two years later the American Federation of Labor officially recognized the suggestion by proclaiming the first Monday In September as Labor Day and urged all laborers to observe It State legislatures were asked to make this day a legal holiday and eventually 32 of them did enact laws making It such. Labor Day Is also on appropriate time for reviewing some of the history of the labor movement in this country and for considering some of the forces which have contributed to the establishment of organized labor in its present position in the social structure of this country. That these forces began to operate as far back as 1007 Is shown in the brilliant essay with which Irof. Ralph Henry Gabriel of Yale university introduces Malcolm Keir's pictorial and verbal story of The Epic of Industry in' the Pageant of America series which the Yale University Press is now bringing out. In this essay he tells of that historic movement when In the Seventeenth century on the wooded banks of the James river a busy group of Englishmen unloaded from three small ships a quantity of axes and adzes, hoes and firearms. Including some small cannon. Soon after a redskin, trained to hunt with bow and arrow, bore to the Indian Ullage, up the river the news of the coming of the whites. The age of iron had come suddenly into contact with the age of stone. He then traces nnd interprets the successive stages of Industrialism In the United States down through U'.0 years to the present age which he summarizes' 'as follows: By the time the Twentieth century opened, Industrialism had become a factor of first Importance In American life. The passing of the frontier and the completion of the greater part of the national network of railroads freed capital for Industrial development, and In America this capital was gathered Into the greatest financial combinations the world has ever known. Large-scal- e production end the bringing of a succession of manufacturing steps under a single control, resulted In an which made possible American competition with foreign producers who paid lower wages to their laborers. Scientific Investigation was accelerated as laboratories became a part of the equip-u.eof many Industrial establishments. Nature was ransacked In a systematic manner for every element and every source of energy that might be turned to the amelioration of human life. In the processes of Industry, the Iron man steadily replaced the human hand. The automatlo machine controlled by the giant corporation is the triumph of the age of industry. But all too frequently It reduces the worker to a mere automaton who spends the years of his life feeding a senseless monster. Labor has prospered with Industry, yet the wage earner has had many a difficult problem 10 solve. The growth of manufacturing put vast economic power Into the hands of a successful f v. Many of the Iron dukes were predatory. The employee fought at times for better working conditions and far wages which measured his standard of living. Fc.r two centuries and a half most Americans had wned a farm or a business; a relatively small part of the population had worked for hire. Industrial-b- n brought to America a growing group of men ard women whose sole dependence was a Job. And a job was not like a piece of land or a stock of goods In a store: it might vanish when times grew h.trd and no one know why it had gone. To protect himself against the vicissitudes of his econom-I- position, the wage earner sought to organise. To the 'seventies and 'eighties he developed the spectacular Knights of Labor which, after clntm-- r a membership of a million, fell suddenly Into i se, (ther organizations have followed and hat, tutined power far beyond that of the Knights r. ten-hou- nt c Tsrp'jarrjB. HARRIS & EWIH wzzoxr -- IZRST 'SZCRFmSY- - GFZABOIPu OFZABOJS. the heyday of their greatness. Yet, In America labor organizations lag In their growth behind those of England. Perhaps one of the reasons may be found In the character of the American wage earning group. The rapid exploitation of the natural resources within the United States brought about ons of the worlds Important population movements. Millions of Europeans crossed the ocean to share In the opportunities which America lavishly offered. They built railroads, dug mines, and tended the machines In clattering factories. They brought with them prejudices and Inherited national .hatreds. first problem was to learn the ways of a now nation and to adjust themselves to a new environment. As a group, this polyglot mass did not possess common Idealism and the workers that passed through the factory gate as the whistle blew spoke a multitude of languages. The organization of such a group presented at times Insuperable difficulties. It has never been fully accomplished. Again and again the natural leaders of the wage earners have risen out of the group to become managers. Opportunity has not failed genuine ability. But organization has come, and has aided in improving the lot of the laborer. also between employer and employee has Increased as the chaotic early years of Industrialism have passed and as the customs and ideals of the new Industrial civilization have taken shape. Meanwhile the United States, passing the middle point of the second century of Us national history, has become the industrial colossus of the world. How. flint organization of the laboring man came about nnd the various 'steps' taken In Its Is traced in the chapter on development Organized Labor In Industry which contains this Introduction to the main theme of the Illustrated In Th-el- narrative In that chapter: In 1920, out of our population of one hundred five million wage earnmillions, there were forty-on- e ers. Whatever concerns labor Is vital to the wellbeing of the nation. Industry has advanced from the smnil-Bcal- e local Individual enterprise to the gigantic corporation whose business and plants are spread over the nation and even the globe, and various corporations have united in one way or another for economic or political purposes. In like manner labor has forsaken Individual bargaining with an employer and has united Into great organizations for group negotiations concerning wages, hours or working conditions with aggregations-oemployers. The hostler once might haggle with the village liveryman, but the locomotive engineers have been forced to organize a brotherhood to deal with the railroad executives of the country. Labor organization has paced evenly with Industrial organization. The history of labor shows that organization de(1) The worker velops under four conditions. must be separated from the ownership of the tools or the means of production. (2) Laborers In the tamo trade must be able to come Into close contact with one another. (3) Opportunity for especially gifted workmen to rise above their class must be shut off, with the result that these men, denied Individual advancement, become leaders In the efforts for the Improvement of their class. (4) The condition under which work Is done must be burdensome so that the men engaged in the work feel that they have a common grievance. These conditions were not satisfied until after 1S30, and then only partially until after the Civil war. There could be no effective labor organizations in the United States In the earlier years of its Industrial development. The early artisans In general each carried on his own business. The shoemaker owned his tools and his shop, bought his leather and sold his finished product. With the coming of the first factories employees were gathered together under the same roof and worked for wages with the tools and materials of other men. Under the Industrial conditions that prevailed before the Civil war labor unions sprang up from time to time but none wers able to maintain an existence over a period of years. The rapid growth of the nation that was still undeveloped gave opportunities of many kinds. Industry Itself was growing and disgruntled employees might get better Jobs In new enterprises. Cities were expanding and the laborer might set up for himself a small commercial enterprise. The frontier always beckoned those who preferred being their own masters to working for hire. The abler members of the labor group were always finding opportunities to Improve their condition. Following the Civil war the great labor of the United States have developed. Many forces have operated to bring them about. Their influence has Increased In the development of Industry. They are an Inevitable and an Important f ' part of the new Industrial order. At first these unions directed their attention to the betterment of tliie economic condition of the workers and this aim still remains foremost. But of later year some unions have been paying particular attention to gaining some kind of partnership In Industry and may next reach out for a measure of political control. The complete story of the rise of organized labor In the United States ns given in this chapter, Is an Interesting one. It goes back somewhat farther than the beginning established by Commons and his associates, to the ttme soon after the Revolutionary war. when the shoemakers and printers on several occasions organized to protest nnd strike against the abandonment of the apprentice system which brought a depression of wnges. As a result they were haled into court on charges of conspiracy and these cases checked the growth of unionism in, its inception: The year 1814 saw the first wage agreement entered into by the bricklayers of Cinneinnatl and this marked a definite trend In the labor movement. Social reform was one of the first efforts of American labor nnd so in the thirties we have the romantic history of the Utopian New Harmony (Ind.) experiment with which are associated the names of Roberf Dale Own, .Fanny Wright and her newspaper, the Free Enquirer; the Brook Farm experiment and Albert Brisbane and a similar community enterprise at Red Bank, N. J., all of which ended In failure. In the twenties the first of the agrarian reformers came to the fore with Thomas Skidmore as principal leader, and In the forties George Henry Evans proposed a scheme similar to Skidmores. As early as 1S28 labor entered politics when the first workingmens party in this country was organized by mechanics in Ihiindelphin. but labor as a separate party has never been able to figure After the decisively In national elections. nineties, organized labor did, not officially enter politics as a separate party except in 1924. says Keir. Instead, It has adopted the policy of Vote for friends, defeat our enemies. This means that labor studies candidates nnd their political records end then, regardless of party, votes for the individuals who seem to lean most favorably toward labors desires. This policy has brought organized labor rich reward In the form of desired legislation." Among the first of these was the creation of a separate Department of Labor in 1913 and the placing of a labor representative In the President's cabinet. The first secretary of of the labor was William B. Wilson, an United Mine Workers union, who became a member of President Wilson's cabinet. The present secretary of Labor, James J. Davis, was once an Iron worker In Pennsylvania nnd a steel worker In Indiana. "Labors participation in the national councils nnd its commanding position In America today have been due to organization. One of the first attempts at this was the formation of the National Labor union Immediately after the Civil war. The first convention was held in 1860 and Its principal effort was to bring .about a shorter work-daday for labor. program and to secure an eight-hou- r By the time the second convention was held in 1SC7, It was apparent that this union was going to depend upon political power to attain its ends, and as a result it soon lost ground. Although the Knights of Labor, founded by Uriah Smith Stephens in Philadelphia in 1SC9, once rose to a member, ship of a million members, its power in the seventies and eighties soop began to wane nnd it gave way eventually to a young craft union, later famous as the American Federation of Labor. One of the founders of the organization- - in 1SS1 was Samuel Gompers, of whom It has been said. Gom-per- s gave the American labor movement a brain, a soul and a clenched fist. He must be ranked It was among the great executives of bis time. during bis presidency that labor rose to its greatness, the greatness which Labor Day celebrates. -- y Great Northern railway to operate over other lines and purchase or build a new line from Bend to Klamath falls, the railroad declared Wednesday in answering a questionnaire of the I. C. C. regarding its proposals. FARMINGTON Revenue throdgb potato shipments at the Denver' & Rio Grande Western station at Layton was $16,000 less in July of this year comin pared to the same month Davis county. Up till the early part of August only eight carloads of potatoes were shipped to 100 carloads last year at the same station. These figures were announced at the farm bureau office by Mf. Mathews, crop tester. MALAD Eneida county's newly organized board of fair directors met Tuesday evening and appointed the various committees and supervisors for the annual fair tp.be.held at Malad, September 22, 23' and 24. Estimates of the various expenses were submitted and a budget adopted. PARK CITY In 1926 the state ranked first in silver production, second in lead, third in copper, fourth in gold and second in the total of mining last-yea- r div-Iden- paid. NAMPA Interest in the cutoff, which will give southern Idaho a direct highway to California, is being revived. Governor H. C. Baldridge revealed in an address before the Nampa Kiwanis club. The proposed highway branches off from the Old Oregon Trail at Caldwell, Idaho, passing through Oregon and connects with the highway at Winne-muccNev., shortening the distance to California more than 500 miles, the governor stated. IDAHO FALLS Large and splendid crops of grains, legumes, alfalfa, potatoes and sugar beets in the Idaho Falls section and in Salt Lake valley are reported by W. C. Carpenter of Spokane, assistant director of the federal farm labor bureau, in the United States farm labor division report for the last week. This report was received at the local chamber of commerce office Friday. PRICE Expert inspection of meats, farm and dairy products which arc consumed in Carbon county will be" come a reality if either the resolutions which were circulated last week or new ones which have been presented to the various clubs and civic organizations by K. F. Lueder meet with favorable action when presented to the county commission at its special meeting August 25. NAMPA Based on an average of four and one-hal- f users for each water meter in the city, Nampa has a present population in excess of 10,000, figures on file with the city engineer show. More than 13,000,000 gallons if water was used by the city in July, and, with news houses going up constantly, demands are becoming heavier on the city wells, which soon will be supplemented by additional shafts. - PROVO Utah cannot hope to elim Inate waste in fish propagation without the establishment of rearing lakes and ponds, in the opinion of Mark Anderson, vice president of the Utah Fish and Game Protective association EPHRAIM During the past seasor Hyrum and Karl Seeley constructed eleven reservoirs on their lambing range in the Kitchen, at least six of which contained water on July 3d. By these improvements they have been able to utilize much mere of theii lambing range this year lhan in the past. The American Legioh department of Indiana, which prides Itself upon being the home of many statesmen and men of letters, recently entered intothe Legions national campaign to break down the Influence of the ultra-paelfi- st with a series of articles by prominent Hoosiers who believe the Legions stand on national .defense i the only patriotic attitude that will' adequately protect the nation, from aggression. Legion leaders have declared that the pacifist at present Is directing his attack principally against the Officers' corps, a Training training given in comparatively few high schools and colleges. The national defense act of 1920, passed by congress, authorizes the installation. t of It. O. T.- C. coqrses-lcolleges and such other Institutions as may apply for the units. Brig. Gen. L.. R. Gignilliat, superintendent of Culver Military academy, has contributed the following information regarding R. O. T. C., with the plea that all citizens, before-drawinconclusions, inquire carefully into the subject : . . The prescribed course for college students, known aS the senior course, requires 90 hours of work each in the freshman and the sophomore years, he. wrote. This work in divided as follows: - 365-da- . by . brought results. milk test, in which pleted a she produced. 597.36 pounds of butter-fa- t and 9745 pounds of milk, giving her recognition in the select class, accord; ing to word received here. FARMINGTON Figures show that Davis county has expended $26,002.25 on the county roads up to date, with less than $11,000 to spend the. remainder of the year. Out of this sum $500 will go ' to Kaysville and the balance will be expended in getting some of the country roads. into condition for the school truck this fall. IDAIIO- - FALLS, Idaho, Aug. 20 Weather in the upper Snake river valley was generally cooler during the week ended August 20, according to . the weekly report on water supply in this district issued Saturday by G. Clyde Baldwin, government water-masteSome rain was reported during the early part of the week. PRICE Ely Construction company forces have begun construction work-othe new $141,000. federal aid road project from Rolapp to Nolan. The total length of the projected road improvements is 3.9 miles, covering some of the worst road on the Price-Sal- t Lake route. r WASHINGTON South central Oregon will be given strong nad effective competition in railroad service as well as an outlet for its. to the horth' through the proposal of- - the Lesion News Service.) NATIONAL DEFENSE STRONGLY FAVORED ported. Sweet clover seed, sown' three years ago on East and Trail mountains by the Castle Dale and Orangeville cattlemen was found this year to. have on Department Supplled ; Re--ser- ve land-gran- g FIRST YEAR Infantry drill regulations, L e. ac- -. tuai drill (other branches correspondingly the same) 65 hours. Rifle marksmanship, Instruction and. practice 13 hours. Scouting and patrolling 8 hours. Physical training in addition to drill 8 hours. Military courtesy 2 hours. SECOND YEAR Map reading and military sketching 24 hours. Infantry weapons 26 hours. Musketry 24 hours. Command and leadership 16 hours. Military hygiene, sanitation and .first aid 6 hours, Meredith Nicholson, noted author, has this to say regarding military training: For many years I have had some knowledge of the military training in American schools and colleges. No one familiar with this work will pretend that it has ever made a militarist The training in itself is conceded to be of greatest value in teaching the student to think quickly, to be prompt, to be obedient. It contributes to the of the young men. physical The answer to the constant charge' that our youth, under the pressure of these strenuous times, and confronted by new dangers to their moral wellbeing. are not what their fathers were is sufficiently answered by the American training camps. Hats off to the flag! The boy who enjoys the benefit of military instruction becomes a better American he knows that if any hand strikes at his flag. he is prepared to strike back. Brig. Gen. Dwight E. Aultmnn U. S. A., commanding the Fifth corps of the army, wrote : War is horrible. If it were possible to prevent it by peaceful means, lot it be done. Perhaps the future may indicate the means. Meanwhile, until our security is guaranteed, our liberties arid ideals permanently established, we shall be traitors to our country and its flag, togetlrrr with all they stand for, if we fail to provide for their well-bein- se . Raises Welfare Funds to Aid Needy Veterans An annual welfare fund of about $1,000 has been raised for the last five years by the Fred W. Sroekhara post of the American .Legion in St. Louis. Mo., by the presentation of a' minstrel show, Le Seandale du Soldat, and recently the show was presented for the second time this year, and an additional $250 raised for the Red Cross to be used in the Mississippi valley flood areas. Every dollar of the welfare fund is expended to aid disabled veterans, for Christmas baskets and similar endeavors. The post is one of the most progressive in the country. It was organized In 1920 by Francis E. Turin and a group of young business anl professional men and is the only noonday Legion organization in that city. It meets every Friday at the American hotel annex. A daily fellowship lunch table was established four years ago and approximately 30 members meet daily for lunch at the hotel. Tiie post, which has many social affairs that are brilliant, prides itself especially on its welfare work. Many men and their dependents have been given financial assistance and have been placed in positions where they could earn a living. Others, regardless of whether they are Legionnaires, have received free med-!oattention nnd legal aid in ndjust-n- g claims with United States Veter-n- s bureau. . |