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Show results of his labor by having to sell at a disadvantage. More shipping associations as-sociations should be formed, and these associations should co-operate. He mentioned successful associations as existing at Villa Ridge and Anna. Dishonest packers should be expelled from the associations whenever discovered, dis-covered, as their methods always injured in-jured other shippers. Prof. Craig" of Cornell talked on cover crops for the orchard, illustrating illustrat-ing his remarks by means of lantern slides. Experiments had shown that under cover crops frost does not penetrate pene-trate as deeply as where the ground is left bare. A blue grass sod is found to be a good protection, and in certain experiments the frost was found to have penetrated only twelve inches under blue grass sod, while under no cover it penetrated to a depth of 18 inches. Soy beans had been found to be a valuable cover crop in New York, as had vetch and j the clovers. The old idea of fallow-, ing is fallaceous; as land only loses in fertility by being allowed to remain re-main uncovered in summer. In the East the conservation of fertility is the burning question, while in the West the conservation of moisture is the first consideration. Tillage is important, im-portant, but if the, soil is kept bare it is daneerous. The use of tillaee TpSllilif Illinois Horticulturists Meet. The Illinois State Horticultural Society So-ciety held its 47th annual meeting at the State University of Illinois, Ur-bana, Ur-bana, Dec. 17 to 19. The attendance was good. The fruit exhibit was unusually un-usually good and occupied two rooms in the agricultural building. Cultivation and care of the orchard was treated by W. S. Perrine in an Interesting paper. He said that bearing bear-ing orchards should be cultivated and have cover crops to keep the soil in , condition. If hilly orchards are to be cultivated at, all, it' must be only to seed at once, to prevent washing. The orchard on level land should be sown to cow peas. Prof. T. J. Burrill talked on the bitter bit-ter rot of the apple and the efforts made to control it by spraying. Spraying Spray-ing infected trees showed some results re-sults in favor of spraying, but not enough to warrant its advocacy. Prac-' tically all that can be done with the should be joined to the use of a cover crop. If humus is not added to the soil tillage will cause it to lose its fertility. O. C. Simonds of Chicago gave an illustrated talk on parks and public grounds for villages and small towns. He advocated the use of native wild plants in the decoration of small parks and highways. Mrs. E. B. Freeman read a most interesting in-teresting paper on wild flowers for home decoration. She named a large number of wild flowers that she had found very ornamental for the decoration decora-tion of the home grounds. A. V. Schermerhorn talked on spraying spray-ing experiments. Spraying is the most important of all the orchard operations. op-erations. Success in spraying can" only be attained by haying the proper spraying materials. Many had failed by reason of the poor quality of the Paris green used by them. E. S. Titus sent a paper, which was read by Professor Forties. It treated of the curculio as a pest of the apple. Senator Dunlap said that he had found the curculio to be his worst pest in the apple orchard. It was worst on the side of the orchard adjoining an old hedge, which evidently acted as a harbor. On Thursday evening, after the close of the evening session, 81 members sat down to ;a banquet at the Beardsley Hotel. This is a new feature at the Illinois convention, and proved to be a great success. . The election of officers by the association asso-ciation resulted in the following choice: President, H. A. Aldrich, Neoga; vice president, H. L. Doan, spray is to prevent the bitter rot by covering the apples with the spraying solution before the coming of the disease. Prof. Stinspn of Missouri said that in his state it had been found to be a nio.st difficult matter to protect pro-tect the trees against bitter rot. One season the spray seemed to prevent rot, while the next year the spray - would be found to be ineffective. H. L. Doan talked on cultivating and pruning the peach tree. He advocated planting 20 feet apart each way. Peach orchards should not be cropped after the third year. Jt is easy to produce an over-growth on strong lands. These trees bear tardily and are not productive. They run to wood. Peaches that overgrow are likely to suffer in winter. The farmer's garden was discussed . by J. L. Hartwell. He said that in addition to the tools needed, every farmer should have some kind of a ' horse cultivator, a wheel hoe and a garden seeder. A greasy rag is a necessary accompaniment of this outfit out-fit and should be applied to every tool as often as used. I have seen but few spades that are not rusty, and the average farm hoe is entirely unusable. unusa-ble. Mr. James Handly spoke on the benefits or organization. He said that local organizations although comprising com-prising but few members, could be profitably established in all neighborhoods. neighbor-hoods. Pruning of the apple orchard was the subject of an illustrated lecture lay . Prof. John Craig of Cornell University. Uni-versity. He said that trees should not be allowed to develop according Jacksonville; secretary, L. R. Bryant, Princeton; treasurer, J. W. Stanton, Richview. The executive board for the coming year will consist of H. A. Aldrich, L. R. Bryant, H. T. Thompson, Thomp-son, J. L. Hartwell, G. J. Foster, J. R. Reasoner, J. W. Stanton, A. V. Schermerhorn. Scher-merhorn. Cow Peas in the Orchard. On fifteen acres of a ' ten-year-old orchard, which the preceding year had been cultivated in corn and previously had been down to pasture, clay soil no better nor worse than thousands of acres of land in the southern part of the state, nine acres of cow peas were sown broadcast, June 3, 1901. The balance of the orchard was cultivated culti-vated at the same time, but received no further attention, except about one acre, which was planted in potatoes. The peas came on well, and in ten days had covered the ground. One could see but little difference in the early part of the season,' but by the first of August the hot, dry ' weather began to tell. Where the : potatoes were, the leaves on the ' trees were brown and looked dark and the fruit dropped badly. On the five-acre part the same condition prevailed; but perhaps per-haps not to so great an extent, while where the peas were the trees looked thrifty' and the foliage dark and green. Many a passer-by remarked, "What makes those trees look so thrifty, while others show the effects of the drouth?" When picking time came the real difference was apparent; the potato patch yielded neither apples-nor apples-nor potatoes. The potatoes were not worth digging, and three barrels of No. 2 fruit was the best it yielded. The five acres did some better, but it is enough to say that the sorting table was never Carried beyond the edge' of the peas. September 16 a high wind blew off a good many.' I picked up and shipped twenty-eight barrels and took about sixty bushels to the cider mill. The balance hung on remarkably well, and when picked October 12 yielded 97 barrels. The apples were large, even and high colored, col-ored, and I was offered 50 cents per barrel more for this fruit, orchard run, than for any other. A. P. Darby. to their natural tendencies. He had seen such orchards knotted and broken- after many years. Low heading, he said, was becoming the accepted method of shaping trees in this country; as this gave a well-shaped well-shaped head and protected the trunk ; from sun-scald. ' Prof. S. A. Forbes, state entomolo gist, reported on his inspection of nurseries nur-series in Illinois, during the past year. The total number inspected was 291, three others remaining to be inspected. in-spected. There are 294 nurseries in the state. The total cost of inspecting inspect-ing these 291 nurseries was -$1,106.11, an average expense of $3.80 per nursery. nur-sery. This is 40 cents more than the average cost of last year, wbich was $3.40. During the past year 24,231 trees received a thorough insecticide treatment, and 1,119 trees were, destroyed de-stroyed as worthless on account of the extent to which they were infested in-fested by the San Jose scale. About 20 miles of Osage Orange hedge had been Inspected, of which about 16 miles of it was found to be infested with the San Jose Scale. Prof. John W. Lloyd told of the ex-' ex-' periments made to ascertain the possibility pos-sibility of controlling the second brood of the codling moth. He advocated spraying as the only thing that would in any way check the insect at this time. The growing and the keeping of fruit for exhibition was treated of by E. A. Riehl of Alton. Trees should be in perfect condition as to health and vigor if they were to be expected to bear fruit that would be exhibitable. This means that the orchard must receive re-ceive good cultivation, not only during dur-ing the year when the show fruit is borne, but for several years previous to that. With both appies and peas we must spray, against both insect and fungous pests. Sacking helps the fruit by keeping off insects and improving the color of the fruit. Pick the fruit when it is mature, but do not allow it to hang too long on the trees and become over-ripe. Peach trees should be so pruned that the branches will permit th sun to reach the fruit early In the day, which will help to color up the fruit. Peaches to be shown should talso be thinned. j W. Stanton talked on the marketing market-ing of fruit and the organization of shipping associations. He believed that the fruit grower lost much of the |