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Show j Importance of Good Roads By Professor W. C Palmer, Agricultural College, North Dako'.a whore there arc hills It Is usually advisable to around rather lhari to go over thcrn. at least where, this can bo done, and thus avoid a steeper grade. There Is also this objection to cuts nrul lills Unit It brings up a soil that Is not good for roadrnaklng and one that . ' washes easily, and the expense of cutting down hills la usually greater than would lj the cost of buying a right-of-way around tho hill and thus avoid the grade. Railroad engineers engi-neers will make considerable curves In tho roads in order to avoid grades, and they havo tho problem very carefully studied out, and they will often make a detour of a good many miles In order to avoid a grade. Having to haul the produce from the farm to the market over a poor road adds to the cost of Traduction, and again a good road that can be depended on In all seasons brines the farmers several miles nearer town, and It also Increases tho value of the land considerably, consider-ably, as the buyer will pay quite a bit more, for land that he can reach with a good road ' than for land that Is hard to reach on account ac-count of poor road.i. due either to steep grades or to the poor quality of the roadbed. The main thing In a new country, however, Is getting tho roads laid out In the right place, as it Is not an easy matter to change them after they havo once been established and money expended on them. ) TUE VALUE of good roads is often not appreciated by the fanners as much as it should be. Of course the burden of making the tetter roads fall3 directly on them, which Is another side to tho problem. The average cost of hauling a ton one mllo oti the ordinary country roads is 25 cents, while tho average price of hauling one ton one mile on the railroads Is three-quarters of 1 tent. In other words, the cost of hauling haul-ing Is thirty-three times as much with team and wagon as with steam. This has been accomplished by a number of factors. Some of these can be and must be considered In making good roads, that Is, to have a good hard road bed and to eliminate grades. The railroads do not as a rule have a grade of more than ?, per cent", some of them have adopted 2 per cent as the maximum grade. Two per cent would mean a rise of two feet in 100 feet. This would not bo conoldered much of a grade on the ordinary road, but I this Is the way it works out: A team can exert a pull of a short distance dis-tance of one-half its weight, but for ordinary ordi-nary work the load It can pull should not be over one-tenth tho weight of the team. For Instunce. a team weighing 3000 pounds can exert a pull of S00 pounds that Is, when it Is to continue the work for, say. ten hours; while for a small 6tretch it would be able to exert a pull of 1.500 pounds. This, however, is putting forth all the energy of which they are capable. It has also been found that the pull required to tako a ton over the ordinary roads Is HO pounds. Supposing, then, that the load is one ton and the wagon weighs l.sr.o pounds; this would make a total of 3.300 pounds, and at the rate of 160 pounds per ton would make a total of 2C4 pounds a little less than the team is capable of hauling. In fait, it could very nicely handle f00 pounds more, which would bring the pull up '.z 300 pounds, and making the load 2.C00 pounds. This, however. Is for the level. As a grade Is approached this, of course, will be increased in-creased A & per cent grade would increase the draft of the wagon and load of 3,300 pounds by 315 rounds, bringing it up to 579 pounds, which Is almost twice what the team can handle ns a regular thing. If the grade Is Increased to 20 per cent, or twenty feet In a hundred feet, the draft on this same load would come to a little, over l.uUO pounds, or the maximum that this team could pull when exerting Its utmost power. Any grade beyond be-yond this would mean thit the load would have to be reduced, and in fact no team should be required to have to pull to its maximum capacity. From this, then, it Is evident that Increasing the grade Increases the draft very fast, and hence grades should be eliminated os far as it Is possible. On a macadam road A team can pull three times ns much on the level as on a good earth road, but the Increase In draft upgrade up-grade remains the snme as on the earth road, so that a grade would be more objectionable on a macadam road than on a poor road. On the level a 3000-ponnd team could easily handle four tons, while the maximum grade that It could pull up with such a load would be a 10 per cent grade, and even that Is more than should bo expected from the team. There is a very marked tendency in tho west of running roads on the section lines This is good where the land is level, but |