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Show some of you to your work; for. after all, each of your Individual problems must be solved by yourselves. The amount of plant growth Is deOF IRRIGAT10H .WAHR pendent in a decided mean re upon the amount of moisture, within certain limits, in the soil The supplying and maintaining of this moisture to L. M. Utah By WINSOR, Agricultural an amount which will bring he groat-ra- t College. return ia, then, our problem. The water found in soils to of three " Oregon Short Line Railroad Demon- kinds: watae or 1st. th water Free stration Train Lecture. According to many historians, lrrt found between the soil particles st ... gatlon is oneofthe oldcet applted gaturated salL arts; one writer even claims that It 2nd. Capillary water or that which Is made a distinctive feature of the ia held in n thin film around sack of middle status of barbarism. Ancient the toll particles of n moist Bn net Egypt became the granary ot the saturated soil. This is the water wed world as a result of natural Irrigation by the plant to its growth. 3rd. Hygroscopic water Which to through the overflowing of the Nile; through irrigation' Chaldea, Assyria, the water held by the soil but which, and Babylonia, located as they were in all probability, is not used by Ue m a practically rainless country along plant. v Only nqueoul or water plants car the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, rose to enviable prominence and grow )n n soil containing free water, dominion. The Chinese, the Romans Ilenco our problem is confined to too and the Moors, all made use of irriga- regulation of the capillary water only, and to the conditions which govern tion. In this country we find evidence of plant growth. There are three waya by which soil It aa practiced by the ancient inhab are combining to itants of this continent and later in moisture can escape:, 1st. By sinking into deep soils out the gardens of the old mission fathers Just now to onr southern California. .Numerous of reach pf the plant roots, and escapother examples to prove the import- ing by under drainage. 2nd. By evaporating from the surt ance of irrigation as a factor in face. -building to he but cited; might race the art had its 3rd. By passing through the plant the Anglo-Saxobirth but little more than half a cen itself in a process known as transrury ago. ThU seems doubly strange piration. Each of these losses can be govben we look into history and find lants of popular interover 138,00(1,000 acres erned to a certain extent The first at this time that est are the preparaof applications of land had been reclaimed by Irriga- by making lighter tions being made to honor Commowater The second, each at Irrigation. world in the tion of different parts dore Perry, the hero of that most sigPerhaps this can be explained on the or surface evaporation can be checknificant historical event. the Battle suffiof Lake Erie theory that the Germanic peoples ed by cultivating the surface It was Perry, more have always written history much cient to form a dust mulch, thus closthan any other one man, who has giving up the opening of the capillary faster than they have read it. en the Great Lakes a place In the hisHowever this may be, the first at- tubes which form when the surface torical annals of the republic fully to re- soil begins to dry out And th third tempt by the Anglo-Saxon- s Jn keeping with the prestige these claim the arid wastes of land was or transpiration can be checked by seas enjoy In the commercial chronicle of the nation made in the summer of 1847, In the the addition of soil fertility or by oi The one hundredth Salt Lake valley by a little band of dlnary cultivation. Thus, the last two anniversary of Mormon pioneers. To them we owe can be governed by the simple operaPerrys victory Is atmrpaihlng and surface after ss are the birth of the modern art of Irriga- tion of stirring the preparations under way' for the irrigation. erection of a magnificent Perry metion, and the working out of the co The thought Is prevalent among morial. overlooking Put-Ioperative system as we have it to farmers that a certain amount of Bay. where Perrys ships were harbored before water must be used by a plant to orpractice today. and after the victory over the British soon der to produce a certain weight of dry The Irrigation contagion on Lake Erie. The memorial which bis odd arrangement conduces to spread and became not only the gov matter. As early as 1699 Wpodward will take the form of a thcarrylng of the greatest possible erning factor to the establishing of found that It required less water to towering shaft and a museum building will stand on stunt of freight and, more Impor-y- , Mormon towns, hut to the colonizing produce a pound of dry matter to the small isthmus connecting the two plant growing to a flcb roll where the . M yet. It renders possible the era- of the entire arid west. food was evenly balanced, than sections of one of the principal IslPlnent of the marvelously economl-gtIrrigation as an art falls Into two plant fAjft' in one of opposite nature. Later, la ands at f cal Lading and unloading machinery, This chosen site divisions: found 1878, a German investigator - as Is of additional interest from the fact dumpers which dump coal Into 1st. Irrigation as a primary art, and that the yield of dry matter was that it was here, after the naval victhtold at the rate of a car a minute 2nd. Irrigation as a secondary art greatest where transpiration was tory, that American troops under Gentni Automatic unloaders" which low we mean the using of least He also found that the enrichfirst the By eral William Henry Harrison were orertkm shell grab buckets Into a irrigation to take the place of cultiva- ing of the roil enabled the plant to ganized and drilled preparatory to the bolv loop up ten tons of Iron ore t tion, fertilization, and o on; and by produce dry matter with less water. battle of the Thames and the capture a it aloft, carry It to the Now the question may arise to your second we mean the using of irof Detroit. Furthermore the memorial h deposit It either on stock the minds: Why should cultivation de water merely to supplement will be unique in that the crease the amount of water actually n waiting railroad care. To rigationtowering The latter natural the precipitation. shaft will be made to serve as a lightthe operation of these gl- is the correct use of irrigation. It a used by the plant? Cultivation perto house of the first order. The Museum mits the ait and annshtoa mate dock laborers it Is tomes sms int of Historio Relics will be a hall Cry fnrtn method slwj toll more readily, causing a conseefreourte to have numerous wUh his of fine practice of irrigation be can-ho- t quent liberation of plant food, which proportions, with upward of 6.000 n the deck of the ship. As Is equivalent to effect to the addition far wrong. go square feet of floor spaoe and finally of fact tbs latest approved made by of the food artificially. mistakes One there will be a memorial for the of the grave wltern t,f lake freighter presents That cultivation actually decreases American and British officers and our early irrigators was the Indishi g llnej of hatches set ss close to by the re- the amount of water used sailors buried on the island. with the use of criminate water, hatch other as possible, and eaeh ta plant is shown to the results of exonce Another current topic that has foof acres of thousands sult that periments conducted at the Utah exii ending!' almost the full width of cused popular attention upon the station in the This renders It easy for the productive land have beenandrendered periment ship. alkali bouse. Certain tanka were vegetation great waterway on our northern bor-de-r into veritable swamps, planted to ! -is the improvements designed to bed. The lamentable feature of this corn. An equal number of tanka conwith our Increase the capacity of the locks " the fame kinds of soli were and all that question is the offact that some of taining pi net of the cargo space odd Sault Ste. Marie. The government at experience years sixty left bare for a check on the evaporaafv of the wladlng. Complete in Jb these cars to the hold of a ship or vice versa. To such our farmers are still following SL Mary a river at the Sault or Forty-eigh- t i. necessarf concluded oper- erroneous methods, and are ruining tion from the surface. the to popularly termed. Is to lengths has this been carried that In the case of autc1 tie unloaders have and then each hours after irrigation with men the Great Ue's whit of ation. not only their own farms but those of some commodities the transfer of cargo la wholly rot rn loose a small .quad were the Panama canal will be to the surfaces half week, Li every of -scant amount their unfortunate neighbors, by a too cultivated while the ether half were automatic and it la Claimed that the Iron ore Is Shovels wbt rill clean up the tte Banlt canal already enjoy,oceanlemn of the distinction of automatics. and careless liberal application not touched by human hand from tne time It la ore or coal I wed by the Table No. 1 shows the repassing more tonnage during the to some left bare. eight months mined In Wisconsin or Minnesota until It la fed to ' Ice limits e season of navigation on the lake water. This is especially true sults. eason of navigation than the more a famous Suez canal the blast furnaces at Pittsburg or South Chicago, to eight or) ne1 months and this make, lively of the newer sections where TABLE NO. 1. Us needed-foor Gary, Ind, or some other center of the steel neces f when there Is much freight to be or lees heavy application The troub'e work Lake the first few years. and Lake Su- vs. Transpiration. Avtn moved back nd forth between Buffalo and manufacturing Industry. Is that they do not set the brakes" Cultivation ! .b0aBt W,th the current expansion of Intermediate porta, between or The h. Dr or for Threa Years. shlpa of the Great Lakes, alike to their - late; - it-- ts age facilities it is difficult to forecast. new soil a tooOnce untilseason an average cargo steamei In an aver courterparts on salt water, have been gradually And 'finally, much comment has has been moistened below the range m been preclpl- as east twenty round trips on the In size as years have gone by. However will make growing of the plant roots it needs a great deal tsted by the rumors to the newspapers d nearly the that encompasses the that of certain channels connecting the lakes depth line hlghwaf less water than It required to begin recent activity of the United States and other considerations will preclude the possigovernment of all the frt i water on the globe The seaaon s with, the actual amount for thr ma against certain trusts and particularly the steel would In the ordinary freighter bility of the lengthening process going on IndefiJourneying. turing of any certain .crop will vary trust served to nip in the bud a very ambitious more than equal a voyage around only with the seasons, cultivation, end as It appears likely to do In the case of nitely the aggrega for plan amalgamating under one y ocean-goinsteamer which craft The 1,000-fothe world. J ire lake ships are intensely modern so on being the same. This being the all of the great modern ownership freight-carryin- g ia already in tight" in the evolution of c case it is possible to; make an econ In every re rot. They are constructed entirely vessels on the Great Lakes. Even at it ia the heated omicai distribution of the water at will never a have of MgMd by electricity; steered and navigation parsteel; probably cargo carriers of the Inland seas are owned or mk have almost all the fixings" to be ones disposal and use it to a way allel on fresh water and, Indeed, It la 'more than by steam; controlled by a relatively small group of interests come lake likely that present-da- y found on am of the oceanic cargo ships In any which will not be detrimental to the cargo ships compared to the diverse interests thatch are a cargo car- soil and In a way to result in the pretty - near representing maximum, although quarter of Hi globe. The first lake hand in our oceanic commerce. But perhaps that tons greatest returns te those concerned. hundred tew s there is no doubt that our Great Lake passenger of only rier had .rapacity is due to the circumstance that the commerce of Is one of prime import so rapljjwaa the development of this claaa This question ships will go on Increasing In slse and luxury aa but the .Great Lakes is so largely restricted to such farmers in this arid region ance to more and more people come to realize that a trip of shipping (bat within a score and a half of and too the much stress cannot be, laid commodities ss iron ore, coal, grain and lumber who had "up the lakes" or down the lakes has a variety years the Veneers of lake navigation It and the men who make use of the raw material upon to their eyes 1 and fascination not equalled by a voyage across service were rubbing continued Situated as we are to a section produced in the lake district find it profitable to the Atlantic. realize the Magnitude of vessels around alx hun- where the rain and snow-fal- l is very own ships to an extent not paralleled The freighters of the Great Lakes are without dred feet In length and with a carrying capacity low, we are dependent almost abso alike, and as all other condition exlnany other field of water-born- e most commerce. And, tons. thousand a counterpart on the other waters of the globe of nine thoisiad to ten lutely upon Irrigation water to In- cept the cultivation were identical It The commercial Interest of the Great Lakes and they are a source of continual wonderment Vil to many people, is 'the circum- crease our agricultural possibilities necessarily follows that the reduced surprising have for years enjoyed one point of superiority to foreigners traveling In this country, and. stance that ea ships when fully loaded do not The farming lands are almost unlim- amount of water required to producs over all the 'Other burden-bearer- s on the globe to most of our own citlsens who reside In In most In i aces draw more than eighteen to ited within the borders of our states, a pound of dry matter to the cultivatFreight la carried more cheaply on the Great sections of the country away from the Inland but there is a declded llmit to the ed pot was due to the cultivation and twenty feet I water, Lakes than anywhere else to the world. It la on, teas. The most common type of lake carrier, water supply. The question then. Is It effects. There Is, then, a double reason for ly fair to explain at the outset, however. that this not how much land have we? but the approved pattern for the ore and coal trade W nr MIGHT HAVE BEEN, Is due not solely to the monster ships employed, ked the female suffrage orator, how much water have we at our dis- cultivating your crops. You not oaljr which is the mainstay of lake commerce, la a "Where, hold tb moisture to the aoN by prethe largest ever floated on fresh water, and to posal? "would mao long vessel with rounded ends. No deck Is laid today were it not for woman? an of Utah the round State The represents venting evaporation from Its surface, the economical manner to which these. craft are looked and on the main-decmoment a beams In the cargo-hold- s She and paus of but you make it possible for th moisover 82,000 of area miles, square A factor of great Importance operated. the bridge, mast and hall. are bunched at secondary are cul- ture retained to produce in rom Inis found In the marvelous dock machinery and I repeat. the extreme forward end of the vessel whereas is said, where would man be today which only 1,700 square miles tivated and less than 1 000 square stance more than twice aa muck in?" If tot for w the engines and propelling machinery are at the equipment which has been perfected In the lake miles or slightly under 1 25 per cent plant growth. This meant that by the straw, of Eden the Garden eating extreme opposite end, leaving practically the en"He'd he region for mechanically loading and unloading of the total are actually irrigated practice of cultivation you can make ered a voice from the gallery tire length of the bold free for cargo Storage cargo, transferring the coal or ore from railroad berries," a Idaho is in a similar condition.) your irrigation water cover Just twice What w need then most of all is a as much ground. There is a marked variation n tbs distribution of the water In such a sonable hour. Even the younger Comparisons Are Odious." possible re- amounts of water required for difthe that greatest way children break loose and have a candy problem ferent varieties of plants. For exam'ben little Amy was three years old turns can be obtained. TbIf we pull to the Immaculate, kitchen, while solution of difficult Is only ple, all other conditions being equal, not maternal her visit was taken to Ever witness the sigh of relief with Everyone delights to moving ' the condi- the potato plant requires more than of a to ouraelves Ordsr Is, All Right, of Course, but study apply en ndmother. During her staylbe which a we find them and to the in- - two and one half time the- - water to family sees the stately row of porch chairs to a look Other Things Bheuld Have much of her, and tions an household made wife and a mother vacation? take of to comfort disorderly fomation available, in the short to produce a pound of dry- matter that fact, they Pint Consideration. j fieri departure she wst bugged and . at my disposal 1 hope to open the corn plant require. Theyre fond of her, i of course, but all unconsciously do tbelr best to cretime ed and wept over by each member up S line of thought which will help (To b Continued.) Are yon n good housekeeper as well there Isnt any doubt about a certain ate the longed-fo- r "homey" atmosh affectionate family to turn. The aa a good housekeeper? If you think sense of freedom and relief which her phere, with a secret dread that the e mads a deep impression on her more of keeping your house in upple absence affords. When John puts her wife and mother will return all too Abduction. x, Her View ef It. ng mind. pie order than of allowing. the mem- on the train he doesnt return home to toon. follow-Aus a book baa t little hinds Is that It Blxby What published Teacher visit to her fathers home Do not make the mistake of sacrificbers of your fsmlly to enjoy real home mourn and pine for her, return ; Inthe conclusion of It ber pa-i- together and makes ua better than w of verses wblck be ealls Children of' comfort youar r b&t. stead, be takes an almost fiendish de- ing the happiness and comfort of your d My Brain." are by nature?" Tour family can secure n house- light in smoking In every room to tb family to your Insane worship of or grandmother and ber Aunt A bad title. To my certain knowladlsna Httle a wise tbelr girl air," orwaving house piped Corsets, the smilingly of without fear a der. for members time The of nt stipulated any being keeper your family do was ke has kidnapped seven of them. until the edge Socialist carriage one or creatto little of room he dered the porch allot- not appreciate It Theyd a great deal the eight Chicago ran, hut the woman capable of New York Sun. x of eight " ing a homey" atmosphere la price- ted Mm for the purpose. Tommy ex- rather you were a little careless and How to Keep Buay. less. ultantly punches her ornamental pil- less exacting. Besides, you would rays )mther was beginning to News. if Startling Jack What do women do la their mad ber o unusually quiet Order to aa excellent thing nod no lows to a comfortable angle for his then have time to get better acquaintThe captain twain ashore," reportvoice rang out eluba? I household should bo without It, but head. Nellie Isnt obliged to endure ed with them and their Individual InQ a solemn little Clara Think about the men, Wbat ed a certain newspaper, describing w (be woman who makes a fetish of It the mortification of Informing her new terests, and to keep in touch with curn her corner of th carriage: Cose wreck, "as did. also tbs stewardess.-Sh- e drive , happiness and comfort from bean that mother insists upon tb rent events instead of being a Pack do tb men do to tbeir's? a tear h.d!"-You- th's fot was insured for fl5,OO0and cm wo tha abort young men going bom nt aa unrea number. Exchange. to the earth. Jack ion. forget VTry rled 200 tons of pig iron! wen. New York Sun. ' ' ' Y mm&po. Of Ifte (Qflggflf late a n nation- n d n . i Put-in-Ba- s i ? '"5 L r 1 Chi-cap- one-thir- g prac-tleall- trans-Atlanti- k deck-hous- Making a Home of Your Abode hen-pecke- al Mn-itoo- won-wfa- |