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Show ' scrubby. The tuber is likely to show dark spots or interior areas of soft rot that are black and The disease spreads rapidly by means of infected seed and possibly by. of cultivating machinery and means By S. R. Boswell, County Agent. irrigation water. It is now spreading rapidly in Utah. s sufEach year Utah Other diseases causing trouble are fer enormous losses due to disease. early blight, tipburn and mosaic. EarCareful estimates place this loss at ly blight can be identified by brown 10 to 15 percent, that is, about $200,-00spots on the leaves showing as targeto $300,000 on a crop worth about t-like concentric rin-Tipburn $2,000,000. The disea.es responsible hows irregular brown drears at the for most of this trouble are ip of the leaf and along the edges fusarium wilt, scab and black- It can be distinguished from early leg. Early blight, tipbum, mosaic and blight by its lack of concentric rings. others cause loss to an unknown ex- Mosaic disease shows mottled areas tent. Station plant pathologists thin jf light green or whitish. rhizoctonia causes a loss of aboul $100,000 annually; fusarium wilt, an Control Measures other $100,000; and all the others Rotation of crops is necessary be$100,000 more. The only estimates cause rhizoctonia, fusarium and scab these figures are suggestive of greal .ive four or five years in the soil. gains made possible by effective dis- Other plants assist in carrying them ease control. Pathologists think a( along from year to year. Fusarium least half of the damage can be pre- lives on the tomato, ground cherry, vented. Russian thistle, sugar beets, and some Description other plants. Clean cultivation and These diseases all attack the grow- thorough rotation are, therefore, necing vines in the field. In addition essary in combating these diseases fusarium and blackleg cause tubei and scab. It is probable that even rots which affect the potatoes in stor- .vhere only one crop of potatoes is age. grown on the same land in five to six .Rhizoctonia (caused by certiciuir ears the result is merely greatly to vagum) is a fungus that lives ovei decrease the number of organisms in in the soil and on the tuber as smali ;he soil without actually annihilating specks. These specks vary in size .hem. The next season after pota-;oefrom that of a pin point to that of a the soil probably teems with the kernel of corn. They look like spot, lisease organism, but each year there-ite- r of dry mud, but when dipped in wa they get fewer and fewer until ter, instead of washing off they be- m five or six years they are at a low come jet black and remain fast. Un- enough ebb to make another crop safe der the microscope these specks prove even in an unfavorable season. Some to be threadlike mycelia of the fungus workers think that virgin soils carry in a compact, dry mass. rhizoctonia organisms. If so, they The mycelial threads germinate are not in numbers great enough to about the time the potato sets sprout destroy the first crop of potatoes. They grow into long threadlike Seed selection must also be pracstrands wdiich wind around the young ticed to avoid the planting of infeststems and stolons and kill the softer ed seed. Fusarium can be detected tissues. If conditions are favorable to by cutting a thin slice the elisease early in the season, the inch thick) from the stem end. Any stems are so badly injured as to be tubers showing brown or dark spots stunted or even killed outright. Many should not be used for seed. Badly stolons are cut off, preventing the scabbed tubers should also be disformation of tubers. In older plants carded, as should tubers with many the inner tissues become too woody specks of rhizoctonia, if especially to be destroyed; consequently only the ,hese specks are than a half larger softer outer tissues are killed. The vheat kernel. Leniency with disease tubers up which water of the potatc n choosing potatoes for seed is likely plant goes from the roots are im- :o be as as bedded in the woody interior, wherein quarantining against smallpox as the tubes that carry food from r scarlet fever. The pulling out and the leaves where it is manufactured jurning of diseased plants may help to the tubers where it is stored are n disease control. Oldei in the outer, soft tissues. Treatment with chemicals, if wise-plants injured with rhizoctonia may used, may be of considerable aslook green and fresh but the tubers sistance in controlling disease. Either do not grow rapidly because the food two treatments )f may be used: (1) stream does not reach them. The orrosive or (2) formalin. sublimate, vines have large quantities of extra Seed potatoes should be treated starch that normally goes to the tuber they have started to sprout. for storage. Clusters of new leaves form in the axils of the normal leaf- Sometimes vitality is decreased when stalks. This gives rise to the term .reatment is applied after growth is rosette disease. Occasionally, small veil begun. Corrosive sublimate is more effec-ivtubers form above ground on the but is considerably more expen-ivvines. Growing in the light, these abnormal potatoes become green by than formalin. Four ounces of They are he sublimate powder (HgC12) is disdeveloping chorophyll. developing chlorophyl. They are solved in thirty gallons of water. Af-e- r therefore, valueless for food. The being selected, but before being base of the main stem is covered with ut into sets, the tubers should be brown strands and is usually shrivel- soaked for 1M hours in the solution. ed. 3ecause it corrodes metal, wooden Fusarium wilt (caused by the funessels must be used for this treat-nenis another fusarium The solution becomes weaker gus oxysporum) disease causing as great if not great- luring treatment by part of the er loss than does rhizoctonia. It lives uniting with the protein of over in the soil and inside the tuber he potato. Not more than four lots of an inch in thickA slice f potatoes should be treated in the ness cut from the stem end of the dme solution. Sacks should not be tuber shows its presence as brown or mmersed because they absorb great dark spots. When the sets sprout (uantities of the sublimate, thereby the fungus begins to grow and, en- lecreasing its strength still more tering the water tubes of the stem apidly. and stolons, clog them up. Bad atCaution tacks cause wilting even when the Corrosive sublimate is deadly poi-o- n ground is moist. Whole fields of healthful-lookinto man and beast. Discarded vines have wilted down, turned browTn and died inside solutions are best pouied in holes nd covered with at letist two feet of a week. More commonly, however the plants wilt, turn brown by degrees f earth. It is not injurious to the and become unthrifty, dying three or mnds unless open wounds are brought four weeks ahead of the time for nor- n contact with it. Thu formalin treatment is adminis-ere- d mal maturity. in the same way except that Yields are of course decreased markedly; the cooking and keeping vooden vessels are not required. The olution is made by adding- a pint of qualities of the potatoes are also imommercial formalin (40 percent) to will infected tubers Badly paired. not meal up when mashed after cookhirty gallons of water. Old formalin ing. The fungus causes a hard, dis- oses strength if left exposed to the colored mass. An accompanying relatmosplieve; hence sealed cans are afest. of this also causes tive If they cannot be obtained fungus dry is should which a serious be rtade as to freshrot, storage disease, nquiry ness The potatoes avid as does it strength. spreading rapidly through hould be allowed to soak two hours. a whole bin of potatoes. Common scab (caused by the bac- Vny number of lots of potatoes may teria actinomyces chromogenus) lives be Created without impairing its in the soil and on the tuber in a trength. Animals or persons will be scabby pit, from which it gets its irk. if they drink tiie solution, but name. Scabby potatoes are not in- t is not deadly like? corrosive jured for cooking except that extra waste is necessary in peeling. Yield Thrifty growth greatly helps potais not materially affected but badly to plants in overcoming weak attacks scabbed tubers are so unsightly as to "f these diseases. On this account be unfit for market. Mechanical ;very precaution should be taken to scratching or wounding of the tuber promote vigorous growth. Good seedalso causes a scabby appearance. beds, moderate irrigation and timely, Blackleg or blackstem rot (caused dean cultivation encour: Iges rapid, lenlthful growth. The effe 'cts of ear-- y by bacillus phytophorus) is a bacterial disease that attacks the young vine blight, tipburn and r nosaic are and the tubers in the field. The stem largely offset- by such favo vable conis black from the set to two or three ditions. Spraying the vines is prac- inches, above ground. The plants are ticed in the Eat and Middh rwest for killed or dwarfed, the leaves have a early blight, tipbum and la te blight tendency to roll about the midrib and fthe worst of all potato diseases, but the whole plant looks upright and one that has not yet caused tr ouble in DISEASES OF POTATOES THE SAUNA SUN. SAUNA. UTAH Latest News Mothers Day foul-smellin- KENNEIH1 ISBELL A. potato-grower- , -- (one-eight- h short-sighte- d ss y be-o- e t. sub-imat- one-eight- h g - sub-'inal- - e. ASHMAN L Get Busy You must select your work ; you shall take whut your brains can, and drop all tne rest. Only so can that amount of vital force accumulate which can make the step from knowing to doing. No matter how much faculty of the Idle seeing a man has, the step from knowing to doing is rarely taken. It Following is a list of. the educators engaged to teach in the Second Is a step out of a chalk circle of ImNational Summer School. All will teach for the first six weeks except as becility Into fruitfulness. Ralph Walindicated: do Emerson. Allee, Zoology, University of Chicago; Binzel, Child Psychology, Columbia; Boyle, Agr. Economics, Cornell; Carver, Economics, Harvard (quarter); Cowles, Botany, University of Chicago; Dykema, Music, Columbia (one T wo " Pipes of Pan week); Ellwood, Sociology, University of Missouri (quarter); Franzen, PsyThe Pipe of Pan was called the chology, University of California; Geister, Play and Games, Columbia (one Syrinx, the legend being that the water week); Hinman, Dancing, University of Chicago (three weeks); Kester, Acwas changed into a reed nymph Syrinx Columbia (three weeks); Kilpatrick, Education, Columbia; counting, to from Pan, who loved her. escape of Geology, University California; Moriarty, Health Education, He took the reed, cut it Into seven New York; Palmer, Nature Study, Cornell; Mrs. Palmer, Nature Study, Cornell; McCollum, Nutrition, Johns Hopkins; Rosenau, Public Health, Harvard; pieces of graduated length, Joined Sedgewick, English, U. of British Columbia; Shearer, Primary Methods, Long them together and fashioned the InBeach, Calif.; Turner, History, Harvard; Walker, Efficiency Methods, Wash-bustrument which he called by her name. Mfg. Co. (three weeks); Widtsoe, Irrigation; Wilkerson, Home Furnishing and Costume Design, New York. Ship Struck by Meteor Special Lectures: Edward Howard Griggs, New York; Shailer Mathaws, In 1908 the sailing ship Eclipse, on University of Chicago, Divinity School; E. A. Steiner, GrinnelJ, Iowa; A. E. a voyage from England to San FranWinship, Boston. 1831-183- Graft Vegetables Experiments in the grafting of vegetables and flowers by French botanists have resulted In the creation of new species, have prolonged ths lives of many plants, and have inti the perfume of many flowers. Potatoes that grow on branches above the ground are among the resultb of tbe experiments. The Crooked Line You need not be alarmed because you cannot wraik straight with your eyes closed. The time to be alarmed Is when you cannot do It with your eyes open ! Few people can shut their eyes and walk In a straight line, for the simple reason that few pairs of legs are of exactly the same length. Thus, without the usual signs to guide one a guidance, of course, unconsciously accepted the steps become uneven. Name Is Misnomer cameis-halpaintbrushes are not so named because they are made from hairs out of the camels skin. They are made from squirrels fur and were first made by a man r d named Camel, whose Identity has been completely lost for many years. Lou-derbac- k, m E If Myth About the Diamond Diamond was the name of a handsome youth of the island of Crete, who was one of the attendants of the Infant Jupiter in his cradle. It was decreed that Diamond should not be subjected to the ills that flesh is heir to, so he was transformed into the tardest and most brilliant substance n nature. Growth of Post Office Benjamin Franklin was the first head of the postal system of the United States. When he took over the affairs of his office, ihere were 75 post offices, with an aggregate postal revenue of $30, (XX) a year. Today we have more than 53,000 post offices and about 300,000 employees. The aggregate revenue collected and expended amounts to about $800,000,000 Worlds Oldest Umbrella in the world still in the same condition as when it was bought, including the cover. Is in the possession of a resident of Ilobart in Tasmania. The umbrella wa9 bought in 1770 by a man named William Clevett In the county of Dorset, England, who emigrated to Tasmania. It has been handed down from generation to generation and still belongs to a descendant of the first owner. The oldest umbrella Humanitys Debt to America In 1830, according to the Department of Agriculture, three hours of human labor were required to produce a bushel of wheat, and now it takes ten minutes. Farm Invention, largely American, is one of the greatest cong tributions to human ease and In the last century. well-bein- the arid West) but these diseases are not yet serious enough in Utah to warrant spraying. The county agent is ready to give aid to any grower who wishes his services. Simultaneous Ideas , Darwin originated the natural selection theory of evolution, so far as he himself was concerned, but It is a curious fact that by an extraordinary coincidence Alfred Russel Wallace formulated the same theory at the very same time of Its utterance by Darwin. Both men published articles presenting this theory In the same number of the Journal of ths Llnnaean society In 1858. Is . Animals and Blood The popular belief that blood produces intense irritation or excitement in cattle has been put to the test. The blood of both horses and cows was brought before the animals, but they remained Indifferent or only mildly Interested, showing nothing of the reported alarm or anger. It Is concluded that the excitement witnessed by the cattlemen was not aroused bj the blood but by something accompanying It, such as the sight of wounded companions, or their cries of pain. Few Aggressive Snakes The Department of Agriculture says that the king cobra of Asia has been known to follow and attack persons, and the large constricting snakes of the tropics also at times are aggressive. The pblsonous snakes of the United States usually do not attack men unless molested. Spoken Word Best Those who speak in public are better heard wnen they discourse by a lively genius and ready memory than when they read all they would communicate to their hearers. Exchange Poetical Burmese Belief This Is a belief of people of Burma. Dorothy Dlx says that the Burmese believe that the bouI, In the form of a butterfly, leaves the body while we sleep. They will never waken a sleep-- , er for fear his butterfly may not be able to get back quickly enough to Its habitation, the soul having gone wandering during the persons sleep. A Half Hundred Courses It I C poured. A Record Hailstones L Hie Electric Shop one-lml- mmmvsm c Fix T R crashed through the deck and through the whole fabric of the vessel, making a hole through which the water The maximum possible size of hailstones cannot be positively stated, but stones larger than a mans fist and weighing more than a pound have several times been reported. During a hailstorm in Natal, on April 17, 1874, stones fell that weighed one and f pounds. Hailstones 14 Inches in circumference fell in New South Wales in February, 1847. . We L C It cisco, was struck by a meteor, which re e US While this issue is going to press, Sevier District High School day is being observed by scholastic and athletic contests. So far a decision was reached as to the public speaking contest for which SuperintendentAshman offers a gold medal to the winner. Kenneth Isbell, a Junior of the Richfield High School, won the decision, and medal. s. s, as the first circumnavigating the globe, making the trip Ift 182M830. Other authorities credit the United State frigate Potomac, which made a continuous cruise around the world from - 0 rhizoc-tonia- J. Disputed Honor Some authorities give credit to the U. S. S. Vlifbennes, a (ailing frigate, Permanent roads are a good investment not an expense WUsy America Muncfc Have More Paved Highways Almost every section of the United States is confronted by a traffic problem. Month by month this problem is coming more and more serious. Hundred of cars pass be- a given point every hour on many of our state and city streets county roads. Down-tow- n are jammed with traffic. Think, too, how narrow many of our roads are, and how comparatively few paved highways there are in proportion to the steadily increasing number of cars. College If the motor vehicle is to continue giving the economic service of which it is capable, we must have more Concrete highways and widen those near large centers of population. Cach an Cvent Prepare now to attend the Second National Summer School. Courses covering all major branches of learning, with graduate or undergraduate credit. Twenty-eigcelebrated educators at your service, including Thomas Nixon Carver of Harvard and Charles A. Ellwood of University of Missouri, both to teach full quarter. 1st Term: June 15 to July 25 2nd Term: July 27 to Aug. 29 Register June 12 or 13 Registration Fee, $25 1st term of 6 weeks, $35 full quarter. Write for catalog. ht UtahAgricultural Colleqe LOGAN, UTAH HAL FELT Every citizen should discuss highway needs of his community with his local authorities. Your highway officials will do their part if given your support. Why postpone meeting this pressing need? An early start means early relief. PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION McCornick Building SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH o4 National Organization to Improve and Extend the Uses of Concrete OFFICES IN 2 CITIES |