Show electricity we give herewith a full report of the second lecture vi m Electric electricity tty delivered in the social hall friday evening march by prof jas jae E talmage anier the auspices of the students society of the salt lake stake academy the lecture was made doubly interesting and instructive by practical experiments as explained and illustrated below and by numerous num erbus blick blackboard board drawings showing the details of construction st of the ap apparatus employed the room was wae completely filled on the with a most attentive audience and the lecture was list ened to throughout with marked interest amr 51 when I 1 had the pleasure recently of speaking from this stand on the subject of electricity I 1 endeavored to direct your attention to the many commonplace manifestations of this mystic force as developed by friction this evening we will notice some other forms of the electric power let us begin with a very simple experiment first performed we are told in the year 1767 hy by a citizen of berlin named sulzer I 1 will request this gentleman to kindly assist me I 1 place upon his tongue a silver half dollar piece and I 1 put at the same time a bit of zinc tine on the under side of his tongue taking care to keep the two metals from actual contact for the present now we are ready and I 1 bring the edges of the coin and the zinc together when lol lo the gentleman jumps in a remarkably queer way we need not ask him if he experienced perien ced any unlooked for sensation the fact is an electric current was generated and in pawing passing through the young mans tongue caused the sensation referred to this simple discovery was thought little of except as a pawing passing wonder until other lother observations of a somewhat similar nature were brought out in 1790 by G galvani a alvani an italian anatomist he noticed that hat some recently skinned frogs lying upon his laboratory table were thrown into a state of concu convulsive leive contraction when an electric machine in the neighborhood was set in action on another occasion galvani galvan was occupied in dissecting frogs and had the bodies of several freshly killed specimens suspended on copper hooks books from an iron railing by an open window the wind caused the suspended frogs to sway away back and forth and at times direct contact was made between the flech and the iron bar whenever this was the case violent contraction 11 pig fig 1 frogs legs leg elem electrically leally excited was the result this historical experiment 1 peri ment may be readily repeated q as follows fig 1 the body of a dead clead frog is skinned and dissected so as to reveal the large lumbar lumbat nerves which will be seen lying like silken threads n alon alongside gaide tho 0 11 spinal column A strip of copper to is 4 placed beneath these nerves and strip of zinc is put in contact with f the large muscles m of the leg when the free ends of these metallic strips are made to touch the legs strike out with all the energy 1 of life movements are am allut grated in the figure by the dotted lines such a discovery was surely an exciting one appearing as it must have done to the first experimenter as little less than an actual restoration of life to a dead body galvani supposed the phenomenon to be due to the exists existence nee and action of a vital fluid or animal electricity another scientist one volts volta of rf pavia made a careful examination and advanced the theory thattie th atthe contact of the metals was the prin cause of the electric manifestations it is now generally believed chemical action on metals is the ex el citing power upon this principle cells haver have been constructed for abo tn purpose of generating the current and such are usually named gal vanic or voltaic cells in honor of those two men here is the simple cell fig 21 2 fill tig fig 3 2 bimble galvanic cell it consists as you see of a piece of zinc e and a piece of copper y placed in a vessel containing WW 7 to which a a very little acid has been added the alres attached to the me metallic strips are brought together bubble of KOS gas due to the decomposition off jjr the fluid are seen rising from tb copper plate and when the wire jg are separated a tiny spark to develop ku an intense current wa would need many very many t such cups but bat cells of a somei different construction though b 0 on i the same fame principle are conyne conyn 0 several cells belte connected together that constitute a battery and there ere tb many forms forma of batt batteries erks aap at yf sW inthe in the market marke competing ting for faa here is an efficient one I 1 boef bola tay y hands the wires leading from the and the plates correspond ui to the copper and the zinc in h simple ceu cell one wire I 1 attach to 0 the find end of this file and the other ahre I 1 draw over the roughened wace at every breaking of the cult you see a succession of bril amt tant sparks and these follow each ther so rapidly as to be dazzling you ou notice that the whole file and fact my own hands seem to be ila n a blaze of light the obvious ex of this phenomenon is that hat by the passage of the currents current articles I 1 of metal from the wire and the he file are heated so highly as to conie incandescent just as sparks ar caused when a horse in rapid motion strikes his steel shod foot against a stone these particles baay y be in either ense of almost in conceivable minuteness yet they come visible through their luminosity by way of farther illustration and r of the heating effects of the eC otrio current and the luminous naturally resulting cowood the two terminal wires of wa battery by a fine wire of n and as soon as the current you observe that the placid becomes heated to redness then aw whiteness then to almost in ri bable able brilliancy and soon thereafter i beafter it is melted these ebay ages were almost too rapid to 1 W and the demonstration is the te impressive when we kemem w that at platinum is so refractory bat at no 40 heat short of that of the pound blowpipe is effectual in educing a melting or fusion of oath the metal tal the e conducting power of a wire depend to a very great extent pon its ite size other conditions being 0 oam athe the larger the wire Is the altot fedr h taets end and the more completely will current cl rent be transmitted the b ajust just experimented upon was powerful to melt the one wire but now I 1 will paw pass the 10 valt through a much thicker abo adso made of platinum how ever thia wire Is fitted to the two ter ial rods of a convenient stand 8 8 forming a 9 spiral bridge bethem and the battery wires ave by the binding screws vola its base by the passage of the abe the platinum as you readily tf heated to intense bril AB W though the heat is not suf S to melt it this thia illustrates stoa teB SS ta oa principle upon all 4 ji the so called incandescent widely used in electrical lighting are constructed they all depend for their efficacy upon the luminosity of some poor conductor a pig fig 8 3 simple electric tamp lamp metals are not now generally used however for the light civi giving in medium as there is always da danger nger that they will melt through the heat and thus render the lamp useless fine filaments of carbon are now employed these are prepared li ini various ways a single hair or a bamboo fibre fabre being thoroughly carbonize t becomes becom es an admirable medium 1 for the production of the light if this camoni carbonized zed filament were heated in the air however oxidation would occur and the filament would be speedily destroyed to avoid this the filament is enclosed in a glass bulb fig 4 from chichi chic the a air r has been exhausted A fig 4 incandescent lamp platinum wires are an fused into the foot of the lamp and to the inner ends of these the carbon thread is affixed while the outer ends are connected with convenient attachments forming a wet for the chandelier or stand here is a small table lamp of the same description set upon a suitable support and provided with binding screws for the attachment of the battery wires the current it to is perceived raises the filament to brilliant luminosity though the actual light fight giving capacity of the lamp is low only about five candle power these lamps are an now made in gr great eat variety of form here is a tiny specimen elmen not larger than a pea and capable of giving but IL a single candle power light ot of course the battery power required borsuch for such a lamp is correspondingly low the whole battery you perceive being scarcely larger than a church hymnbook hymn book and of such a shape that it can be readily carried about the person I 1 place the battery in my pocket and pass the wires under my cost coat to fio the tiny lamp which is affixed by a pin to the cravak era vat As I 1 close the circuit the lamp shines forth with a brilliancy exceeding that of the most famous of real or fabled diamonds the lecturer wore ore this ingenious ornament during the rest of the evening blazing with a fascinating lustre the large arc lamps the kind most generally used for electric lighting on a large scale are made on a plan somewhat different two rods or pencils of hard carbon axe are held point to point As the current passes they are automatically separated to a short distance the current drives minute particles of the carbon caran from one pole to the other forming in fact a bridge of such particles rand and these are brought to the incandescent condition by the heating effects of the passing current this heating beating effect of the current may of course be applied in other ways than for illumination purposes I 1 have here pig fig 6 5 a small cup through the bottom of which a pair of wires paw pass leading from a battery inside the cups cup the copper wires are joined by a thin wire of platinum I 1 place in the cup a quantity of gun cotton and request the gentleman assisting me to carry the cup to a distance while I 1 hold bold the wires fig 6 5 As 1 I close the 01 wait ruilt the platinum wire is h heated a and ud fires th the e explosive material in contact W with ith I 1 it t the same iame result would be realized if the battery wires were miles in length instead of but a few feet as in this case this is indeed an impressive application of this wonderful force blasts torpedoes and all explosives requiring heat for their action can be fired bred by an operator safely hidden at any distance in the famous flood rock bock explosion in new york harbor enacted effected but a few months ago this principle was strikingly displayed many tons of explosives explosiVe i were placed within a cavity in the rock wires ran from this to the eng engineer lippers office and when all was in re readiness ili alnes his little daughter seven years old pressed a button and in response to her baby touch the most terrific of artif artificial leial explosions ever arranged by human agency was brought about what greater example of potential energy or of mans superiority over the elements and aad forces of nature could be wished for fer among adiong the most striking of the applications of electricity to domestic uses are the arrangements arrange mente for lighting gas by the electric agency it will be remembered that in the beginning of this evenings evening Is lecture sparks were formed by breaking the circuit and this was especially marked in the experiment with the file on a previous occasion I 1 had the pleasure of demonstrating to an audience in this haal ball that the electric spark was capable of lighting gas NOW the spark created by breaking the battery circuit is very much intensified if the conducting wire be first brat colled coiled many times around a piece of iron or a bundle of iron wires you observe on the table here an ordinary gas lamp and a rubber hose bose connecting it with title the gas pipe the burner however 1 ift somewhat different from the nary gas burner over the jet a couple of metallic points are seen in this case of platinum invisible wires pass from these points to the battery and spark coll coil stowed away in a convenient corner I 1 simply pull on this pendant chain to the burner and without the application catton of a match or any other ignition material the gas is at once turned on and lighted A second pull as you see shuts off the gas after which it can be xe re lighted as before turning on and off by pulling the chain is purely a mechanical ch anical contrivance with which i we are n not ot required to deal in a lee electricity but the lighting dalls calls for our attention A pull on the chain closes the cly circuit it and w breaks it again thus causing a spark to pass between the metallic points over the jet already alluded to and this spark lights the gas here is a contrivance even more i ingenious still A battery and a spark coil are connected with the gas bracket seen attached to the wall within the burner case is a magnetic attachment by which the gas is turned on and off and the passage of the spark is provided for as in the preceding case now as you readily see by simply pressing a finger on this push button I 1 am able to ignite the gas at pleasure and by another push on a button seen alongside the other the gas is put out again attached to the same burner also is a pendant push as it is called A flexible cord enclosing however a pair of fine wires is here seen terminating in an ornamented handle on which are a pair of very small buttons by pressing one of these the gas to is lighted as you observe and hy by operating the other the light is lowered or entirely extinguished think of the convenience and practical value of such a device the handle of such a push could be hung near the bedside within easy reach of the hand and the gas is light lighted ed with scarcely an effort A circuit marker malker has been affixed to the door leading to the stage room on my left and an attachment has been effected with the gas jet as before and also with an alarm bell the principle of which we will refer to briefly hereafter this gentleman has promised to act the part of a burglar by way of illustration you see he slyly opens the door as if an expert in the business but behold the result the gas Is lighted and the alarm bell to is set ringing loud enough to rouse any sleeper and put him on his guard but see the indicator attached to the alarm bell shows front door as the place at which the entrance has been effected attachments of such a kinf could be readily made with all the doors and windows of a house suppose ahw theba burglar attempts an entrance as soon as the door is opened or the window lifted the resident of the house is roused by the ringing of the bell in his room the gas is lighted there and the indicator shows at once the place off assault here is still another device of ft a similar nature A foot push to is here hen arranged so ao that as a person walks across the circuit is perfected and the alarm gives us notIce of the intrusion the indicator in this thi mso you observe shows dining as the place of disturbance by means of switches of course all of these attachments can be comple completely wr cut out during the daytime or when ever desired X the electric bell already used now DOW calls for a brief explanation it depends for its action on the principle of the electromagnet electro magnet which is thia A W fig 6 electromagnet electro magnet I 1 have in my hand a bar of iro shaped in a horseshoe horse shoe form thet the two arms being each covered with a 9 continuous coil of wire I 1 bring the ends of this bar near a piece of iron lying on the table without any va v sl marked result now I 1 attach the tb wires from the battery so that the to current traverses the coils aclid ftc again I 1 approach the piece of as before the latter flies files toward vw coils indicating a very strong kind A of magnetic attraction you see I 1 can easily pick from the floor this a heavy bar of iron by simply bring I 1 |