Show WORLD NOT Y YET T NORMAL IN 1920 European Nations Especially Are Beset With Troubles During During During Dur Dur- ing Period of Readjustment PRINCIPAL EVENTS EVEtUS REVIEWED Failure of Senate to Ratify Peace Treaty Leaves United States Technically Technically Tech Tech- at War War Presidential Presidential Election Holds Interest By DON DONALD LD F. F BIGGS RIGGS The world throughout the year 1920 1120 was fras passing through the troublesome period of ot readjustment and reaction that began with the tile close of the World war Of all the great powers that hAd hid been involved in the conflict the United United Unit Unit- ed States alone remained technically In a state of war with Germany through the failure of the senate to ratify the peace treaty For all practical practical practical purposes however the Unit United d States was at peace pence limO and conditions in ill inthis inthis this country were more nearly normal than in most of the nations of Europe which had accepted the settlements agreed upon by the tile peace conference at Paris Althou Although h the tile great war had ended tIl the e world was not at peace In 1920 T Territorial disputes and jealousies growing out of the war resulted In tn a large hu-ge number of minor mtnor conflicts I I INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The World war was formally ended January 10 when Germany ermany and fourteen four tour tee teen of the powers a allied against herIn herin her herIn In the Hie war exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Qt Versailles at Paris The Tile United States however was not among the nations participating In this tills c ceremony remony as the treaty had not been bean ratified by the sen senate te The League of Nations came Into actual being at Paris January 16 when wien the executive council held Its Us first meeting with representatives from Belgium Belgium Bel lIe gium glum Brazil Brad England Italy France Japan Greece a arid and d Spain Ink ing The Russian government made a astep astep astep step toward securing peace with rith its warring neighbors by concluding treaties with Ukraine and Esthonia The Turkish peace terms were completed completed com com- on March 3 and a week later the Allies decided to us use use force to ira ira- im impose pose the terms terms' upon Turkey sending troops to occupy Constantinople The allied forces occupied the Turkish capital without opposition The Poles and Ukrainians n ec ed a treaty on April 27 recognizing Ukrainian Independence from Russia A combined army of ot Poles and Ukrainians n- n laDS ians then launched an offensive against the Russian Red ped forces capturing Kiev on May 8 and the great port of ot Odessa on May 11 The supreme council c continued hU 1 ed Its efforts to complete the peace settle m ments The treaty with Hungary was as assigned signed sned June 4 at Versailles Amb Ambassador d dor t r Wallace signing for the United Suites States On July 7 the Bolshevik troops captured captured cap cap- throwing th the Poles into retreat on the entire front Poland opened negotiations for tor an armistice and these continued for tor a week when It was reported that Russia had had hador ordered ordered ordered or or- dered the tIre postponement of the negotiations and the capture of Warsaw B Bolshevist ls troops captured Lomza and Brest Brest and began a drive on Lemberg August 1 L During the next next two t weeks they continued to advance and on August 17 were within tw twelve lve miles mUes of ot Warsaw The Polish capital seemed doomed doomed but on the theP the Poles P les launched a great counteroffensive counteroffensive counter of and drove the Bolshevik back In disorder Heartened by the crushing crushIng crushing crush crush- ing blow given ghen the Russian forces the Poles rejected the tile Bolshevik peace terms In the meantime on August 11 ii 11 the French foreign office surprised the other other othor oth oth- er or powers b by giving recognition to General de facto government govern govern- ment ment In South Russia The Turkish peace treaty was signed on on August 10 by all nations concerned except Serbia and the Soviet Russia continued Its effort eort to make i p ace with Its Us neighbors by signing a treaty with and agreeing to armistice terms with Finland On On October 12 tile the Poles signed an armistice and prel preliminary peace treaty with Russia to become effective October October October Oc Oc- Oc- Oc tober 18 The cessation of hostilities on the tile Polish fronts enabled the to strengthen their other fronts DIrected DIrected Directed Di DI- by the war minister the Bolshevik launched a violent offensive offensive of ot- on October 31 against the South Russian armies commanded by General They succeeded In smashing General forces and drove on through Crimea The B Bolshevik forces captured Seb Se- Se b November 14 General f and the remnants of his army array were on board American French and British warships which steamed out put of the harbor as the B Bolshevik entered entered en en- th the city An agreement on the Adriatic q question question ques ques- es- es tion was vas reached November 10 at a conference between the Slays Slavs and the Italians and a treaty embodying embody embody- ing the agreement was sigried at Rapal Rapallo Rapallo Ra- Ra pal pallo Jo two da days s 's later The Assembly of ot the League of ot Nations Nations Na Na- opened its first session at Genea Geneva Ge Ge- neva ne November No 15 Paul Hymans of Del Belgium glum heln being elected president Several attempts to secure action on i amendments to the covenant co of the I League of ot Nations were voted down bv by bi the league assembly Because of this action the tire Argentine delegates to the assembly withdrew on December 3 On December 1 Austria was admitted admitted admit admit- fE ted d to the league the first of the allies alUes of Germany t to 1 be granted member member- ship FOREIGN AFFAIRS With continual strife strite amounting virtually virtually vir vir- vir to civil war var in Ireland with spasmodic revolutionary outbreaks InGE In GE Germany with revolutionary counter-revolutionary movements developing at Intervals In Russia with civil war in China and with poll political ti ca upheavals in I France rance Italy Greece and other countries the tile unrest and changing conditions condition growing out of ot the World war war were wen reflected In the disturbed Internal conditions conditions con con- of many countries of the old world In 1920 One ot the un unexpected political d de developments de- de of the early days of the year ear was the failure of ot Premier CI Cl j- j to obtain election as president president president dent of France upon the expiration of the term of ot President Poincare Paul lal Deschanel was elected on January 17 iT and the following day Clemenceau cabinet resigned Alexandre e Miller- Miller and formed a new cabinet at the request request request re re- re- re quest of President Poincare The Russian All-Russian government nt In SIberIa Siberia Si SI- beria berm headed by Admiral Alexander B. B Kolchak was finally destroyed with th the killing of Admiral Kolchak by Social Social Social So So- cial Revolutionists at on February February Feb Feb- mary 7 r. In Great Britain the government took its first definite step toward a settlement of ot the Irish question on onI February 25 by presenting to the I house of ot commons Its Irish homeI home I rule bill bUl providing for autonomous rule under a dual parliament representing representing representing both the north and the south On March 10 Ulster voted to accept the bill bUl A new revolution counter-revolution directed by militarists broke out in Berlin March 13 The revolutionists gained control of Berlin and Dr Wolfgang Kapp proclaimed himself chancellor T The e revolution re was short lived however however however how how- ever ending In failure on the when Dr Kapp resigned The Irish situation continued to attract attract at at- tract the attention of pf the world On March 19 the mayor mayor of Cork was was killed killed kill kill- ed by assassins I In Ia Mexico the presidential campaign developed a revolution which resulted eventually In the overthrow of ot the Carranza government On April 10 the state of Sonora withdrew from the republic and fighting between the Sonora troops and federal forces be be- gan By April 21 nine M Mexican stat states s shad had joined the secession movement The revolutionary movement gained rapidly and on May 7 President Carranza Carranza Carranza Car Car- ranza fled fied from Mexico City toward the eastern coast On May 22 Carran Carranza Car Car- ran ranza a the fugitive president was s shot ot and killed by troops In his escort while asleep n August 13 Mayor Terence Ma Mae Mac SWiney of ot Cork Cork- was as arrested by BritIsh British British Brit Brit- ish troops for sedition In holding a aSih SIb Sih Fein court at the City Hall ll Dew He lie w was s c convicted nv by a court martial court martial on on the and nd taken to an English on where he Immediately entered upon upon upon up up- on a hunger strike Riots and In In- continued to assume m more re serious proportions proportions at many points In the constitutional election held In Mexico September 5 General Avara Alvara Alvara Al- Al vara Obregon was a elected president President Deschanel of France resigned resigned resigned re re- signed September 21 because of ot Ill III health and on the Premier Alexandre Alex- Alex andre ardre was elected to succeed him Georges minister of ot marine under under beca became e pr pre ruler mier After a n hunger strike of 74 days which which had drawn the attention of the world Terence MacSwiney lord mayor of Cork died In Brixton prison London London Lon Lon- don dori October 25 Great pressure had h been en brought to bear to secure Mayor MacSwiney's release but the government government government govern govern- ment stood firm In Its stand stad against the U hunger strikers King Alexander of Greece died on onO O October tober 25 as a result o of a 8 bite by 8 a apet ape pe pet monkey and it It ras was announced d that hut the throne would would be offered to to PrInce Prince Paul third son of former King Constantine FIerce rioting between Unionists and Sinn broke out in North Belfast Ireland November 7 7 SerIous Seri SerI- Serious ous disorders were reported also at Londonderry where five policemen were shot and many ships burned or wrecked The Irish home rule bill passed the house of ot commons on Its third reading November 11 At Dublin on November 21 following the murder of 14 British officers a force of troops raided raided a football game and fired upon the crowd cro killing and wounding a a large number of ot persons A political upheaval came In Greece with the defeat In the general election on November 14 of ot the party headed by Premier Venizelos Premier Venizelos Veni zelos resigned on November 17 and anel Geor George e former premier and leader among the followers of King ex-King Constantine formed a new cabinet On December 4 the Greek people In Ina Inn a n plebiscite voted for the return of or Kin King Constantine Constantino On December I 19 Constantine returned to Athens in triumph The Irish situation neared a crisis during the closing weeks of ot the year Wholesale arrests were verE made by th the British authorities es during the last weeks of November among those taken being Arthur Griffith acting president of ot the Irish republic and many other Irish leaders On November November No No- vember 28 Irish plotters set fire to several large warehouses on the Liverpool Liver Liver- pool pooh water front and killed two men Martial law was proclaimed In south Ireland on December 10 0 and two days later a a large part of ot the business district district dis- dis of ot Cork was burned In reprisal It was claimed for Sinn Sian Fein Fda raids raid DOMESTIC The year 1920 being a presidential election year jear ear politics held the attention attention attention atten atten- tion of ot the people of ot the United State States State during durIn the greater rE ater part of the Senator Warren G 0 G. G Harding of Ohio was nominated for President by hy the Republicans at Chicago June 12 2 The Democratic national convention at San Francisco nominated Governor James M. M Cox of Ohio on July 5 on the tire to fourth forty rth ballot ballotIn In the election on November 2 2 the Republican national ticket was elected by an overwhelming majority receivIng receiving ing lag electoral elector votes while the Democratic Democratic Democratic Demo Demo- cratic candidates received The Republicans also won an nn overwhelmIng overwhelm overwhelm- In lag Ing majority in congress By winning their long fight for tor equal suffrage toe the women of the country country coun coun- try gained the rl right ht to vote yote for tor all offices In the November election The Unit United d States Supreme court courton on January 5 upheld the constitutionality constitutionality constitution constitution- of wartime pr prohibition and the ad enforcement ement act On January January January Janu Janu- ary 16 nation nationwide wid I. I prohibition under the eighteenth amendment nt to the Constitution Constitution Con Con- went Into effect The railroads of ot the country were returned to private operation on March 1 under the terms of the Cum Cum- Esch mins-Esch railroad reorganization act Several suits had been instituted during the early months o of the year attacking the validity of the eighteenth eighteenth eighteenth eight eight- prohibition amendment All An these cases cases' were taken to the United States Supreme court court and on June 7 that tribunal tribuna decided that the amend amend- amendment amendment ment meat and the enforcement act were constitutional Big Increases In rates were granted the railroads ads of ot the country by the Interstate commerce commission July Tuly 31 to enable the roads to meet In- In creasea wages The trial of ot the Communist Labor party leaders in Chicago In progress for tor several months ended August 2 with the conviction of 20 who were given jail sentences Sharp drops in the prices of cotton wheat and other farm tarm products brought appeals for assistance from the Ule farmers Canners of the country during the theatter latter atter part of the year Night riders appeared In southern states In an effort effort effort ef ef- ef- ef fort to force the growers to hold their cotton for a higher price and it ii a movement movement move move- ment was started to secure the holding of wheat from the market NATIONAL LEGISLATION The continued fight over the ratification ratification ratification tion of the treaty of Versailles with the League of covenant resulting resulting re re- re- re suIting in rejection of the treaty for forthe forthe forthe the second time occupied the attention attention atten atten- tion of ot the United States senate during the early arly months of 1920 and monopolized monopolized the attention of ot the public so fIO far tar as congressional action was concerned eon con The Cummins Esch Esch bill bUl im im- im der which the railroads of the Ule country operated after their return to private control and the army reorganization bill were the principal pieces of ot legislation legislation legis legis- lation enacted before the first firt regular session of the sixth Sixty congress E ended June 5 f The Water Power Development nt bill which had long heE been n pending in Congress congress con con- gress was passed bv hy the senate Renate J unary un- un ary 15 A similar bill had been adopted adopt adopt- ed by the house bouse In JUly 1919 IBm The senate enate th then n turned Its Us attention to th the peace treaty The original Lodge reservations were again adopted adopt adopt- ed ed with ith some ome amendments amendment The treaty with thus the reservations came caine to toa toa toa a vote ot on March 19 10 and tor for the second time failed to secure the |