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Show THE LEIII SUN. LEIII, UTAH In 1794 Congress Grudgingly To Build Six Ships; This Talks About a Billion c.rrTT WATSON -A by Western Newpaper Union.) JSesident roose- TVELT'S budget recom-WndaUon recom-WndaUon of a billion dollar faval program, the largest Scetime sum ever consid-Ld consid-Ld for that purpose, is by us sharp contrast, an interesting inter-esting commentary on the St of economy (perhaps simony" would be the bore appropriate word) in which provision for our 'first line of defense" was conceived con-ceived 146 years ago. I For it was in March, 1794, that the first congress approved ap-proved a bill out of which Lew the United States navy, albeit its passage was marked by a long and acrimonious acrim-onious debate during which it was declared that "a navy Js the most expensive of all means of defense, and the tyranny of governments consists con-sists in the expensiveness of their machinery." 1 Indicative of the grudging ' . . . . 1 1 nnn spirit in wnicii uua un wm-gressional wm-gressional provision for a navy was made is the fact that the bill won in the house of representatives by a vote of 50 to 39 and in the senate the sentiment was so evenly divided that it took the vote of Vice President John Adams Ad-ams to break a tie and pass the measure. f Despite the success of John Paul Jones and other American sea captains against the superior tea forces of England during the Revolution, one of the first acts of congress, after the fight for liberty ended, was to dispense with the services of the victor of the famous Bon Homme Richard-Serapis Richard-Serapis battle and begin scrapping scrap-ping such war vessels as we had. In doing this congress was only following the wishes of the citizens citi-zens of the new nation. But the United States soon learned a bitter lesson from its naval disarmament program. For centuries the Barbary states to northern Africa Algeria, Trip-poli, Trip-poli, Tunis and Morocco had preyed upon the commerce of European countries and, despite the huge indemnities which France, Spain and the Italian states paid to these pirates, their shipping and their coasts were never saie irom destructive raids. England, because of her sea power, had suffered but little from these marauders but her former colonial shipping, now fly-teg fly-teg a new flag, immediately became be-came the prey of the corsairs. a Ask $60,000 Ransom. 1 1n 1785 the Algerian pirates ized two American merchantmen merchant-men and by the time of Wash-gton's Wash-gton's inauguration their 21 officers of-ficers and men were still held prisoners. The Continental confess con-fess had made some efforts in oieir behalf but these had been ntemptuously rejected by the uey of Algiers who demanded a ransom of nearly $60,000 for his wptives. Rnnn afro- TV, T j rson .was appointed secretary of m wasnwgton's cabinet, he as called upon to report to con- el"3 uPn the negotiations which e, as minister to France, had arried on with the AlPrm i 0 Jeffersn submitted a KPort, remarking that a solution tte pr0biem "rests with con-Jess con-Jess to decide between war, tribal trib-al "nsom. If war, they n consider how far our own purees shall be caUed fo M how far they will enable PwStS. Constitution, the co-Ste co-Ste Lf 0th" Powers- H S L f31180111' il wiU rest e .m V0 Umit Provide e amount; and with the Execu-ial Execu-ial rU,g same cnsti- 4 mSSFSZ- Sl0w t0 take 4S 016 meantime, the Kwa continued ftei teMi"1030 commerce in at GVer"Tailuntl1 was al-t al-t en tt 0yed' Finay by 1793 5tod 6deral gvnment hoS S4, a committee of bought iTB rl ,rePresentatives tecf20 m,nO Suns and oi our commerce. matter han entVat .apparen that fcialnavVSoSmSreatinga 15 was James Madison of The Constellation, oldest vessel on the United States navy list, now used as a training ship at the Newport (It. I.) naval training station. sta-tion. In this old frigate Commodore Thomas Truxtun won two great victories over superior ships daring our "undeclared war" with France at the beginning of the Nineteenth century. Virginia who believed that peace with the pirates "might be purchased pur-chased for less money than this armament would cost." Another Virginia representative "feared that we were not a match for the Algerines" and a Georgian thought that "bribery alone could purchase security from them." A New Jersey congressman objected ob-jected to the "establishment of a fleet, because, when once it had been commenced, there would be no end to it." Smith of Maryland and Fitz-simmons Fitz-simmons of Pennsylvania, who championed the resolution, and Fisher Ames of Massachusetts, who supported them, called upon Madison to define his position and he proposed a substitute for the resolution. It was that "money should be employed in such a manner as should be found most effectual for obtaining a peace with the Regency of Algiers; and failing of this, that the sum should be applied to the end of obtaining protection from some of the European powers." Navies "Foolish Things." This suggestion was denounced as an attempt to get other nations na-tions to fight our battles for us but Giles of Virginia came to Madison's support with a statement state-ment that he "considered navies altogether as very foolish things. An immense quantity of property was spread on the water for no purpose whatever, which might have been employed by land to the best purpose." As it became clear that the two Virginians were taking an isolationist stand which would make the United States a hermit nation, sentiment began to swing in favor of the original resolution. Despite the effort of opponents of the bill to delay consideration of it, on March 10, 1794, it came up for final passage in the house. Giles made a last effort to prevent pre-vent its passage. He argued that fitting out a navy would inevitably involve us in wars with all the European powers. Besides that, it would be a perpetual threat to American liberties. But despite his eloquent plea, the final vote was 50 in favor and 39 against the measure. It had an even harder struggle in the senate for, as has already been stated, it required the vote of the vice president, as presiding officer of-ficer over that body, to break the deadlock and concur in the action of the house. However, in order to get the measure passed an amendment had to be tacked on that, if peace terms with the Algerines Al-gerines could be arranged, "no farther proceeding be had under this act." On March 27, 1794, President Washington signed the act providing pro-viding for the building of six frigates the President, the United Unit-ed States, the Chesapeake, the Congress, the Constellation, and the Constitution. However, be fore they could be completed a treaty of peace was concluded with Algiers in beptemcer, iao, under the terms of which we paid Algiers a total of $642,500 for the ransom of captives, for tribute and for presents to of ficials. Besides that we agreed to build a frigate for the Algerine naw and also supply naval stores, bringing the total cost of the treaty up to $wz,4bi.&. Bv the terms of the amend ment to the navy act, we had to ston building vessels for protec tion of our commerce. Of the five frieates authorized, work on three, the United States, the Con stellation and the constitution. was already under way and even-tuaiiv even-tuaiiv thpv were completed. The timber for the others was sold, except for the ship which was to Voted Year It Dollar Navy! be presented to the Algerines. Although the navy act of March 27, 1794, was emasculated by the amendment, nevertheless it marked the real beginning of the American navy and, as such, should be a red letter day on our national calendar. In 1793 France and England were at war again and America soon found itself trying desperately to maintain main-tain its neutrality in the conflict. Jay's treaty with England in 1794 put an end to most of the disputes between England and America which grew out of the Revolution Revolu-tion and which brought us close to another war with Britain. But the next year the British Orders-in-Council against neutral trade with France raised the war fever in this country again and France, angered by Jay's treaty, did all she could to fan that flame. But eventually France overplayed over-played her hand and when her blackmailing schemes were ex posed, American sentiment approved ap-proved the strong stand taken by the new President, John Adams, against our former ally. Not only did congress agree to complete three of the frigates authorized in 1794 at a cost of $1,141,160 but on April 20, 1798, it voted $950,000 for the purchase and equipment of an additional naval force. On April 30 a separate navy depart ment was established (heretofore naval affairs had been administered adminis-tered as a part of the war department) de-partment) and Benjamin Stoddert was appointed the first secretary of the navy. A Naval Program. By this time America was def initely committed to a naval program pro-gram and on May 4 President Adams was authorized to procure cannon and build foundries and armories. This act was soon fol lowed by an appropriation of $80,000 for galleys to be used "as porcupine quills in punishing en emy attacks." With what was already appropriated, the Presi dent was authorized to accept, if offered by private citizens, six frigates and six sloops of war, and to pay for them with govern ment bonds. Meanwhile France had substituted substi-tuted force for Talleyrand's devious de-vious diplomacy and it had seized nearly a thousand American ships. As a result, our alliance with that country, formed during our fight for liberty, was abrogat ed and m June, I7a8, congress authorized the President to use our navy to "subdue, seize, and take any armed French vessel which shall be found within the inrisdictional limits of the United States or elsewhere on the high seas. This was an important steo because it said, in effect, that if we were to compel an enemy to do us justice we must no loneer depend upon harbor galleys but must send ships swift enough to search out the enemy vessels in their own waters and strong enough to overcome them The result was our "undeclared war" with France which contin ued for two and a half years which time one of the new frigates, the Constellation, won two brilliant victories over Trvnrh men-of-war and our little navy captured 85 armed French vessels, nearly all privateers ana lost only one war vessel, which had been originally a captured French ship. But despite the les sons learned in this conflict it re-two re-two more of them the War with the Barbary Pirates of 1302-04 and the War oi 181Z with England to teach us the necessity neces-sity of maintaining an adequate naval establishment if we were, as Washington said, to "secure respect" for our flag and to save it "from insult or aggression, Although the name of Commo- I aore i nomas Truxtun is but little known to most Americans, yet two victories which he won during dur-ing our "undeclared war" with France entitle him to a place alongside John Paul Jones, Stephen Ste-phen Decatur, Isaac Hull, James Lawrence, and Oliver Hazard Perry in our galaxy of naval heroes. Early in 1799 Truxtun was placed in command of the Constellation, flagship of a squadron squad-ron of five vessels which were sent to the West Indies. At noon on February 9 while the Constellation was cruising off the island of Nevis, a large ship was discovered away to the south. Truxtun immediately gave chase and by the middle of the afternoon he had overhauled the fleeing ship and was engaged in a hot battle with her. Within an hour and a quarter the swift and accurate fire of the American Ameri-can gunners had so shattered the enemy ship that her captain struck his colors. She proved to be the famous French frigate, La Insurgente, whose loss was 70 men killed and wounded, whereas the only casualties on the Constellation were three wounded. The captured French ship was put in charge of a prize crew commanded by Lieutenant (later Commodore) John Rodgers and taken to St. Kitt's. When news of Truxtun's victory reached the United States it sent a thrill of joy through the country such as it had not known smce the days of John Paul Jones. Truxtun was eulogized in the newspapers, sent "congratulatory addresses" by groups of citizens and re ceived from the merchants of Lloyd's coffee house in London a handsome service of plate worth more than $3,000. A year later Truxtun gave his fellow-countrymen even , more cause for rejoicing. Early on the morning of February 1, 1800, while cruising off Guadeloupe seeking the large French frigate, La Vengeance, which was believed be-lieved to be in those waters, he discovered a sail to the south which he took to be that of an English merchantman. So he ran up the English colors, but, upon receiving no response, gave chase. The stranger began piling on sail and for 15 hours succeeded in keeping out of range of the Constellation's guns. , Then the American ship came within hailing hail-ing distance and Truxtun discovered discov-ered that the stranger was the very ship he was seeking La Vengeance. At eight o'clock in the evening the Americans opened fire and from that time until one o clock in the morning the two ships carried on a running run-ning fight, sometimes coming within pistol shot of each other. Suddenly the French frigate ceased firing and disappeared so completely in the gloom that Truxtun believed she had sunk. But at that moment he discovered discov-ered that nearly all the Constellation's Constel-lation's shrouds had been cut away by the fire of the enemy and that her mainmast was about to fall. Soon afterwards a heavy squall came up and the mast went overboard. Although badly crippled, the French ship managed to reach the safety of a harbor on the coast of South America. There her commander, Captain Pitot, acknowledged that twice during the engagement he had struck his colors but in the gloom of night this signal of surrender was not seen by the Americans. Once more Truxtun's victory over a superior foe although La Vengeance carried 54 guns and 400 men, as compared to the Constellation's 32 guns and 300 men, the French loss was 162 killed and wounded while the Americans' was only 14 killed and 25 wounded sent his name ringing through the United States. Two months later congress con-gress authorized the President to present him with a gold medal "emblematical of the late action" with the thanks of the nation, the second time in our history that such an honor was bestowed upon a naval officer. Two years later Truxtun was ordered to command a squadron destined for service in the Mediterranean. Medi-terranean. His request for a cap-tain cap-tain to command his flagship being be-ing denied, he declined the service serv-ice and President Jefferson construed con-strued this action as a resignation, resigna-tion, which was accepted. Thus the navy lost the services of one of the best officers in its history. Truxtun retired to a farm near Philadelphia and died there May 5, 1822. Kathleen Norris Says: Wc All Have to Pay the Piper for Our Mistakes (BeU Syndlct-WNXJ Several yean after their divorca Mary and Paul met and discovered they loved each other itilL The resullt were m $econd divorce for I'aul and hit remarriage la Mary, By KATHLEEN NORRIS WHEN we are young we call the tune, and when we are old we pay the piper. It's a terrifying thing to think of, but it's one of the Inescapable facts of life. The cross you make for yourself In youth you carry in old ge, nobody else can carry it for you, and there's no putting it down. That's why fathers and mouiers waste their breath advising ana warning. Don't drive so fast, darling. dar-ling. Don't start going with that particular crowd, dear. Don't eat too much. Don't drink too much. Don't marry until you really love; and when you do marry don't quarrel, quar-rel, don't waste money, don't flirt, don't be extravagant If this generation of children lis tened, and profited by advice, and if the next generation did the same, and if the parents themselves were wise good men and women who hadn't made serious mistakes them selves, what a world of high character char-acter and nobility and happiness we would have In a hundred years! But alas, the parents are often as busy making mistakes as the chil dren are, and when one mistake is superimposed upon another, and half a dozen more are thrown in from all sides, human lives get into terrible tangles, and only superhu man powers can straighten them out. Prayer will, humility and pa tience and faith will, but who believes be-lieves that In reference to the tire some little tangles of every day? We save our prayers for the great crises of life, and even then usually bestow them generously on someone else. That Nerma's baby wm come safely. That dear George will get well. That Betty won't be so impatient with Gerald. We rarely pray that we ourselves will changn, because one of the first things i baby learns, and one of the convic tions that sticks to him most fl-mly, is that he is all but perfect. If you've made a mistake and you have to pay for it sometimes it helDS a lot to face the music hon. estly and say, "I was wrong. I was young and ignorant and hot- headed and blind, and I made serious mistake. All right. That's past. Now for the future, without mistakes!" A Ridiculous Mistake. In a letter that lies on my desk a woman who calls herself "Mary, Paul's Wife," tells me of a rather ridiculous mistake she and her husband hus-band made, and of the price they have to pay for it They were married 12 years ago, and had two boys, now 10 and eight Six or seven years after marriage hard times came; Paul lost bis Job; his wife went to work, and domestic domes-tic trouble ensued. They were divorced di-vorced by her wish, although she says when It came right down to leaving Paul she cried for four days and nights. She married a man named Ben, and Paul married a girl named Maude. Ben died, and two years ago Paul's first wife met him again. He is very prosperous now; he was not happy with Maude, and he and Mary very soon discovered that they loved each other stilL He needed his boys, and the upshot of that accidental ac-cidental meeting was a second divorce di-vorce for Paul, and his remarriage to Mary. They are now Ideally happy, hap-py, have a third small son only a few months old, and would be one of the world's contented couples if it were not that Paul has to pay Maude $200 a month. That eats into Mary's very souL "Maude is well-fixed anyway," she writes. "She has a car, a beautiful beau-tiful apartment and a maid. She goes away summers, entertains, dresses perfectly. We are paying almost a third of Paul's remaining income for our home, have three chiliren, and only occasional help with housework. Is it fair that the money that would give me a good urse and great comfort must go to Srvtc.) Pay the riper H When we're young we call the tune and when we are older we pay the piper, lays Kathleen Norris. C It's an Inescapable "fact of life." Nobody else can carry your cross for you. There's no putting it down. That's why fathers fa-thers and mothers waste their breath advising and warning. If all the warnings and advice were heeded we'd have a wonderful world in a few generations. But unhappily people go right on making mistakes. C. And when the time comes to pay up, the best thing to do is to accept the bill and start paying, fl. If it's money trouble, accord-Ing accord-Ing to this writer, you have much for which to thank God. For many other troubles are worse. this selfish woman who lived with Paul only two years, never made him a home or showed him any real affection, and doesn't need the money T Of course we want the boys to be well-schooled, to go to col lege, and yet that ridiculous $2,400 must be taken out of our income every year for a woman who means nothing to either of us. They Must Pay the Piper. "When we remarried and made this arrangement, we felt that Maude would marry again, but she shows no disposition to do so, and as she is beginning her forties she probably will not I don't know what we can do about it but it does seem that we should do some thing.- My dear Mary: There is nothing you can do about it except pay the piper, and thank God that the mistake mis-take you made wasn't of a more serious nature and isn't going to cost you even more. Actually hundreds hun-dreds of thousands of families lost all their hard-saved capital eight or ten years ago, through speculation or unfortunate investments, and they have to pay the piper. Millions Mil-lions pay the piper with chronic in digestion and headache, because they WOULD eat and drink Indis creetly. An Innocent small girl pays the piper because her mother would take her driving In a bitter wind, and the mastoid operation that followed a head cold cost her her hearing. Unhappy and unsuccessful lives are all paying the piper; paying him for parental stupidities, for bad home influences, for lack of guid ance or intelligence or grace. Slums and drunkenness and poverty and illness are all preventable, and while we let them exist someone is going to pay the piper for each and every one. War is the crudest and stupidest mistake human be ings make, and how we pay for it and how our children's children will pay for it someday! So stop worrying about the money Paul has to pay Maude. You and he both acted like undisciplined children chil-dren when hard times came; you didn't stick to him as a wife should, and the discovery that you did love each other, after the quarrel, is what you are paying for. Forget Maude; forget the details; only say to yourself that you won't make that mistake again, and will try to prepare pre-pare your boys for marriage along better lines than your own were. See that they know fine girls, and are ready to assume the responsibilities responsi-bilities of life courageously and wisely, and you'll more man make up for the errors in your own life, expensive as they seem. Mary Should Be Grateful. When your worst trouble is money, you have much for which to thank God. A cruel or drinking husband, a crippled child, circumstances circum-stances that separate you from those who love and need you, physical phys-ical suffering from some chronic disorder, dis-order, grinding poverty, quarrelsome quarrel-some atmospheres these are real troubles. 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