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Show V FARM AND GARDEN. OF INTEREST MATTERS AGRICULTURISTS. TO Hints About Culof the boil aud 1 laid tivation iticultura and Thereof Horticulture, Floriculture. Boms rp-to-D- More Altout AVeedera. Latta, Agriculturist, Purdue University, Indiana: We have used a feeder four years in corn cultuie. Our plan has been to use the weeder the first and second cultivations and follow with the ordinary harrow after that. It has been used for othsr pui poses, I believe, at this station, but this Is the extent of Its use in this department. I Will give below tbe results of corn produced with different culture implements, including the weeder and harrow, that you may judge of the relative merits of the woik of the weeder. The average for the past four years is as follows: 49.85 Cultivator IV. C. one-hor- se 50.66 Corn plow 51.12 Weeder and harrow the or three times two The first weeder with the cultivated were plats harand subsequently with a The weeder does excelrow. lent work if used after every rain on land that is not too firm a composition. one-hors- e The following discussion took place fct an Illinois Institute: Which Is the most etfectve. the weeder or the where you have A. The maa good deal of land. The e chine covers eight feet, the fourteen feet. For an orchard about eight feet is big enough, but if you are going to use it in corn and want to cultivate forty acres you had better have two horses. Q. Is It practicable to put it into corn? A. Yes, that is what it was made for originally, corn and potatoes. I cultivate my strawberries with it. Q. It will dig them right out, wont It? A No. It is too light a machine for that. Q. What will it do if the ground is baked? A. You cant use it at all then. It Is like any other machine. It has its place. You cannot get a cultivator that will answer every purpose. Q. I would like to know how that can go by the side of a corn stalk and take the weeds and leave the corn? A. If you do It just right you can take even a garden rake and scratch right into your corn. The weeder teeth turn back, they do not slide in ahead like shovels, but turn back. I have used It three years. If you have pigeon grass that is well rooted you cannot take it out. In order to get the benefit of that machine you have got to use it before the weeds get much of a Q. one-hors- two-hors- e? e two-hors- e, one-hor- se two-hors- start. Training Crape Incs. E. G. Lodeman, Department of Agriculture Report: Another system of post training differs radically from the one stated last week. Instead of being spurred or branched near the surface of the soil the stem is carried upward in a spiral to the top of the post, and the short arms, o'f which there are generally two or more, are formed at the summit. The canes are cut back to the desired number of buds, and the shoots grow freely downward. This system, which is followed in some parts of western Michigan, really should be Included in the third class, but as it is commonly known as a variety of the post system it Is here considered with the others. Leaving these simple systems. In which the method of training presents ho complicated features, a much more complpx group will be considered. The shoots are still trained upward, but their position is, theoretically, determined with almost mathematical precision. The Horizontal Arm Spur, or Fuller, System This system presents the above features In a particularly formal manner, and when the details of this method are carefully mastered the other methods present no special difficulties. It is not so fully discussed on account of its wide use (for, as a matter of fact, the horizontal arm spur system is little in favor among but rather because it offers an opportunity to show in an almost ideal manner most of tbe points which arise In connection with nearly all the other systems in this as well as in the other two groups. Its principal merit, therefore, lies in its value for illustrative purposes. When a grapevine is first set In a vineyard it may be one or two years old, the former being preferable in the majority of cabes. The cane is cut back to two buds, and during the first season its shoots are allowed to lie prone upon the surface of the soil. Assuming that all the pruning is done a short time before the arrival of tbe growing season, at the beginning vine of the second year the newly-se- t will have a wellestablished root system and two canes of varying length. The weaker of these canes should now be removed entirely and the other should be cut back, so that it remains about 18 Inches la length. If In this manner the cane is sufficiently long to reach to the lowest wire when the trellis is made. By some, however, the cane is cut back again to two buds, as in the previous ye-This causes the stem to branch near the surface of the ground, instead of at the lowest wire. Either method may be followed to advantage, although single stems render cultivation mere easy. This cane, whatever its length, is to form the stem of the vine, and a3 there are to be two arms, only two of the strongest shoots need be retained after the growths are sufficiently advanced for their comparative vigor to be seen. It is better that all the other shoots be then removed, so that the two that are to remain may become the stioug-er- . But if the uonoFniy growths re not removed until the following spring no material Injury will be done to the vine. r. Artthnke. That artichokes are valuable 13 un- necessary to prove, the experience of generations having fully demonstrated that fact. Like all crops, whether or not it is to be cultivated depends on the incidental circumstances by which the farmer is affected. If a man is devoting his entire time to or to flower growing of course he will not find artichokes profitable. But to the farmer who is raising hogs the artichoke may prove of great value. Artichokes need only common soil, and even do well on poor soil. They will stand more neglect than most crops and yet yield an annual crop. This makes them particularly valuable to farmers that have many hogs, much land and few hired men. In such cases the harvesting is done by the hogs themselves, thus saving the expense of labor. When they are thus fed, being rooted out by the swine there will usually be enough tubers left In the ground to seed the whole area for the next year. Although artichokes will grow on poor land they do best on land that Is rich, light and that has an open exposure. The plant is very hardy and will endure the cold of any part of the United States. Plow deep and harrow the ground. Probably It is better to plant the seed In hills, as the plants spread rapidly. Prepare the ground as for potatoes, planting the seed In a similar manner, the hills being about three feet apart. About three bushels of seed will be required to the acre, and the manner of cutting potatoes for planting will apply to the artichokes. Small ones are often planted whole. A potato planter may be used. They should be planted as early in the spring as the land can be worked. Blossoming usually takes place In August and from that time on till the end of the season the tubers are Increasing in size and hardening. The stalks will have withered by the time the frost comes and the tubers are then ready to be dug. They can be dug the same as potatoes and stored the same way, but if possible, it will be found advantageous to allow the swine to begin operations as soon as the crop is ripe. As to seed there are many kinds recommended by the seedsmen, among the most valuable of which are the French artichokes. bee-keepi- Live Stock In the United States. government report on the amount of live stock in the country Jan. 1 makes the hogs 39,750,000, a deThe crease of 840,000; the milch cows, a decrease for the year of the oxen and other cattle, 29,264,-00a decrease of 1,244,000, and the sheep, 37,650,000, an increase of 100,-84- 1; 0, 838,-00- 0. The hog supply Is the smallest since when there wrere 36,227,603 reported, and 7,000,000 less than the yearly average for the sixteen years since then. Not only that, but the number of hogs reported Is 1,715,000 head less than the average for twenty-thre- e years previous to this year. The number of cattle is 9,000,000 less than six years ago. The number of cattle, hogs, and sheep reported by the government 1881, vine-yardist- s) Themall Farm. Given two farmers with equal mental and physical attainments, and with capital proportioned to the acres each cultivates, the man with a small farm will get more comfort and satisfaction from his work and quite as much net profit as the one with the larger farm. Ex. TIIE TORPEDO IX WAR. CREATEST AGENT OF DESTRUCTION NOW USED. IHxtory of Its Evolution from tho Teur 1SSS Up to the Ftent lu llaiaiii Harbor on Feb. 13 I.ust Duiing the Civil War. 'jrM MERICAN g' nus lias done more to develop the torpedo as an instrument of maiiae i y.r-- warfare than the inventive skill of any other nation-aiitWhile ihe 3- history of this terrible death engine dates as far back s 1685, when an Italian engineer named Zambelli destroyed a bridge during the siege of Antwerp by exploding a scow load of gunpowder against the Pier, It was not until the days of the revolutionary war that an actual demonstration was made of the efficacy of the torpedo. Since that time the process of evolution has gone forward 1 y. - consisting of nothing more than a barrel, a few pounds of gunpowder and a time fuse, the torpedo has reached a stage which represents the perfection of human skill and the expenditure of vast sums. Once an ins gnfi-caInvention, drifting at the mercy of contrary currents, it is now a thing of life itself, capable of attacking a vessel with almost as much precision as though animated by human intellint gence. The origin of the torpedo may be traced back to the days when the ancients employed Greek fire to destroy the shipping of their enemies. It was the discovery of gunpowder that opened the way for a natural development of the Idea, and quickened the Inventive brain to the possibilities of the torpedo in time of war. After Zambelli had achieved renown by blowing up the bridge at Antwerp, nearly two j experiments in su.v.arlr.e minT.g and turned his attention to navigation. It is a rcnaikal le f ict that Fulton panned a system of toiptdo war-- j fare upon which a erv ht:le improve- He dt-- I Trent has Vein made to.laj. a Led four cktss.'s of torpedoes bi.oy-- J ant mines anelu red in the channel to i1 a t he dt funded ard exp'oded by with the fcu.l of an emni'.s tts-el- ; line torpedoes, to ie set adrift and fouled fleet at arty the cables of a cher; harpoon torpedoes to be from a gun and find bv cCKk work after being a'tich- d to a veiKes side, and block shin torpnhvs. to ba carried on ler.a: s; ars p- j ct ng from a boats bow and epl d d liv coma t. All tho?e devices except the har; ooa torpedo are included in tbe modern system. Colonel fanniel Cob, inventor of tbe revoher that bears bis rame. was the next American genius to take up the study of torpedoes, and the first to introduce electrcity as an ignting agent for the explosive charge. After years of experiment he blew up a bri under full sail in the Potomac river, April 13, 1S43. It was a wonderful demonstration for those days, and has never been equaled since Colonel Colt operated his electrical battery at Alexandria, five miles away from the epot where the brig was destroyed, a feat which the government engineers at Willets Point have yet to undertake with the same succcess. The secret believed to relate to a method of making a vessel telegraph her own position died with him. When the civil war broke out American Inventors were given an opportunity to demonstrate on a grand scale the Important part which the torpedo can be made to play in maritime warfare. During the last two years ofithe war the federal government lost seven Ironclads, thirteen wooden war vessels and seven army transports, and had eight more vessels seriously injured. The confederates lost four vessels by their own "torpedoes and the Albemarle, a fine new ironclad which had proved a terror to United States vessels. The destruction of the Albemarle was accomplished by one of tbe most daring exhibitions of bravery ever recorded in history, and served to place the name of Lieut. William B. Cushing in the long list of the worlds heroes. Cushing was only 21 years old. Cushing asked for permission to destroy the Albemarle while she was tied up to the wharf at Plymouth in the Roanoke River. The permission was granted, and on the night of Oct. 27, 1864, with a crew of thirteen officers and men, he steamed up the river in a little launch. A long spar projected from the how of the launch, at the end of which was a torpedo. A string, one end of which was tied to the trigger of the torpedo and the other of which was in the hand of Cushing, afforded the means of exploding the charge. At full speed the launch dashed at the ironclad, and when within twenty yards it was discovered that a cordon of floating logs surrounded the ship as a protection against such an attack. The little launch darted out into the middle of the river, Cushing gave orders to put on all steam, and then hs turned her once more toward the enemy. The speed was so great that when the launch struck the log she slid over. A volley of musketry saluted the daring crew as Cushing pulled the string, and then a mighty column of water shot up in the air. A few minutes later and the Albemarle was on the bottom of the river. So was the launch. Cushing swam down the river and escaped, and the rest of his crew was captured. W. H. M. . hoie ds-charg- - DISCHARGING A TORPEDO. (United States Torpedo Boat Stiletto, Now In Commission.) centuries passed before it was realized that the effectiveness of the torpedo depended on the submergence of the charge at the time of explosion. It was Captain David Bushnell, an American engineer in the revolutionary war, who first experimented on the principle of submergence. He also invented one of the very first submarine boats, by which the first attempt at actual warfare wyas made. He was the originator, In fact, of submarine mining as it is practiced today. The first practical trial of the submarine boat .was made in 1776, when Sergeant Ezra Lee directed the craft against the British frigate Eagle while she lay in The attack was New York harbor. not successful In destroying the frigate but the narrow escape from destruction sent cold chills down the back of Lord Howe, who used the vessel as his flag ship. In the year following Captain Bushnell turned his attention to torpedoes. He filled a number of kegs with gunpowder and time fuses, and PERFECT OF ITS KIND. then set them adrift In New York There Is to be seen in Marsala, Sicily, harbor with the hope one of them would lodge against the sides of the the recently excavated Marsala vase frigate Cerberus, a British warship that one of the most exquisite which ha3 One of was anchored in the harbor. these kegs floated alongside a prize schooner which was tied to the stern The sailors saw it, of the Ceberus. and, ignorant of Its deadly character, It extook It aboard for examination. ploded, and there was not enough left of the schooner to hold up a drowning man. Twenty years later Robert Fulton, the noted inventor, revived the ideas He constructed of Captain Bushnell. a submarine boat called the Nautilus, and tried to sell it to the French navy. He showed the French the merits of the boat in August, 1S01, by destroying a launch in the harbor of Brest, the first case on record of a vessel being blown up by a submerged charge of gunpowder. For some reason the French did not care to buy the Nautilus, and Fulton then offered her to the Biitish government, with the expectation that he would be allowed to CELEBRATED MARSALA VASE. operate her against the French fleet come down to us from antiquity. ConHe gave a successful noisseurs at Boulogne. pronounce it a gem. Marsala demonstration on a brig which he purIs an interesting town as well as a chased for experimental purposes, but health resort. It still retains parts of the British government rejected his its fortifications, mighty bastions, some proposals as unsuited to this interests of them fabulously old, and there is a and dignity of a nation that enjoyed subterranean city as extensive as the full sovereignty over the seas. Fulton one above ground. The catacombs of returned to the United States and tried Marsala differ from other catacombs to gain recognition from his own counbecause the idea of dwellings for the try. Commmdore Rogers of the Amliving as well as the dead are considered. These catacombs doubtless origerican navy made such a show of opposition that he finally abandoned his inated in quarries. isrcjoira Both the method and results when Syrup of Figs is taken; it is pleasant and refreshing to the taste, and acts gently yet promptly on the Kidneys, Liver and Bowels, cleanses the system effectually, dispels colds, headaches and fevers and cures habitual Syrup of Figs is the constipation. only remedy of its kind ever produced, pleasing to the taste and acceptable to the stomach, prompt in its action and truly beneficial in its effects, prepared only from the most healthy and agreeable substances, its many excellent qualities commend it to all and have made it the most popular remedy known. 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U., urn-tv- Salt Lake kbea Aosvscrisg and 1() sum,, days W No. 17, 189S Advertisements Mention This Taper. Kindly |