Show ar aw W fixed condensers vastly important part oart has vital function to perform in every modern modem radio set DeR despite fille the use ue of fixed lit iii every radio ref rf lver clver and receiving acu ecu mug iyall bs tm in the Is IB not lot thoroughly coin orelien 1 I ej by the radio fun fau when considering the fan fail thinks tu mainly allily in ill terms of this ls 19 portion lurly true or of fixed of rel ie active IV high jig allue midi ns as hj pass and tiller filter condensers very veo few fans falls glop thought to several items hrin vp to axed co colida lidi sers which manifest a great eject upon tile hie utility of tile the capacitance unit I 1 A topic ur vry la 18 OIL of if wi denser this term terin if I 1 the value of ff erd by the lie of tile the con d lenar p it se r to t alie lie how flow of direct current rile dielectric bedlum Is tile the solid olid lit in ullon mater fol located oa ted between thib active in fixed ell it purifies puri ties tills this Is usually anica or a high grade of linvil or 01 axed paper alle insulation resistance plis plays it a very eri important part in ili condemner con denNer von sider actions fur for upon it 11 la is dependent ow tl breakdown dohn ollige ot of tile cum unit lit the lower llie file insulation re ir si distance stance of it a Kind niMr lie lower loe will 1 lr its ito hrank breakdown down further nore tile value of file lie insulation re plays tin an part aart lit in lie calculation of tile lowr biow r factor fill tor of it t c tho units in ili low work fixed capacity nip ilie average fixed aidi capacity lly Is usual ly 1 subjected to high values alues of elther 1 I C 2 or A C I 1 voltage olli if abe higher the insulation institution rehl of the unit tile higher un tin tin tile applied voltage br be fatir of breakdown break down and tile ali higher the Insul insulation atlon resistance th loss less the leakage lit in the condenser and tile greaber its operating efficiency it Is paramount ani amount to main tain the insulation resistance of blied flied capacities at the highest possible level consistent with the improvements in tile various phases of radio receivers le have also been effected upon fixed capacities com I 1 I 1 conducted in the he laboratory of the I 1 ware less corporation upon capacities to de eroil ne the improvements effected poll present day devices over oer those iu manufactured lit at the advent of re regular gillar allowed silos d the insulation rohl stane statie of the present day products to be many times those of the hectic days dass after tile the advent of radio broad casting to quote exact figures the insulation institution resistance of larre large size condensers fixed of yesteryear MS a found to vary between betwee 1000 cereas lid H herens similar r eonden condensers sers of present design sl low ed in lation resistance values of 1250 oa 00 K ma ollins another important consideration to faix who utilize titter alter boudens ers and bypass by 1 pass ass condensers lit afi the ill between these two values rallies inns who ignore tie between thew liese two values value to io ho he tit ii their iv i risk tills this Is equally equall trie with 1 ba wa pass and filter condensers cond lifers the hie voltage Is tile volt ni dt at which the condenser unit van nil le ile operated with a satisfactory safety factor the testing voltage ol tage on the other liand hand N 1 practically the lie limit of operation fur for u iery r short per perls lods under no clr cir cum lances should a i condenser be con thi milly subjected to tile the testing volt are millie alue it if it Is it will break down in a very ury short time working voltage values lieth the relatively bagh plate volt ti ages being applied to the v miff in ili the receiver de thought bt be the forhing voltage of the lie bypass by u pass condenser in ili tit lie if the con condenser denier la Is M dmd ired into tile the circuit that it Is sub hub all tu to a 11 continuous collton bious load the file work lilt ing voltage ohne ratings of the bypass by li pass p hs con on denser inuit inest be to perl penult lit lie of 01 tile the high voltage many ann complaints of blown bypass by b pass pub have doubt been re ef achl hed lo iq in ili all fair ius to ID the manufacturer the fan fail must realize that each and every by bi ims condenser lias has a tuaI munt working ork lii IIRI made up on various bypass by b pass condensers fur for re use showed a working voltage rating of to 27 7 1 volts where higher voltages are encountered in the receiver either special bypass con should be used the by pa jasd s 1 condensers arranged in ili series or re course made to small values of filter condensers with the correct working work ng voltage |