Show ITo i. i I II L a ou eto ac II I I Figuring or t II I Ii I J I d Tt p i W bin on D fo I f of e SHAPED LIKE A PITCHER WITHOUT A HANDLE since the lon of the World war the largest of the states of southeastern Europe owes ones much of this Increased area to Its Us recent recent re re- cent cent annexation of pre pie previously a part of nu Russia la the former Russian province lying between the Pruth- Pruth and the rivers and bounded on the south by the Danube and the Black sea might be likened In shape to a tall slim pitcher without a handle han han- dle dIe It Is completely bounded by water water wa ter except at a aery ery very narrow point atI at atI atthe I the mouth of the pitcher The Doles Doles- ter tel river rIer forms the eastern boundary I 1 of the province Flowing out of the crown lands lunds at Galicia- Galicia the river runs buns I east In general direction for approximately approximately fifty miles mUes Then It turns I southeast for ninety miles lilies to r bay ba an nn arm ahn of the Black Bla k sea some fifteen miles from Odessa Russia's principal port on that Inland body of water The Pruth rIver flowing out of Galicia runs east cast for about twenty miles then turns southeast for a hundred hundred hun bun I dred Bred and ten miles and then slightly west of south to its confluence with the Danube Is a little smaller than Vermont and New ew Hampshire er Its greatest length Is- Is miles while Its greatest width Is It Is mostly flat except for some well- well wooded shoots off-shoots of the Carpathian mountains In the northwest It might be said to be the vineyard of Russia being a great producer of ot wine The population of Is made up of l Little Russians Poles Bulgarians Jews Jens ArmenIans Armenians Arme Arme- Greeks and Tartars More than of the Inhabitants live on the soil The capital Is which Is located almost at the center of the province To the west nest of Bes Bes- sarabia lies lles Moldavia vla and to the east the Russian province of and The original Inhabitants of Bessa Bessa- rabia rabla are believed to have been Cimmerians after whom came cume the Sc th ians Because it was Vas the key to one of the approaches toward the empire I of Byzantium the province was invaded Invaded Invaded In In- by many successive races during dun dur ing lag the early centuries of the Christian Christian Christian Chris Chris- tian era ern Trojan Trajan Tr jan Incorporated It with the province of Dacia and In the next century the the- Goths poured Into it It tobe to tobe tobe be followed In turn by the Huns and and the Bulgarians Bulgarians- In the seventh century a Thracian tribe known as the Bessi settled there and gave gae to the land Its name Between 1711 and 1812 It was the great bone boue of contention between the Ottoman Turks and the Russians The Russians lost and r recaptured captured It five times In that century After the Napoleonic wars It was definitely annexed annexed annexed an an- to Russia Russin and Its frontier pushed southward so as to to include the delta of the Danube As a result of the Crimean war Moldavia was given and other territory but under the treaty of Berlin In 1878 following Russia's mastery of Turkey and the congress of Berlin Russia secure secured all of the territory east of tl th o river Pruth Bes Bes- sarabia rem e a n part of Russia from that time until th the dismemberment dismemberment dismemberment dismember dismember- ment of the czars czar's empire following e ie e Russian revolution x v MEXICO A MODERN BABEL President Obregon gon who has Just JUs been Installed as chief executive of of th the Republic of Mexico rules over o a population of man many tongues This m multiplicity of languages language's s Is not not due to wholesale immigration as In the United United Unit Unit- ed States but to a failure to a large part of of the Indian population The causes of many of the revolutions which have disturbed the progress of Mexico can Mexico can be traced to this diversity of tongues and the differences in n thought and ideals th that t necessarily follow From Sono Sonora a to Yucatan Yucatan- more than fifty separate separate dialects are spoken writes Frederick In Ina Ina ina a communication to the National Geographic Geographic Geo Geo- graphic society All the inhabitants of or the West Coast however with the exception of some hill tribes of Indians can understand understand un un- Spanish Of these Indians the with their crude hill forts their weird c ceremonial masque dances and their warlike attitude are easily most conspicuous Many are enlisted with the federal army or or employed as ranch hands and mine or railroad la la- borers boners The with the tile federal troops are termed or tame those In the hills wild and hostile are the Th The latter are a a vagrant lot robbin t robbing ranches for tot food and animals carrying rawhide drums and water gourds wearing sandals of green living living by their wits Pressed Pre by hunger they subsist as asI aswell I 1 well on burros as beef These burros the short and simple sim sim- simple I. I pIe animals of or the poor thrive by the thousand usand on the West Coast Many w I run wild like the wild lId asses of Mesopotamia The Maya Indians some of whom still carry bows and arrows inhabit the flat fiat costal plain south Of f the Yaqui region along the lover Maya Maa Excellent Excellent Excellent Ex Ex- laborers peacefully inclined many of the Mayas Mayns are trusted helpers help ers on American ranches and planta Most of the well advertised brands of wild men ure fairly familiar to the show-going show American public The head hunter the P Pygmy the Bushman as and I his bo boomerang are arc all nil old circus acquaintances But within miles runes of chaste and classic Los Angeles Angele there dwells a lost tribe of s savages whose very cry name is known to but few of or us for this tribe has never been tamed lamed uplifted or even exhibited Yet It Is older order perhaps than the Aztecs Aztecs Az Az- t cs it ma may even be th the last living of the American aborigines The The Saris these hese strange people are called and the they Inhabit a lonely evil ll rock called Shark island island is is- Is land that lifts its hostile bead from the hot empty waters at s of the Gulf Gult Of California And all down all down this coast the name of Is pis Is spoken with with- witha a shrug of the should shoulders shoulders rs for these Seris are thieves thle and and killers It Is Is even en whispered that long ago they were cannibals cannibal EUGENICS AND OUR IMMIGRATION LAWS Recognition by congress that Immigration gr gl gration constitutes one onu of the greatest great great- est of ot the war after problems problem of ti the United States makes timely a suggestion suggestion tion In regard to controlling the great Influx of ot foreigners to this country advanced ad by Dr Alexander Graham Bell In a communication to the National National Na Na- Geographic society Wh Why should not congress provide for an ethnical survey of the people of the United States he as asks aks ks We should have definite and reliable yell reli able Information concerning those foreign for for- foreign eign elements which are beneficial to our people and those which are harmful harm harm- ful The problem of Improving a race of human beings is a most perplexing one to handle The process of Improvement Im Im- provement m must st be slow where the forces act frond from within mid and andare I Iare are not amenable to c control from with with- out Under t the e best conditions It would require several generations to to produce sensible results but In the United States we have In the new blood Introduced from abroad an Important Important important Im Im- means of Improvement that will act net more quickly and that Is emInently eminently eminently emi emI- susceptible to control All the nations of the world have been contributing contributing con con- elements to our population and we have hae now and now only the opportunity of studying the process of absorption before It is complete The grand spectacle Is Is presented to our our e eyes es of a new people being gradually evolved In the United Unite States by the mingling together of the differ differ- different ent eat races of the world In varying pro pro pre portions It U I. of the greatest consequence consequence conse conse- quence to us that the final result should be the evolution of ot a higher and nobler type of man In In America and not deterioration of the nation To this end the process process' of evolution evolution tion should be carefully studied and then controlled by suitable Immigration Immigration tion laws tending to eliminate undesirable undesirable unde unde- ethnical elements and to stimulate stimulate stimulate the admission of elements assimilated assimilated assimilated as as- readily by our population and arll that tend to raise the standard of manhood here t- t HOW STEEL IS MADE MADE I In the two t years since the end of hostilities In the World war the countries countries coun coun- tries tries- suffering most f from om the conflict have been Importing steel to the eS- eS tent that their finances will permit J for this substance is needed to patch l the industrial injuries inflicted by the the war Some of the Important methods employed ed In the making of steel are described in the following communication communication cation to the National Geographic society by William Joseph Showalter An open hearth furnace looks a good deal like I an n ordinary bake oved but v when hen one looks In through the water-cooled water door a vast difference appears Instead In of pans p ns of fragrant fragrant fra fra- grant fat loaves of baking bread there Is Isan an Imposing pool of fiery liquid uld as bright as the filament of a n power high-power tungsten lamp so dazzling that It can be with safety to the eyes only by those using colored col ored glasses Tinted here an am and therewith there therewith therewith with streaks of soft oft blue and dainty tanty pink it looks like Uke melted stick candy In preparing a battery of a open- open hearth furnaces for or a a a. charge finely finely- ground dolomite Is shoveled In Jn first This melts like glass and fills oiTs up all cracks and crannies caused by the the powerful heat of ot the preceding charge Then a little train rolls up before the battery and nd an e electric crane dumps dumps box after box of scrap metal from the cars rR Into the furnaces 01 ore Off some distance distance distance dis dis- tance is a great steel tank lined with firebrick and full of liquid pig metal When the scrap has hus melted and the contents of the cauldron are arc cooked cooled I enough when the impurities have ha been heen driven o out t and tolled away the fiery broth Is seasoned as It were with the proper amount of carbon Spiegel gel ferromanganese tungsten fer fer- n vanadium or whatever Is necessary to give ghe the desired character character character char char- acter to the resulting steel teel Then comes the tapping of the fur fur- nace An electric crane lifts a great ladle into position a n. workman Jams Jamsa a crowbar through a plugged clay-plugged hole at the base and out flows the frenzied frenzied fren tren i stream into the ladle The slag rises to the top like oil on water and i overflows o congealing on the outside j jot of ot the ladle Then the big crane picks e U Uli up the ladle swings It over to the 1 pouring pl platform where It In Its turn I I is tapped and Its purified fluid run I oft off In Into o molds t j Great care has lias to be taken In ban ban- hr banI h. h I these thes ladles ladles for s for tor the presence presence- ofa oi ot oia I a n. few tew hops drops of ot moisture when the It Hot metal Is poured poured Into one might I cause cause an explosion and md loss of ot life Just dust before they receive the molten metal the ladles Indies are heated nearly I white whito hot In order that the steel or tiron t I Iron on may not chill In ht themAs themAs them tilled filled the ladles As fast at as U they the ar are nr are swung out over oer the In Ingot ot molds and th the liquid steel Is Is run Into them and allowed to cool and take Its solid form It Is as If wat water r were poured Into molds molus and set in a refrigerating machine to freeze Into blocks of or Ice The only difference Is that the freezing freez fl freezing ez- ez ing point of or steel Is away above the boiling point of or water There are two other Important types of steel furnaces the furnaces the crucible furnace furnace and the electric furnace furnace In both of them the Idea Is to keep all aU hurtful gases and other Impurities out and to regulate the addition of alloys and ox oxygen gen destroyers to o a a nicety nicety r In Ina a crucible furnace the metal Is placed In graphite clay pots covers are put over them and the pots subjected to great heat Silica Is gradually absorbed absorbed ab ab- out of the clay In the pots and transformed Into silicon by coming Into contact with the carbon In the steel The silicon In Its turn absorbs the ox oxygen oxygen gen genane ane anti and thus quiets the frothing froth froth- ing lug foaming contents of the kettle 5 The electric furnace acts In much th the thO same way Its heat being so pure that there Is no necessity of putting the st steel el In covered pots to keep outgases out outgases gases and other Impurities An electric electric elec elec- arc established c between huge electrodes and the surface of the slag stag produces th the heat In such a aC C furnace By varying the materials materials' used In the formation of the slag any Impurity can b be worked off and the glowing steel left as' as pure lure as crystal The allo alloys s 's are then mixed with the steel and it tt Is made fit lit for any nuy us use desired It Is drawn off Into ladles ladies and poured Into Ingot mol molds where It hardens harden ready to be worked up In Into Into into to those things that tint constitute he lie las last word ord In fine steel M t y THE THE- TRAGEDY THE TRAGEDY OF ARMENIA a S The plight of Armenia about the end of 1919 uno a condition which has been aggravated by the recent defeat d feat of Armenian forces by T Turkish nationalists nationalists nationalists na na- Is described In to the following communication to th the National Geographic Geographic Geographic Geo Geo- graphic society from froIn l e a Chater ErIvan the capital af df Armenia's provisional republic is an inconceivable inconceivable able contrast to the Georgian government government govern govern- ment seat at Tiflis At Erivan on one finds no spacious prospect nor vl vI vise vise- e- e regal palace no smart shops Russian opera nor gay night life To behold misery In TitUs Tiflis one must must search earch It out In Erivan one cannot escape It This poor straggling dingy city of the plains whose government offices suggest some hastily extemporized election election elec elec- tion headquarters and whose parliament parlia parlia- ment meat chamber is rigged up w with bench bench- benches es and cheesecloth In the au auditorium of the second class theater boasts boasts of but one beauty and that that to to speak In paradox paradox paradox-Is Is forty miles away for In whatever quarter of Erivan you ou may my maybe maybe be lift your glance and great A Ararat arat of eternal snows Is seen brooding distantly distantly distantly dis dis- over o the mean streets with his hs' J aspect of majestic calm He lie Is the Armenians Armenian's Olympus or rather sa say the Sinai of a racy race which has known bondage and wilderness wandering and for centuries a peoples people's Imagination tion has turned toward him The little Erivan republic c has been the center of refuge for tor Turkish Armenians Armenians Ar Ar- ever since the massacre of 1915 1015 and between and of them aye are re camped within its borders As for the city Itself its sits former population of has been doubled by |