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Show THE PAYSON CHRONICLE, PAYSON. LTAH Harry Trumans Life Story Proves Again 'Five Freedoms' Designed lo Spur World Air Travel By Regulation Composed at Parley. Released By BAUKIIAGE (This it the second of a series of articles on the "ITeedom of the Air, first of which appeared in this column last week.) In a previous column I set forth the achievements of the conference on International aviation, implementation of which it Is hoped will be reached by a second gathering In May, probably before the United Nations deliberations at San Francisco have been concluded. I set forth certain views on the accomplishments of the first aviation gathering, as expressed by Lt. Col. William Mitchell of the army air force, which, although they were his own and not the official opinions of the government, were known to represent the attitude of a number of high air force officials. I think that the satisfaction expressed by Colonel Mitchell, in what has already been accomplished toward establishing the freedom of the air," reflects the general feelings of the Industry. Although the point was not expressly brought out In the comment In military circles, I believe the one thing which pleased the Industry was the fact that a conference, supervised as lt was by a government official (then Assistant Secretary of Stale Adolph Berle), had built a framework within which private enterprise and business and technical ingenuity could be rewarded and not fenced in by restrictive bureaucratic Freedomt Essential To U. S. Flight You will recall that the delegates recognized the fact that freedom of the air was not as simple a thing as "freedom of the sens, because vessels stop at frontiers since ship lanes lead only from harbor to harbor, while aircraft crosses borders and passes over the sovereign territory of foreign nations. Thus lt was necessary to divide the perquisites of the airways Into five freedoms. The first two are the right of innocent passage right to fly over a country, and the right to land for purposes that is to stop at a foreign airport for refuelling or other facilities. These two are essential to America since our aerial ambitions encircle the globe, and that can't be done, either from a practical or a profitable standpoint. In one Jump. Because of complications which 1 will mention later. Involved in the other freedoms, the first two were grouped in one form of multilateral agreement drawn up at Chicago. The other three freedoms, embraced in the second agreement, were described as follows: the right to disembark passengers, mail and freight from the country of origin of the aircraft; the right to embark passengers, mail and freight destined for the country of origin of the aircraft; and, in addition, at the suggestion of Canada, a fifth freedom was added in the form of certain provisions of right of entry and technical regulations. reOf course, Russias fusal to attend the Chicago conference was a great disappointment to all concerned, but the reconciliation of what appeared at first to be a sharp difference between the United Kingdom and the United States, finally reconciled through the honest broker efforts of Canada, was considered a great achievement. Hope exists that a successful outcome of the United Nations negotiations will bring the Soviets into the fold. The clash between the British and the American viewpoints is described this way by one of the American observers at the conference who has been working steadily for the consummation of the Chicago plans: In the United States." he said, "we have always looked upon air transport primarily as an instrument of trade. We are still a young country with an expanding and highly" competitive economy and with no bitter memories of recent bombings of our homeland. The British viewpoint, which was shared to some degree by many European countries, reflected a mature and non-traffi- c last-minut- e BARBS stabilized economy, to be parcelled out among those participating in it, plus a fear of explosive international rivalries. Canadas position possibly reflected British desires, plus a fear of being crowded out by its more powerful neighbor under a system of unrestricted competition. The United States was seeking an opportunity for free commercial intercourse between nations, with resulting benefits to all of them; the other two countries (Britain and Canada) were seeking protection against competition and international mistrust. Reducing these different points of view to specific operational plans, boiled down largely to whether or not a global authority would he set up which would govern the location of international routes, regulate the frequencies (number of flights or stops, which is where the competition comes in) and rates. In fact this central authority as the British viewed it would have even more authority over internal air activity than our own Civil Aeronautics board, which cannot limit frequencies at home. In our domestic services a line may make as many for. flights as it can get a The United States on the other hand wanted everything except transit and stops worked out separately between the countries concerned. In other words, the United States felt that if an airplane company could offer more to a patron, regardless of where he wanted to get aboard or get off, that company ought to have the right to try to show to the country where the getting on and off would take place, that it was mutually advantageous to let that particular line have the business. cut-thro- pay-loa- d non-traffi- c Agreements Reached On Technical Norms There were other questions concerning technical standards and the future admission of devastated countries unable to furnish facilities for airports, that were settled, and the mooted points mentioned, all of which were met with what might be called substantial agreement. Both forms of agreement (one with the first two freedoms, the other all five) provided that the country whose territory is Involved may designate the routes and airports used; but charges for use of airports may not be greater than those imposed on its own airports engaged in similar international services. In addition to these agreements the diagram for the international organization was laid down in the form of a treaty which must be ap- proved by the various countries. This organization is composed of an assembly, on which each nation would have one vote, and a coun- cil of 15 members, 2 from the British Commonwealth, 2 from the Soviet Union, 2 from the United States, 1 each from Brazil, Chile and France, and the remaining 6 to be elected on a regional basis. The council would act as a clear- ing house for information and would provide minimum uniform technical standards but would have no power over commercial matters. An interim council wns also proposed, to function until the permanent organization is created, but not more than three years. America has a great stake in the outcome of the San Francisco conference. It has a great stake in international aviation, too. "We have learned and must not forget," said General Arnold in speaking oi the air transport service, "from now on air transport is an essential of air power, in fact of all national in many ways the most powerful man in the world. The new president was born in Lamar, Mo., May 8, 1884. Four years later his parents, John Anderson and Martha Young Truman, returned to Jackson county, 125 miles north, which was the ancestral home of both. Harry grew up on the family farm in Jackson county near Grandview. His mother, still alive at 92, remarked reminiscently last fall when he was elected to the vice presidency: That boy could plow the straight-es- t row of corn in the county. He could sow wheat so there wouldn't be a bare spot in the whole field. 600-acr- e He was a farmer who could do any- thing there was to do just a little bit better than anyone else." During his grade and high school days Harry distinguished himself by his scholarship. He was an omnivorous reader, an earnest student of everything. When he graduated in 1901, he hoped to go to college, but, although his father was known as the best horse and mule trader in the county, family finances would not permit any more education for the eager youth. He won to West an appointment Point, but was rejected for weak eyesight. Harry decided to make his fortune in nearby Kansas City. After a few years at small jobs drug clerk, bundle wrapper on the Kansas City Star, bank clerk, timekeephe went er on a railroad gang back to the family farm at his grandmother's invitation. Went to War. For the next few years working the big farm took all Harrys time. Then in 1917, he volunteered for the army, and soon became a lieutenant of field artillery. While in training camp he organized a canteen for the men, and took care of them in many other ways. Later he rose to a captaincy, and led his company in hard fighting in Saint Mihiel and the Argonne campaigns. On the boat home Harry was commissioned a major. Soon after returning to Missouri, he married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth (Bess) Wallace, granddaughter of the first mayor of Independence, Mo. The ceremony took place in the Episcopal church, Mrs. Trumans sect. In 1919 Truman decided to go into business, so he entered partnership with a man whom he met in army life, and established a haberdashery store in Kansas City. Harry invested his entire fortune, amounting to about $15,000. At first the business prospered but the sharp recession of 1921 brought disaster. Truman did not go into bankruptcy, but chose to pay off his debts as well as he could. In 1934, when elected to the U. S. senate, he was still meeting old bills. Somewhat accidentally, he got into politics. An army acquaintance who was a nephew of Thomas then Democratic leader in Kansas City, suggested Harry Truman for some small position. The astute Pendergast, discovering that Truman was well known and liked, had the backing of the American Legion, and was anxious for a new career, appointed him a road supervisor. In return Harry made occa- Pen-derga- PRES. HARRY S. TRUMAN investigating comnmtee, as chairman. Wit.nn committee una few months the excescovered widespread waste, i and sive purchasing, profiteering in contracts, efficiency in military atcommittee the the first report tacked "needless waste amounting s canto $100,000,000 in the army program. construction tonment Plenty to Investigate. into the comComplaints poured conmittee's headquarters One naval in cerned inferior steel plate disconstruction an investigation was which situation, closed a serious corrected. The committee brought when about a reversal of policy a about complained housewives for canning of sugar shortage all Thirty-onreports were issued six unanimous on the part of the Democratic and four Republican inmembers. The committee was varithe strumental in consolidating ous and conflicting war agencies It into tire War Production board. in synhelped to end bottlenecks thetic rubber and aluminum producto tion. It advocated subcontracting e sional speeches and assisted in party organization work. The young man's integrity and energy were effective and he was placed on the ticket for county judge in Jackson county. Truman won, and discharged his duties well during his two-yelie was defeated term, 1922-2in his try for reelection, however, the only political setback in his career. (The office of county judge in Missouri corresponds to county superintendent in other states.) Truman studied law at night during his term of office, and gained admittance to the bar. Then in 1926 he was elected presiding judge of Jackson county which includes Kansas City, and environs. Handled 60 Million Dollars. I had charge of the spending of $60,000,000 for highways and public Truman said later. buildings," Nobody ever found anything wrong with that, and it wasnt because they didn't look, either. We built more miles of paved roads in Jack-socounty than in any other county in the country, with only two exceptions. Truman was repeatedly reelected to this office until 1934. He had sought the nomination for governor in 1930, and for county collector in 1932, but party heads advised him to wait a little longer. Then in 1934 came the big chance. Pendergast put Truman on the ticket for the U. S. senate.. This was not such a favor as it might seem, for Pendergast did not expect victory in that year. By a peculiar stroke of luck, however, the opposition was divided between two strong candidates, and Trumans own popularity sufficed to win him a seat in the august upper house. During his first term Truman remained somewhat obscure, making few speeches, and in general following the lead of Missouri's senior senator, Bennett Clark. With few exceptions, Senator Truman supported the party program. He voted for the original agricultural adjustment act, the Wagner labor act, social security, the Tennessee valley authority, and the joining of the World court. In his second year he voted for the Florida Ship canal and Passamaquoddy dam project. The only measure he opposed was the President's veto of the bonus payments. In 1938 and 39 he supported preparedness appropriations and lend-leasHe was chairman of a subcommittee that investigated railroad finance, leading to the Transportation Act of 1940. His work in drafting the Civil Aeronautics authority was outstanding for thoroughness and practicality. In 1940, after squeaking through the Democratic nomination battle ar 4. n e. vN au k ha ge Nazis have been ordered to knock out the teeth of rumor-monger- report from Switzerland says i that an The OWI releases the following youth gang sabotaged the demolition charges ir figures r- - Japanese naval strength: mel: 850,000 afloat and the Total y. Rcmagen bridge. Heinrich 0 Himmler has issued a warning ashore; losses, 262,000, including naval air forces. Hie Jap sailor against these gioups which he says are sometimes led by foreigr is rated as a good fighter, adults. and trained. anti-Naz- Presidents The in love Unassuming, modest, Missouri, his job as senator from wanted to be vice never Harry first place. And president in the dreaded the afier he was elected, he hapthought that anything might Roosevelt. Once, President to pen be awoke in during the campaign, that dreamed had He a coV. sweat. was Roosevelt had died and he mantle. his assume to called upon had such a terHarry said he never all his life. in before dream rible Truman had arrived in Speaker that Sam Rayburns office to discuss call awes .me possibility when the V hite House. the to to came hurry On Wednesday, the night before, had a preSpenkci Rayburn had monition of things to come. Dining Mrs. mother, Martha E. Truman, now lives in Independence, Mo. 92, still ing interest in him. So did Robert national Democratic Hannegan, chairman, who knew Truman in Kansas City. When the dust settled at the convention in Chicago last summer, Harry S. Truman found himself nominated as vice president. Victory at the polls in November thrust him into the second highest office in the land. As vice president Truman had less opportunity to act independently than while in the senate, since as presiding officer of the upper house he could not take sides, as often he wished to do. Unlike his predecessor, Wallace, he did not travel abroad on any special missions for the President, but remained in close to affairs of Washington state. Shrewd, Practical Man. The new President is considered a shrewd and practical man, a liberal, with an ability to get along with conflicting factions and to compromise when necessary. Capital observers think he will rise to the demands of the enormous task ahead as have other vice presidents suddenly called to the-road vast responsibilities. Personally, the new Is a modest-appearin- g five-roo- Trumans only child. Marv is studying at George Washington university. She is 2l" and a junior. Her hopes are for a Margaret, career in music. All his life President been a joiner." Even Mrs. Bess Truman and her daughter, Mary Margaret, relax in their Washington apartment. New "First Ladv Doesnt Like the Spotlight Lady, Bess Wallace ago in the Trinity Episcopal church Truman, has a retiring disposition, of Independence, Mo., she thought although she has been associated and hoped that she was settling with her husband in public life for down to keeping house and doing rrfore than 20 years. Much of this church work in her home town." The new mistress of the White time she has been his secretary and adviser, listening to his speeches, House prefers to wear blue, as have answering his mail, and doing other several other First Ladies. It goes important duties. Nevertheless, she well with her blue eyes and gray has no personal desire to make any hair. Eut she Is not particularly in clothes. Her hobby is speeches, or to take any active part in politics. reading. Dickens and Scott are favorite authors. When she was married 25 years The new First Truman has as a child he often attended the Presbyterian Sunday school, although he is a Baptist. In youth he enlisted in the National Guard, and stayed in service for a dozen years until 1917 His fraternal connections include the Elks, the Masons (he was Grand Master for Missouri in sta'e ) and the Anah Templars. 1940-41- Mary Margaret Truman, new princess ' of Washington, is tall, blonde, 21, and a junior at George Washington U. She is member of Pi Beta Phi popil,ar !orority and is active in college musical Her soprano vo.ee has Ummer productions Denver Opera company She is majoring in voice, and hopes for a concert career. Its more than possible that Margaret first White House bride suJeW the row Wilson's day . TL with lriends, TRUMAN'S OLD STAMPING GROUND It has been a long time since a President of the United States went up to Capitol hill to confer with congressmen. However, it didnt seem at all unusual when Pres. Harry Truman came up to the senate for lunch on the first day he served as President of the United States. Also he didn't act any differently. I feel just as if someone had hit me over the head with a he said. mallet, "I don't know whats happened to me yet. "This morning," he continued, "I wanted to come up on the hill to see my old friends, and they tried to tell me it wasnt done. 'Done or not, I replied, 'Im going to do it. "But when I went out to get my car, I found it surrounded by motorcycles. They took me up to the hill and caused a terrible commotion on the street. They even stopped peo- P' Jrc crossing the street. At this point. Majority Leader Alben Barkley said: Thats just what happens to a country boy when he gets in your spot. Truman laughed and concluded: Some day I hope theyll build a tunnel between congress and the White House so the President can come up here without blocking traffic. Truman also told his old congressional colleagues that he hoped they would come down to see him. I may not iways agree with you, he said, but I'll give your request all the consideration I think it is worth. Michigan's Republican Vandenburpip'p aFthis poinTb ask, President man of al- - most 61. He stands 5 feet, 10 inches tall, weighs about 170 pounds, and is trim and well proportioned. Until they entered the White House, he and Mrs. Truman lived in a apartment. They had no house - servants, as Mrs. Truman, who has been her husband's secretary for years, also preferred to take care of the apartment herself. e es' I VSIDE STORY will be known Harry Truman want to be didn't t:;e man who President. with Rayburn said: "This country is in for a great tragedy, and I feel its coming very soon. I don't think the President will be wth us much longer. Rayburns listeners were shocked. When they asked the speaker for an explanation, he replied: "Roosevelts not a well man. he Refusing to be more specific, small war plants. turned his head away from the The thing to do is dig this table for a moment and then said: stuff up now and correct it," "I think Ill have a talk with Truman declared. If we run efficiently war Harry (Truman) tomorrow. Hes got this program to be prepared to carry a trethere won't be any opportunity mendous burden. Hes got to get for some one to undertake a lot war the after himself ready for this. of investigations and cause a wave of revulsion Next afternoon, about three, that w ill start this country on the even as Franklin Roosevelt was downhill road to unpreparedentering his last hour of life, ness, and put us in another war Rayburn called over to Truin 20 years. man's office in the senate, These famous investigations put said he wanted to see the vice in the Truman committee the Truman said he'd president. headlines time and again. Senator drop over when the senate reTruman grew into a national figure. cessed. He had just arrived to President Roosevelt took increas see Rayburn when word came from Steve Early that the event which Truman so long dreaded, finally had transpired. The Thirteen out of every 20 American high school students expect to leave their home towns and live elsewhere, after they have completed their education. This is revealed in a nation-widsurvey just completed by the Institute of Student Opinion under the sponsorship of Scholastic magazine. Rotter job opportunities elsewhere, either in geiieral or in their chosen fields of work, is the main reason for leaving, according to the student voters A 25,-00- Elliott Pine Western Newspaper Union. power. by U Keep cool enough metal has been released by the WPB to make 25,000 electric fans this quarter. by Truman requested camps. Forty years ago Harry Truman was plowing behind a mule on a Missouri farm. Today he is in the White House, New I Analyst and Commentator. WNU Service, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. only 7.900 vo: wide margin. ;,e election by a e- bis seat i.e ,.n afur resuming riS can.e interested ir, reP' u- - a.- , 'y. travagance m construction fun ' to President Advanced From County Offices To Head of Nation Differences Between American Traditions Of Free Flight and European Concepts Of House Road Is Still Open Gibin-to-Whit- e Couldn't you give it just a lit- more consideration think its worth"" They all .agreed that encj hadn t spoiled Harry and they didn t think it would. He OOIRAGEOUS SENATOR Though Harry Truman dreaded e possibility of becoming Presi-dcPl- as senator he never from a fight His chief senatorial battles were as chairman of the man committee The resulted from Harrv's crusading determina- ,,, 0 mvcstiga'e w'ar scandals or athmg else mferfering' wU the was so fervent that even P ans on the ' corrmittee came a..." e arn. him. Reput lie, 'in Tru-nam- e ' , Fprguson o St fearless M.,h.gn n.:: in n.ngrcsl. ''''ee oi.rier s,,,n playm man said so Ver EUPCm , -- e wme Tru to be Truman team. Time after (imp a,SOf Truman stood !he a"" and navy. I' tail: the Jictween their WTnZ He also told the Jesse mg loses delays s' nthetic rutib,- the Se, r,t legs" where COnOPrned' truth about n exposed deal the Alumi- corporation fn. h slaw Plant in the navy for tan',t,a- - prodded acCPP ,h landing8 craft, tius deia ying facful European vision. num "'ins Woodrow Wii Franklin D. Roosevelt-MrPresident: I entire), Sunday evening to speak to personal matter which up during my absence-t- he of my nomination for the r.1 ship of New York. I every way to stop it, H your friends and mine have?, of the possibility of forcisi while I am away, and o! you to encourage me to accept' I sincerely hope the matte, not come up. I have made o tion entirely clear that my dan in my present work-n- ot onh duty to you and the coumn to myself. If I were at any to leave the Assistant Seeretar it could only be fur active sere . J J "Furthermore, may I say tJ woidc am very certain that it grave mistake for either you member ask that a of the Administrat, I give up war work what is frankly very mucholi litical job in these times. a 1 accept such a nomination n time with honesty or honor self. I think I have put off ah ger of it, but in case you in pealed to, I w ant you to kno I feel and I know too that yoa understand and that you wl listen to the appeal. to Regardless of what ym heard and read. FDR never A few monthi 3rd Term. his 2nd Term was about toe:: Roosevelt invited kin of E: to spend a night in the White She especially wanted their to sleep there "so that they will forget the thrill of it Considering the people (w really know) who have bee she said in effect. I want; dren to be with us for a r.:p this positively is their ve? last chance! ... After a press conference White House office a repon the President of a story come in the mail. Did he c It was publication? . . Gridiron Dinner, said FDR. better clear it with some of ii who were there. . . Ala: publican Senator, it appears teasing FDR about his "ta . . augural suit." . . "If your: . third term," heckled the "let me borrow that suit s run against you and win!' FDR told him he couldn't borrow his "lucky suit cause I may need it myself! "You mean, was thereto:: you ARE going to run again' mean," said Ro Mr. that I may need wearily, self. I do not consider It augural suit. It is my funera. Another of the favorite FI ries deals with the White H tor who remarked: Mr. ft how in the world did you such patience with all thebe meet in a day? FDR grimly replied: quire patience after you two years learning how your big toe again." Men who were trusted If dent Roosevelt were never when they were admitted office. The Secret Service his friends, of course. . ly appointed agent, however, A newspaper chances. W had never seen before Hod White hadnt held his agent high enough for the oat was suddenly jerked crowd swiftly marching newspai1 press confab. The beariiifi (when he got his was irked no end. . . tad with the President, he everybcC "I thought it. here, he said, "knew your team! . . . "Well, ... President, it that the boys is comfort! are ca: reful" "Not so careful." displaying a loaded ps,'' u l' id tfefl Among one reporter hearing him guffaw, was funny he fl; vaudeville comics w'ou belly laugh. one thinks, too, he is e him saw who ever happened when eX'ConL; c n son and others were sn his of war records Dl ' Roosevelt was misers letter that came from one of them. of ,0 b,ame r Newspaper h)k I read) the v' learned Notes of a Letter to us gets killed so theyll stop PickinL" When tbs' iq, ft t he the family!" rted FDRs lower lip s,a and the tears came This Republic is will of the peoplewill has been interrup rfd t Vile ssing of God, in the pa Roosevelt. Now, President constitutional oho1 entitled ican people, is cooper loyalty and Chief-Thirnander in ifr is not Ft 7, a time c effort. On the S unexpected and American to the lenge to Democracy s( j |