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Show '' ' "" S CENTER OF ITALY'S SOCIAL B EARTHQUAKE ZONE BR Mllon, chief city of tho J.ombordy- V Plednulnt region of Italy, where work JH its Mlzed factories several months He-, ago, ami where much unrest tins been Hj manifested Bltice, has frankly eonstd- AW cred Itself for long years tho virtual !BR capital the "capltale morale" of the Mjf' country. Ml In tho recent Industrial troubles fuc- jHft lories are reported to have been BU telzcd by .workmen In practically nil V parts of Italy ; but It was In Lomburdy B and Piedmont, tho territorial division H lying1 farthest north and farthest BH northwest In the pentnsuln the seats jBI of the Important Italian metal indus- AWj tries that "the seizures were most nu- H merous. in those nylons, In turn, Uio J movement was most pronounced In H nnd about Turin, tho principal city of flf tho Piedmont, and tliu Detroit of Italy ; Br and la Milan, -metropolis of tho north, ami Italy's Full Illvor, Philadelphia B and Schenectady rolled Into one. H', Lombard y and tho Piedmont com- H ptiso tho plains of tho tipper reaches BJ of the great I'o valley, tho Alplno foot- t hills, and tho southern and eastern B Mopes of a large part of tho Alps them- Mlves. Milan, on a fertile plain near U)o southern ends of somo of tho most Bf Important of the Alplno passes, was a Bf town of considerable Importance even B In tho dim historic days of 222 II. 0., B wlien It was captured by the Itomaus. B It wus then, as It Is today, second BB city In point of population In Italy. B Milan early turned a position of lend- ershlp a in one surrounding cltleH, a BE leadership, however, which did not go ft unchallenged. Tho city tins been do- BBv. ktmyed many times, once by a league BBV of neighboring towns, and at other B times by alien conquerors. After each V destruction it has sprung up on a teem- BB tngly ilrmcr foundation to achlevo BB (.'renter popularity ahd a more far- J reaching, lulluence. BBB Apart from any reputation Milan BB nmy have gained as nn Index to in- BB. dustrhil unrest. It Is a lender among J IfulluirtiitJes In other respects. In- J deed, thV Milanese Insist that tlielr BB -Mty, thelc "capltale mornlc," Is the J very heart nnd head of Italy's mod- J ni life nnd activity "first In, Indus- SB rry, 11 ret In municipal progress, first BBj n nolltlcnl Importance." BBBj Tho Industrial plants of modem BBB itllan lmvo fairly burst tho contlncs BB of the old dty and many nru to bo j found In numerous poimlous suburbs J thtit hayo sprung up, especially slnco J 181)5. The population now numbers J dose to three-'qunilor8 of n million. It Is exceeded only slightly, If at all, by that of Naples, and, Is considered In excess or that of Homo. H TIENTSIN, PANORAMA H CITY BBBe Tientsin, In the northeastern edgo BBS of the terrible Chlneso funilne urea. BBS In which millions of people are sturv- lag to death, Is like a necklace of BBS towns str.uug together. SB To wulk" about Tientsin Is to travel. An afternoon's stroll from tho nntivo M to tho IJrltlah, French, Italian, llusslan HV nod other foreign quarters, gives the sensation of a magic tour through V - Poking,' ' London, Paris, Homo and n Petrogrnd, And tho windmills nmong HHW the salt mounds Just outside tho city HHMi, add a touch of Holland, n This panorama city has had a tern- HHJI jwstuous history. Thcro n group of HHjl, American and other foreign residents HBW Herbert 0. Iloovor nmong .them BSft defended themselves for n ' month ! against (ho fanatic Iloxors in 1000, HH Slnco then Uio native city has been M. known uH Chong-ll, or "Town without Walls,! ltecauso tho ancient barriers PBBlI woru demolished during tho slego. Of BBHj the COO doughty foreigners nioro than BSJS tlfty wero ' killed and many others BSK wounded before military aid came. BBBV Tientsin was tho sceno of another SBBSi' famous siege,- that f tho Tulplng SBBS rebels In) ISM, Followers of Hung BBBK Sin Tsunn, vrtio had professed Chris- Hh, tlanlty and set himself up In Nanking HHH i as tho "IIoaenly King," marched to- BSBE f wurdPeklng. Dut tho Waterloo of tho BBBB j "long haired rebels," so-called because HH l they could not plait tholr queues and JB ) thus signify loyalty to tho Manchus, H ramn at Tientsin. Y, Tho succors of tho campaign against- nVf ,,u revolutionists was due principally U to tho gallant "Chlneso Gordon." qen. KH' Charles Gcergo Gordon, nnd his" "Hver- RBjH Victorious Army." Bh Commanding tho native force at IHJ Tientsin was Seng-kn-lln-sln, a Mongol WHJE general, who later distinguished him- BHR self less cVcdltably. In 1SC0 ho sought HHV to defend Tlontsln against a forolgn HBp expedition by erecting an lmpienso BBbk mud rnmpart outside tho city. Tien- HmVjk tsjn was captured and held for two BBS yenrti by the. British nnd French, nnd KB tho crudo Ucfenso Is -known In the BKM foreign quarters as "Seng-ko-lln-sln's ffl folly." BBkX The region about Tientsin was BBj known as Chl-chou under the Ilsla BBK dynasty, whoso rulers, 4,000 years ago, BBPf, already had court astronomers who BkI. could predict eclipses- Later It was BBP called Ya-chou, In tho Chou dynasty, BBBJv marked by the western wars waged by Mn-WiMig agnlnst tho "Dog liar-barlnns," liar-barlnns," thought to liavo been ancestors ances-tors of the Huns, Tientsin dates back at least to tho fourteenth century. cen-tury. The salt Industry In tho neighborhood neighbor-hood of Tientsin Is prodigious. Windmills Wind-mills are used to pump salt water Into I the fields along the Hallo river, where tho widely known Chang-lu salt Is made. Uefore tho war nearly 20,000 tons wcro produced annually. Hut Tientsin Is Important commercially l. I many respects. It is a rice market. I nnd Siberia's ten formerly was shipped through there. Kxports were as arled as the needs of the dozen or so nations which had separate settlements set-tlements along five miles of the river front, and its Imports were us dlvcrso ns tho commodities those nations hnd to exchnnge. The Pelho nnd Hunho rivers converge con-verge at Tientsin. From tho latter to tho Ynngtsze-Klnng extends tho Grnnd canal, that remarkable specimen speci-men of ancient engineering, mentioned by Confucius, which orglnally was more than 1,000 miles long. Tientsin has more people than Boston. Bos-ton. It Is the principal city of Clilh-II, Clilh-II, nnd is 80 miles southeast of Peking by rail. 1, ONE OF GERMANY'S LOST TERRITORIES The former Gorman nmoan Islands Is-lands constitute ono of the Important groups of Pacific islands that lmvo fallen to tho lot of Great Hrltaln, through New Zealand, ae a result of tho World war. Tho Samonn group, called by former form-er geographers "The Navigators' Islands," from tho skill In navigation shown by its inhabitants, consists of four principal bltH of land lying In the South Pacific, nearly midway 1o twecn Now Zealand and Ilnwalt. Tho number of islands In tho group may, by counting tho smaller, bo Increased In-creased to 11, or oven 14, but. only Savtl, Upolu, Tutulla, (owned by tho United States) and tho thrco usually Included under Uio general term Manuu, are importnnt. All aro verdure-clad and Inhabited, and In nppcaranco and shnpo resemble resem-ble Immense Krccn hats, tho Interior representing the crown being mountainous, moun-tainous, whllo tho brim or bhora is covered with coconut palms, breadfruit, bread-fruit, banana and other tropical trees, which 'furnish tho natlvo food. At somo prehistoric period tho peaks of a submerged mountnln chain' running northeast nnd Southwest lmvo been lifted from Uio depths of tho ocenn by tho upheaval of volcanoes now long extinct. Accumulations of soil brought by heavy rains from tho mountains meet tho ever-growing reef, which prevents easy approach to tho land except In those plnccs where fresh-water streams, forcing "tlielr way through, form openings In tho coral barrier. Iietwecn reef nnd shoro a lagoon, varying- in width from 200 yards to two or three milco, provides n socuro highway for coast and Inter-Island trnlllc. The entire length of tho group, If ltoso island be Included, Is llttlo less than HOO miles, and tile gnus area of tho Islands Is larger than tho state of Ithode Island by SO sqbnro miles. Tho nntivo Inhabitants of tho Islands aro of Polynesian stock and aro clearly related to tho natives of both Hawaii nnd Now Zealand. For practical purposes theso natives may ho divided Into four classes. At tho head stand tho chiefs, who nro hereditary heredi-tary In the senso that they must bo-long bo-long to certain families, hut electlvo In that they exercise authority by vlrtuo of titles conferred on them. Tho Tulafale, talklng-mnn, IS their executive ofllcer, who phrases their thoughts in eloquent language, nnd Is frequently tho central llguro In tho district and tho sourco of authority. Iielow him and nbovo tho lowest class, composed of what nro known as tho "common people," nro tho nntivo teachers and cntcchlstH, who -wear nioro clothes and do less fighting than tho rest of tho population. Thcro Is nothing In tho dress or bearing of n high chief which enables n foreigner to distinguish hhn, but ho Is isolated from the rest of tho people by a system of rigid etlquctto. No ons may hold up an umbrella or do certain cer-tain kinds of work In his presence, nnd a special vocabulary Is set apart In which to address him. Tho common com-mon names for food, an nxe, n pig, etc., nro tabooed In his presence. His face, his anger nnd other attributes arc described in nn entirely different sot of words from thoso used for ordlnnry men. Tho powers and duties of tho "miking "mik-ing men" nro considerable. They aro men of much dignity of carriage, and ns they stand leaning upon n staff of ofllco with n "fuo," o " flap cast over ono shoulder, with wliMi occa-fclonnlly occa-fclonnlly to emphasize their remarks, they comparo favorably in nppeurunco with tho orators of a nation moro civilized than themselves. MARSHALL ISLANDS: NEW JAPANESE TERRITORY Tho Marshall Islands, ono of tho Pacific archipelagoes formerly owned by Germany, and over which Japan has been given a mandate by tho League of Nations, practically form a barrier between the Hawaiian Islands, on tho east, and Guam und tho Philippines Philip-pines to tho west. Tho two chnlns of curiously shaped atolls, or coral Islands consisting of low-lying coral reefs encircling lagoons, la-goons, known ns tho Marshall group, Ho a llttlo south of the center of nn i Irauglnury lino connecting Hawaii, Guam and the Philippines. i Quam, Samoa and Honolulu form a j triangle of trade routes, with its sides not penetrated by Important steamship lines. Within this Isolated Pacific trl-ntiglo trl-ntiglo are tho Marshall islands. Uefore the war Sydney wns reached by steamer, n vojage of moro than 3,000 miles. The only other method of egress was n steamer to Ponnp which connected with a French line to Singapore. Like two loosely strung chains of Jewels, tho Islands stretch from northwest north-west to southeast, each with Its lu-goon lu-goon setting encased by n strangely shaped circlet of coral, some llko trl-iitiglcs, trl-iitiglcs, harps and stirrups, and ono outlining n bull's head with Its horns. Straight haired, dark, brown natives, still preserving the religious significance signifi-cance of tattoo and taboo, aro to bo found. Once a sturdy, reliant, seafaring sea-faring people, for they were tho best mariners in tho Pacific, tho white man's coming, an in tho enso of his advent nmong the Ksklmo nnd tin Indian, did not seem wholly beneficial, In teaching them ways to llvo moro easily civilization robbed them of that boldness nnd adventure which mnde them the hardiest of the Mlcroneaslan .peoples. Many of the young died ot tuberculosis. Skillful and fearless navigators, th natives used bread-tree wood to mni'o sailing canoes In which they would voyngo for months. They dovlsed charts, made of sticks, showing tho locations of Islands nnd tho directions of prevailing winds. Ancestor worship was their predominant predomi-nant religious sentiment. With petitions peti-tions and gifts they worshiped the departed whose spirits were supposed to return to earth In certain palm trees which tlioy set off In slono enclosures. en-closures. Birds and fishes sometimes embodied theso spirits, they believed, and thus certain species became taboo. ta-boo. Homes of tho natives were not pretentious. pre-tentious. Floors were raised above tho ground to escape the rats, and thatched roofs covered tho combination combina-tion houso nnd storage room. Tho two island groups nro known as tho itntak and Itnllk chains. Their entire area Is not moro than 100 squaro miles; their nntivo population before the wnr was 115,000, with fewer than .100 foreigners. The scat of German Ger-man government was on Jnlult and the most populous Island Is Majcru, with but 1,000 persons. Other explorers had touched at tin Islands but they, with the Gilbert group, took their names from Captains Cap-tains Marshall and Gilbert who explored ex-plored them- In 1788. Tho Germans nnnexed tho Islands In 18S0. FORMER AUSTRIAN NAVAL BASE NOW ITALIAN STRONGHOLD Pola, formerly Important to Austria ns Its naval buso, now Is equally Important Im-portant to Italy, for a different reason. rea-son. A glanco at a map of tho Adriatic will show that tho possession of Pola, and Uio recent acquisition of the Island of Chcrso, by tho terms of tho Itnpullo agreement, glvo Italy control of tho water route to Flume. Situated near tho extremity of tho Istrlnn peninsula, 85 miles by rati southwest of Trieste, Poln's golo Important Im-portant activity heforo tho war was connected with tho repairing, provisioning provi-sioning nnd hnrborlng of tho Austrian naval forces. Tho town Is virtually without Industrial establishments or manufactures. In 1000 tho population of Pola was about what It had been eighteen centuries cen-turies before under tho rule of Itomun emperors. During tho succeeding ten years, however, it grew from 45,000 to 70,000. Tho practically land-locked hnrbor Is divided, tho upper or northern half being the commercial roadstead, and tho lower half (below tho chain brldgo which connects Scogllo Ollvl, or Ollvo Island, With tho mainland) being tho Porto Mllltnre, with tho extensive marine ma-rine nrsenal on the southeastern shore. Tho city Itself clusters around a castle-crowned hill which was onco the site of tho Itoman cnpltol. The castle cas-tle Is a memento of the days of Venetian Vene-tian prowess.' Its settlement Is attributed to the Col-chlans Col-chlans who pursued Jason nnd his nrgouuuts. I'ola's splendid hnrbor be- ' came n Itoman possession In 178 II. 0., but Julius Caesur destroyed It for having hav-ing espoused tho cnuso of Pompey. Somo years Inter It wos rebuilt by tho ICmperor Augustus at tho Instance, according ac-cording to Pliny, of his beloved daughter daugh-ter Julia. The most Impresslvo ruin In Pola Is tho vast amphitheater, erected at tjie beginning of tho Christian era in honor of tho emperors, Scptimlus Severus and Caraculla. This Is be- j Itcvcd to bo tho only Itoman umphl-theater umphl-theater whoso outer walls uo with- ! stood tho ravages of tlnio nnd of man. ! Tho Intorior, however, Is badly dls- mantled nnd tho foundation walls at ono end, centuries ago, were oxtenslve-ly oxtenslve-ly quarried by tho Venetians who desired de-sired tho white Istrlan limestone for tho erection of their own palaces. About tho mlddlo of the 12th cen- ; tury Poln becamo n Venetian city. In the destructive wars, which resulted from the rivalry botweon Venl and Genoa to control the commorco of tho 1 world two centuries lntor, this port ' across the Adriatic from Its parent re-j public suffered often and grievously It wos completely destroyed In 1370, ' and for nearly four and u half ron- j turles It lay dormant. It passod to Austrln at the end of tho Nnpoloonlc wnra, howoyer, nnd Its modorn growth dates from 1813, when It was teJocted as an Austrian naval bno. Pola llos almost due east of Venice, ' n distance of 75 miles.' across tho Arrlatlc. u J |